absolute poverty
19 , 34 , 46 , 119
access to credit for lower-income households
74
access to higher education
308
access to social citizenship
284
accumulation
7 –13 , 16 , 25 , 39 –43 , 46 , 129 , 225 , 228 , 293 , 295 , 310 –312 , 381 , 383
capitalist
47 , 128 , 400
domestic
9
financial
48 , 205 , 271
productive
354
rentierist-based
229
accumulation of foreign debt
129
accumulation of foreign exchange reserves
33 , 46 , 225
accumulation of international financial capital
39
active fiscal policies
56
Aécio Neves
161 , 233
affirmative action
315 , 328
Africa
241 –242 , 257 , 407
aggregate demand
17 , 36 –37 , 64 , 67 , 91 , 100 , 143 , 165 , 404
agrarian capitalist sectors
149
agrarian elite
151
agrarian oligarchies
41
agrarian policies
15 , 168
agrarian question
210
agribusiness
34 , 38 , 41 –46 , 67 , 93 , 96 , 109 , 119 , 150 –151 , 160 , 186 –187 , 208 , 210 , 326 , 347 , 360 , 363
agriculture
44 , 59 , 150 , 161 , 276 , 306 , 417
alca
262 –263
Allende, Salvador
117
alliances
26 , 44 , 84 , 88 , 91 , 116 , 122 , 150 , 163 , 190 , 249 –250
broad
163
electoral
108
informal
46
Amazon Development Superintendencies
410
Amazonia
413
Amazonian capitalism
117
American Empire
266
anfip
367 , 370 , 377 –378
anti-corruption investigation
21
anticyclical
56
Antônio Palocci
83
Arab Spring
252
Aracruz Celulose
202
Argentine
107 , 246 –247 , 254 –255
Argentine industry
255
Argentine protectionism
255
Armed Forces
3 , 23 , 170 , 313
Asia
87 , 256 , 271 , 407
Asian countries
251
Asian exports
257
Asian markets, emerging
54
Atilio Borón
171
austerity
56 , 96 , 99 –100 , 112 , 262 , 292 , 307 –308 , 327 , 370
fiscal
12 , 71 , 74 , 110 , 163 , 201 , 280
foresaw macroeconomic
96
soft
160
authoritarian and internationalised variety of neoliberalism
23
authoritarianism
12 , 25 , 191
authoritarian neoliberalism
7 , 9 , 23 –25
autonomy
39 , 88 , 94 –95 , 97 , 116 , 228 , 230 , 243 –244 , 247 –248 , 259 , 267
national
129 , 254
political
258
Bacen
125
banking sector
94 –95 , 189
bank overdrafts
184
banks
38 , 41 , 44 , 65 , 93 , 109 –110 , 232 , 346 , 359 , 372 –373 , 391 , 394 , 413
foreign
184
private
64 , 183 , 413
second-largest private
394
state-owned
20 , 58 , 63 –65 , 69 , 71
Bank Tellers’ Union
329
barriers
130 , 383 , 396
enforced trade
255
legal
332
non-tariff
15
structural
273
bcb
66 , 138 –139 , 310 –311 , 314 , 346
Belo Monte
327 , 339
lower-income
367
potential
352
benefits
158 , 161 , 277 –279 , 299 , 302 , 305 , 334 , 359 , 361 , 364 , 366 –367 , 371 , 373 , 375
illness aid
280
insufficient
354
low-value
301
pension
69 , 302
security
301
symbolic
216
welfare
351
Bielschowsky
51 , 53 –54 , 80 , 127 , 130 , 133 , 140 , 143 , 181 , 196 , 222 –223 , 237
big bourgeoisie
177
internal
38 , 44 , 47 , 176
big business
109 , 172 , 175 , 177 , 213
biotechnology
67
Blanchard
71 , 80
Bloomberg
153 , 168
bndes
38 , 45 –46 , 68 , 90 –91 , 94 , 98 , 112 , 114 , 202 –203 , 219 –220 , 225 , 405 , 407 , 409 , 417
Boito Jr
38 , 93 –96 , 101 , 179 , 189 –190 , 196 , 231 –232 , 237 , 312 , 314 , 322 , 339 , 342 , 379 –380 , 397 , 407
Bolivia
81 , 116 –117 , 119 –120 , 250 –251 , 253 , 257 , 293
Bolsa Família
29 , 34 , 36 , 38 , 46 , 69 –70 , 131 , 149 , 205 , 214 , 226 , 317 , 336 , 343 –344 , 347 , 359 , 364 , 404 , 413 –414
Bolsonarism
169 –179
Bolsonaro
2 –3 , 24 , 48 , 171 , 175 , 177 , 179 , 200 , 334 , 336 , 341
Bolsonaro Governments
48 , 161 , 268 , 279 , 287 , 319 , 334 , 336 –338
Bolsonaro’s administration
2 , 24
Bolsonaro’s election
176 , 200 , 333
Boltanski
272 , 288
Bonapartism
34 , 196 , 262
bonds
266 , 272 , 385
financial
383
public
386
boom
55 , 115 , 225
international economic
46
pre-crisis
57
twin
57 , 64
bourgeois
121 , 169 –170 , 175 , 177 , 179 , 187
bourgeois antidevelopmentalist
319
bourgeois democracy
170 , 172 , 174 –175
bourgeois dictatorship
171
bourgeois fractions
41 , 172 , 174 , 176 , 189 , 268
bourgeoisie
32 , 40 –41 , 47 , 93 –94 , 99 , 131 , 172 , 174 , 176 –177 , 188 –189 , 191
associated
177 , 247
dependent
176
financial
17 , 94 , 149
industrial
41 , 145 , 156 , 187 , 189 –190 , 195 –196
internal great
189
internationalised
11 , 15 , 22
local
88
national
44 , 171 –172 , 243
petty
175
productive
189
rentier
191
ruling
268
bourgeois reformism
178
bourgeois support
215
government’s
213
Brazilian Agribusiness Association
150
Brazilian Air Force
252
Brazilian bourgeoisie
48 , 195 , 215 –216
Brazilian business
202
Brazilian business community
190
Brazilian capitalism
33 , 48 , 132 , 200 , 235 , 237
Brazilian capitalist development pattern
31 –32 , 47
Brazilian Central Bank
149 , 346
Brazilian Class Structure
295 , 298
Brazilian companies
111 , 189 –190 , 308 , 383
Brazilian Congress
170 , 239
Brazilian constitution
161
Brazilian Democratic Movement
206 , 261 , 326
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party
108 , 150 , 176 , 185 , 228 , 395
Brazilian development
126 , 139
Brazilian developmentalism
202 , 383
Brazilian Development Bank
20 , 34 , 68 , 90 , 181 , 189 , 225
Brazilian Electrical and Electronic Industry Association
194
Brazilian elite
21
Brazilian enterprises
135
Brazilian entrepreneurs
262
Brazilian export agenda
36
Brazilian exports
33 , 36 , 68 , 203 , 225 , 409
Brazilian industry
64 , 87 , 134 –135 , 162 , 182 , 186 , 194 , 203 , 257 , 261
Brazilian labour market
268 –270 , 284 , 322
Brazilian labour movement
341
Brazilian macroregions
417 , 419 , 422
Brazilian manufacturing
87 , 142
Brazilian market
194 , 255
Brazilian mass media
185
Brazilian microregions
419
Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
242
Brazilian neofascism
173
Brazilian politics
169 , 375
Brazilian Savings and Loan System
384
Brazilian Social Democratic Party
8 , 95 , 104 , 176 , 184 , 216 , 228 , 327
Brazilian state
10 –11 , 66 , 97 , 145 , 189
Brazilian structure of production
126
Brazilian trade balance
100 , 256 –257
Brazilian trade surplus
260
Brazilian transition to neoliberalism
14
Brazilian unionism
319 , 321 , 326
Brazilian urbanization
385
Brazilian workers
216 –217 , 322 , 327 , 330 –331
Bresser-Pereira
14 –15 , 27 , 53 –55 , 80 , 101 , 126 , 182 , 191 , 196 –197 , 224 , 228 –229 , 237 , 288 , 401 –403 , 405 , 421
Bretton Woods institutions
249
brics
87 , 96 , 113 , 237 , 253 , 258 , 263 –267
British National Health Service
307
Broad Consumer Price Index
351
budget
65 , 188 , 212 , 355 , 359 , 364 , 369 , 392 , 414
federal
71 , 345 , 390
fiscal
17 , 163
budget deficits
158
budget resources
357
Bureau of Labour Statistics
154
business agenda
368
business community
21
business cycle
146
business elite
84
business environment
187 , 259 , 262
business interests
211 , 375 , 403
business organizations
19 , 161
business resistance to interventionism
98
business sectors
88 , 91 , 97 –98 , 161 , 277 , 344 , 354 , 368 , 370
Camargo Corrêa
234 –235
campaign
21 , 24 , 106 , 108 , 146 , 159 , 174 , 184 , 188 , 195 , 200 , 218
electoral
158 , 218
left-wing
15
polarized
111
presidential
83
Campello
230 , 237 , 315
Campos
234 –235 , 237 , 276 , 288 , 327 , 339
Canello
233 , 239
Cano
136 , 140 , 418 , 421
capacity utilization
138 , 147 –148 , 151 –153 , 156 , 165
capital
8 –14 , 20 –21 , 39 –42 , 44 –46 , 48 , 92 –94 , 96 , 147 , 151 –152 , 156 , 164 –165 , 172 –173 , 189 –190 , 200 , 230 –231 , 285 –288 , 299 , 383 –384 , 387 , 394 –396
big
47 –48 , 121 , 379
big coffee
41
commercial
394
commodity-producing
44
exporting
46
fictitious
118
financialised
12
fixed
165
foreign imperialist
172
human
129
interest-bearing
12 , 354 , 360 , 383
medium-sized internal
11
national banking
189
private
8 , 354
productive
158 , 271
speculative
153 , 200
capital account
229
capital accumulation
39 , 41 , 154 , 157 , 164 –165 , 235 , 270 –271 , 273 , 315 , 381 , 383
dynamics of
40 , 382
rapid
127
capital centralization
406
capital concentration
194
capital controls
55 , 74 , 82 , 181 , 225 , 254
adopted price-based
71
legitimize
254
capital flight
200 , 203
capital flows
51 , 57 , 62 , 64 , 137 , 228 –229 , 386 , 405
financial
137 , 271
foreign
25 , 107 , 224 , 404
international
15
capitalism
3 , 9 , 11 , 32 , 39 , 43 , 46 , 51 , 121 , 174 , 177 , 243 , 271 –272
autonomous national
86
financial
269
financialized
362
financial-rentierist
228
international
95 , 171
peripheral
118 , 120 , 204
varieties of
51
capitalist class
11 , 95 , 144 , 162 –164 , 188
capitalist countries
43 , 172
capitalist development
4 , 40 , 42 , 128 , 202 , 242 –243 , 271 , 273
capitalist development pattern
4 , 31 –50
capitalist economy
10 , 39 , 153 , 164 , 171
capitalist enterprises
272
capitalists
5 , 48 , 93 , 99 –100 , 106 , 162 –163 , 194 , 228 –229 , 297 , 299
financial
160
foreign
189
industrial
192
large domestic
312
reducing
127
capitalists and workers
5
capitalist system
85 , 243
global
382
capital labour relationship
375
capital markets
112 , 385
domestic
62
capital overaccumulation
383
capital ownership
260
Cardoso
42 , 45 –46 , 98 –99 , 192 , 195 , 197 , 214 –215 , 242 –246 , 248 , 263 –264 , 270 , 273 , 288 , 325 , 328
Cardoso administration
84 , 89 , 96 , 210 , 246
Cardoso government
42 , 45 , 88 , 94 , 139 , 204 , 207 , 246 , 352 , 411
first
44
second
33 , 44 –45
Carneiro
36 , 49 , 54 , 81 , 97 –98 , 101 , 182 –183 , 197 , 219 , 238 –239 , 271 , 274 , 406 , 422
Celso Furtado
4 , 85 , 126 –127 , 140 , 245 , 260 , 306 , 315 , 406
Central Bank
20 , 64 –66 , 83 –84 , 88 –91 , 94 –95 , 97 , 99 , 109 –110 , 112 , 125 , 149 , 152 –153 , 183 –184
Centro Internacional Celso Furtado
49
cepal
143 , 316
Chang
15 , 27 , 249 , 263
chauvinism
175
Chávez, Hugo
107 , 116
Chávez’s government
117
cheapening
136 , 138
Cheltenham
238
Chiapello
272 , 288
Chicago Boy
24
Chilcote
242 –243 , 264
Chile
117 , 257 , 264 , 288 , 293 , 315
Chiliatto-Leite
316
China
19 , 36 , 59 , 135 , 145 , 192 –194 , 251 –254 , 257 –258 , 260 , 265 , 271
China-India partnership
193
Chinese economy
225
Chinese exports
135
Cieplinski
142
Cintra
81 –82 , 101 , 140 , 238
circuits
9 , 12 , 294 , 306 , 391
formal financial
310
global
16
growing
306
overnight
229
transnational
25
circuits of accumulation
12
circuits of consumption and production
306
circulation
372
national
108
cities team
386
Citizen Constitution
215
Citizen Debt Audit
212
citizenship
9 , 24 , 381 , 396
Citizenship Territories policy
409
civil construction
44 , 93 , 231 , 235 , 276 , 333 , 390 , 406
civil servants
11 , 275 , 302 , 310 , 335 , 346 , 371
civil servants outnumber workers
323
civil society actors
232
civil society sectors
117 , 232
clacso
28 , 49 , 166
class alliance
5 , 163
class articulations
185
class autonomy
213
class coalition
98 , 145 , 153 , 156 , 162 , 180
class conciliation
96 , 312
class conflict
12 , 169
classes
4 , 9 , 29 , 32 , 35 , 92 –94 , 109 , 111 , 177 , 179 , 339 , 346
dominant
195
dominated
38
heterogeneous
38
lower
408 –409 , 414
low-income
415
popular
38 , 202 , 213 , 216 , 244 , 380
subordinate
40 , 205 –206
class fraction
32 , 38 , 40 , 182 , 226 , 244
classic developmentalism
52 –53 , 221 , 401 –403 , 421
class perspective
295
class positions
109 , 295 –296 , 298 , 300 , 313
class profile
120
class reconciliation
200 , 211 , 214 , 217
class solidarity
201
class structure
11
class struggle
191
class typology
295 , 313
class warfare
214
Clean Slate Act
170
cni
134 , 137 , 140 , 187 , 191 , 193 –194
collective bargaining
205 , 276 , 278 , 285 , 320 –326 , 330 , 332 , 337 –338 , 374
Collor
30 –32 , 42 , 46 , 149 , 325 , 368
Collor government
47 , 319 , 376
colonial origin
211
combination of economic growth policy and social inclusion
381
commercial associations
98
commercial farming
211
commodities boom
34 , 90 , 116 , 164 , 207 , 230 , 258 , 274 , 349 , 254 –255 , 379 , 412 , 417 –418
commodity prices
20 , 57 , 90 , 146 , 150 –151 , 230 –231 , 352 , 404
commodity supercycle
17
Communist Party
113 , 329
companies and government
354
Comparative advantage
81
competitiveness
48 , 64 , 135 , 142 , 153 , 186 , 368 , 376
competitivity
15 , 21
concentration
46 –47 , 85 , 128 , 202 –203 , 348 , 383 , 387 , 396 , 413
economic
418
growing
304
industrial
418
large
59
Confederations Cup
212
confidence crisis
62
political
70
conflict
4 , 95 , 100 , 110 , 117 , 175 , 177 , 189 , 191 , 251 , 258
accumulating domestic
74
arbitrate
185
distributive
15 , 319 , 406
political
97 , 118 , 363
Congress
17 , 22 , 26 , 111 –112 , 115 , 150 , 206 , 211 , 213 –214 , 216 , 233 , 355 , 359
conservative
233
first
106
post-impeachment
358
rebellious
2
right-wing
21
congress members
149
Conlutas
326 , 334
csp
328 –329 , 332 –333
connection
122 , 129 , 158 , 167 , 310 , 321 , 331 , 392 , 400 , 402 , 412
federative
412
conservatism
122 , 358
excessive
66
political
319
popular
108
conservatism in macroeconomic policy
358
consigned credit borrowers
346
constant intervention
100
Constitution
19 , 23 –24 , 130 , 343 –344 , 352 , 359 , 364 –365 , 379 , 383 –384 , 409 , 412
constitutional amendment
23 , 67 , 115 , 215 , 280 , 332 , 357 –358 , 366 , 371 , 374
constitutional spending in education
161
Consumer Price Index
229
Continuous Benefit programs
38 , 343
Continuous National Household Sample series
348
Contractionary monetary and fiscal policy
188
contractionary monetary policy
13 , 66 , 200 , 416
contractionary policies
20 , 231
contracts
107 , 277 , 280 115
collective
320
electric power concession
125
legal
336
oil exploration
23
precarious
284
service delivery
278
contradictions of Lulism
206
control
20 , 129 , 135 , 138 –139 , 149 –150 , 158 , 161 , 190 , 192 , 194 –196 , 245 –246 , 249 , 251 , 253 , 259
administrative
64
economic
184
ideological
109
price
125
relaxed
15
control inflation
21
control of production
115
control of working time by employers
285
Cooper
29
corruption
2 , 11 , 16 , 22 –24 , 65 , 71 , 75 , 108 , 111 , 156 , 158 –160 , 174 –175 , 203 , 206 , 213 –215
corruption allegations
146
corruption scandals
2 , 22 , 70 , 150 , 160 , 202 , 213
countercyclical
55 , 65 , 67 , 80 , 390
countercyclical measures
64 , 184 , 380
countercyclical policies
46 , 74 , 86 , 97 , 182 , 225 , 231
countercyclical reaction
64
counter-reform
282 , 338
countryside
211
coup
3 , 6 , 24 , 105 , 115 –117 , 120 , 122 , 214 –218 , 250 –251 , 328 –329 , 338
institutional
318
judicial-parliamentary
7
military
215
parliamentary
195
reactionary
122
right-wing
121
soft
146 , 158
coup backers
217
coup plotters
23 , 258
coup threat
206
court system
178
Covid-19 pandemic crisis
287
creative accounting
71
credit
33 , 36 , 57 –58 , 90 –91 , 130 –132 , 210 , 225 –226 , 351 , 354 , 372 , 375 , 401 , 404 –405 , 412 –413
accessing
312
boosting
274
cheap
190
consigned
34 , 96 , 346
consumer
54 , 224 , 346 , 379
household
76 –77
long-term
385
mortgage
396
personal
17 , 310 –311
popular
211
private
71 , 73
public
160 , 203
subsidised
68 , 226 , 309
unlimited tax
344
unsecured
346
credit and financing
90
credit boom
64 , 71
credit cards
184
credit control
404
credit crunch
64
credit distribution
404
credit expansion
45 , 136 , 218 , 224 , 404
credit facilitation
276
credit indicators
76 –77
credit policies
20 , 135 , 202 , 225
credit risk
390
credit subsidiaries
394
credit supply
58 , 64 , 69 , 130
credit to families and companies
131
crisis
57 –58 , 70 –71 , 80 , 82 –83 , 96 , 98 –102 , 104 , 111 –112 , 115 –116 , 122 –123 , 140 –141 , 144 –168 , 177 –178 , 231 , 233 –237 , 239 –240 , 260 , 284 , 368 –369 , 407
balance-of-payments
62 , 129
current
104
dual
318
foreign
181
foreign-exchange
403
institutional
125
mortgage-financial
388
refugee
252
structural
144
subprime
404
terminal
113
water
231
worldwide
121
crisis of hegemony
177
crisis of neoliberalism
151 , 153 , 162 , 164
critical analysis of underdevelopment
128
Critical Policy Studies
199
Critical Sociology
26 , 28 , 264 , 314 , 423
ctb
329
cti
141
Cuba
106 , 116 , 202
culture
92 , 262
Cunha
35 , 50 , 53 , 81 , 84 , 101 , 214 –215
currency
13 , 15 , 20 , 40 , 59 , 62 , 64 , 71 , 126 , 129 , 135 , 137 –138 , 261
depreciate
254
dominant reserve
403
local
224
national
404 –405
overvalued
25
peripheral
137
undervalued
74
currency crisis
16 , 45 , 62
currency depreciation
65 , 254
currency devaluation
55 , 64 , 261
currency hierarchy
140 , 239
currency mismatch
62
currency overvaluation
54
currency stability
201
currency war
254
current-account balance
37 , 90
cycle
36 , 41 , 55 , 98 , 116 , 122 , 137 , 164 , 209 , 214 , 274
commodity
111
economic expansion
202
favourable export
274
global
236
international commodities price
36
progressive
105 , 117
cycle of strikes
321
cycles of protests
214
cyclical expansion
88
Dardot
8 , 27 , 32 , 49 , 201 , 219 , 272 , 278 –279 , 289 , 381 –382 , 397
debt crisis
259 , 303
debt crisis and neoliberalism
303
debt indicators
60 , 113
debt instruments
112
debt moratoriums
94
debt obligations, generating
309
debt relief
359 , 376
debt repayments
310 , 346 , 354
debts
6 , 88 , 107 , 188 , 260 , 310 –311 , 346 , 353 , 359 , 375
ruralist
210
student
345
debt securities
383
decommodification
273 , 312
defeats
5 , 47 , 88 , 105 , 117 , 122 , 176 , 195
consecutive
16
ordinary electoral
25
defending state intervention
319
Defense Ministry
241
deficits
13 , 19 –21 , 25 , 42 , 62 , 90 , 156 , 257 , 354 , 370 , 393
chronic fiscal
15
current-account
36
foreign
62
high public
126
large fiscal
162
nominal
95
pension
335
political
108
primary
97 , 112
deflation
260 , 406
deindustrialisation
9 , 15 , 25 , 36 –37 , 39 , 42 , 59 , 86 –88 , 91 , 95 , 99 , 119 , 150 –151 , 204 , 223 –224 , 406 –407
acute
360
creeping
19
early
150
fueled
42
premature
53
reverse Brazil’s
4
democracy
14 , 25 –26 , 29 , 85 –86 , 120 –121 , 169 , 171 , 227 , 237 , 249 , 344
deepened
380
defending
329
deteriorated
169 –170 , 178
formal
47
liberal
120
mass
287
political
10
democracy and socioeconomic equality
227
democratisation
108 , 111 , 158 , 211 , 265 , 329 , 395 –396
effective
113
incipient
105
demonstrations for impeachment
328
denationalisation
23 , 135 , 138 , 204 , 215 , 235 , 359 , 361 , 383
increasing
127 , 138
dependence
135 , 230 , 314
technological
134
dependency
39 –41 , 129 –130 , 203 , 241 –267
financial
39 , 42 –43 , 47
international
247
new
39 , 129 , 134 , 245
structural
260
technological
128 , 138
dependency theory
242 –246
dependent development
242 –245 , 264
dependentist
259
depreciation
64 , 153 , 191 , 275
deprivation
6 , 12 , 294 , 309 , 311 , 402
alleviated
311
multi-dimensional
311
deregulation
32 , 43 , 48 , 118 , 181 , 190 , 400 , 420
derivatives
64
devaluation
15 , 20 , 34 , 45 , 65 , 90 , 149 , 181 –182 , 225 , 351 , 405 –407
dictatorship
85 , 169 , 171 –173 , 207 –208 , 211
fascist
169 –171 , 173 , 178
military
14 , 129 , 150 , 173 , 303
dieese
131 –132 , 192 , 197 , 235 , 238 , 277 , 279 , 289 , 305 –306 , 314 , 321 –324 , 330 , 337 –338 , 340 –341 , 358 –359
digital platform workers
285
Dilma.
See
Rousseff
direct investments
180 , 222
foreign
41 , 62 , 76 –77 , 107 , 138 , 245 , 255 –256 , 259
dismantling of major construction firms
234
dismantling nation-states
117
dismantling of Brazilian worker protection legislation
359
dismantling of Dilma Rousseff’s government
318
dismantling of industry
203
dismantling of rights
329 , 333
dismissals
67 , 234 , 306 , 323 , 325 , 329
collective
359
risking
323
distribution
9 , 11 , 98 , 101 , 123 , 130 , 132 , 144 , 146 , 250 , 293 , 295 –296 , 299 , 302 –305 , 323
distributional gains
302
distributional outcomes
118
distribution effects
315
distribution of fractions
302
distributive policies
5 , 293 , 315 , 405
diversification
33 , 93 , 243 , 249 , 404
economic
119
industrial
254
productive
54
structural
261
diversification of structure of production
243
diversified structures of production
53
dividends
107 , 129 , 299
dollarisation
107 , 116
Dominican Republic
293
downturn
19 –20 , 153 , 230
cyclical
146 , 159
economic
202 , 215
sharp
234 –235
durable consumer goods sector
133
durable goods sector
134
eclac
37 , 221 , 223
economic crisis
3 , 85 –103 , 142 , 146 , 159 –160 , 162 , 164 , 233 , 235 –236 , 280 , 285 –287 , 318 , 322 –323 , 329 –330
global
18 , 363
economic growth
36 –38 , 54 , 143 , 145 –146 , 150 –152 , 156 , 158 , 160 , 162 –163 , 202 , 204 –205 , 207 , 273 –275 , 326 , 379 –381
economic growth and poverty reduction
379 , 381
economic matrix, new
19 , 125 , 154 , 158 , 181 –182 , 184 , 195 , 275
economic policy
4 , 7 –8 , 35 , 51 –52 , 65 –67 , 83 –85 , 89 –92 , 94 –96 , 98 –99 , 125 –126 , 145 –146 , 149 –154 , 159 , 161 –164 , 225 –226 , 246 –247 , 253 –255 , 268 , 351 , 363 , 403 –409
orthodox
83 –84 , 224 –225 , 270
economic policy agenda
66 , 221
economic recession
58 , 104 , 126 , 207
economic recovery
65 , 112 , 318
rapid
404
economic results
245
economics
32 , 142 –143 , 167 –168 , 233 , 315 , 361
heterodox
18
micro
204
neoclassical
403
supply-side
91
global
156
economic stabilisation-speculation trap
15
economic transition to neoliberalism
14
economic underperformance
18
economy
12 –13 , 16 , 18 –19 , 22 , 36 –37 , 41 –45 , 47 –48 , 57 –58 , 66 –67 , 112 , 116 , 118 –119 , 130 –131 , 137 –139 , 202 –204 , 274 –276 , 352 –353 , 383
advanced
15 , 20 , 55
competitive
368
dependent
243
developed
53 , 129
developing
52 , 224
domestic
137
financialised
228
international
43 , 86 , 228 , 406
mature
293
middle-income
224
national
39 , 318 , 364 , 390
poverty-generating
16
regional
247
semimature
53
subordinate
39
Ecuador
83 , 107 , 116 , 119 –120 , 250 , 257 , 293
education
114 –115 , 212 , 217 , 294 –295 , 304 , 306 –312 , 352 –354 , 357 –359 , 361 , 364 –365 , 375
college
206
private
109 , 208
public
308
education and health spending
352
education and housing
295 , 306 , 311 –312
education and social assistance
353
education funding
208
education indicators
349
education institutions
308
education plan
114 , 358
education resources
335
elections
2 , 21 –22 , 104 –107 , 145 , 149 , 152 , 159 , 161 , 163 , 176 , 231 , 233 , 363
local
23
presidential
15 , 158 , 195 , 212 , 218 , 227 , 327 , 360
subnational
108
winning
170
election year
188 , 406
electorate
158 , 213
popular
188
electricity
96 , 113 , 125 , 181 , 184
Electronic Industry Association
194
Eletrobrás
48
elite
2 , 18 , 23 , 30 , 50 , 378 –379
agrarian ruling
150
country’s
2
economic
128
financial
357
local
130
elite groups
11 , 14
employees
234 , 270 , 275 , 278 , 296 , 300 , 303 , 305 –307 , 313 , 366 , 368 , 371 , 373
compensation of
165
formal
235 , 284 , 296 , 305 –306 , 313
formal private
306
new
133
public
109 , 365 –366 , 371
employers
270 , 272 , 275 , 278 , 281 –282 , 285 , 287 , 296 –300 , 305 –306 , 313 , 325 –326 , 336 , 368 –370
large
296 –298 , 300 , 313
employment
7 –8 , 16 –17 , 38 –39 , 97 , 145 –146 , 158 –159 , 184 , 186 , 189 , 191 –192 , 270 –272 , 275 –277 , 279 , 281 –284 , 295 , 304 –305
active
295
disguised
279
domestic
277
industrial
133
informal
282
precarious
17 , 332 , 349
unpaid
275
employment contracts
278
precarious
325 , 334
employment creation
9 , 14
employment expansion
223
employment gains
23
employment growth
8 , 19 , 274 , 276
highest
276
employment indicators
269 , 273 , 280
improved
5
employment relationship
286 , 332
formal
279
energy
18 , 20 –21 , 44 , 65 , 225 –226 , 231
renewable
67
energy bill
184
energy tariffs
91
enrolment
308
total higher-education
308
non-financial
156
private
18
productive
190
public
48 , 373
semi-state
325
entrepreneurs
88 , 91 , 97 –99 , 186 –187 , 190 –191 , 229 , 375 , 412
industrial
93 , 137 , 185 , 246
modern
127
productive-sector
232
steel
183
entrepreneurs and workers
91
entrepreneurship
278 –279
environmental devastation
204
environmentalism
119
environment changes, general
190
espionage
252 –253 , 265
Europe
254 , 256 , 383
European social democracy
106
European Union
193 , 409 –410
European welfare state
365
Eurozone
20 , 406
Evangelical churches
206
neo-pentecostal
104
events of June
316
exchange rate
12 –13 , 15 –16 , 33 –34 , 36 , 43 , 45 , 54 –55 , 63 –65 , 72 , 83 –84 , 88 –89 , 93 –95 , 100 , 133 –135 , 137 , 149 –150 , 154 –156 , 229 –230 , 249 , 255 , 274 , 331 , 401 –403 , 407
competitive
55 –56
depreciated
93
devalued
99
foreign
64 , 136
exchange rate crisis
16 , 37
exchange rate depreciation
154 , 268
exchange rate devaluation
91 , 159 , 192
exchange rate overvaluation
36 , 224
exchange rate policy
36 , 56 , 66 , 232
passive
66
exchange rate risk
73
exchange rate volatility
65
exchange reserves
62 , 71 , 253 , 258
foreign
62 , 129 , 225
Executive branch
107 , 187 , 213 , 232 –233 , 374
expansion
16 –19 , 41 , 88 , 119 , 133 –134 , 149 –151 , 153 , 180 , 206 –208 , 210 –211 , 222 , 224 –225 , 274 , 343 –345 , 354 , 364 –367 , 372 –376 , 385 –388 , 403 –405 , 413 –416
commercial
202
economic
202
higher-education
208 , 415
massive
308
rapid
109 , 345
strong
284 , 346
subsidized
208
urban
383
export coefficient
134 , 224
export competitiveness
37
export diversification
13 , 129
export growth
54 , 129
export hubs
414
export industries
21
export monoculture
211
export of goods and capital
189
export opportunities
248
export orientation
91
exports
36 –37 , 41 , 54 –55 , 60 , 128 –129 , 133 –136 , 189 , 194 , 203 –204 , 254 , 256 , 258 , 401 –403
commodity
11 , 229
declining
213
higher
60
increased
260
industrial
258
manufactured
224
primary
202
reprimarisation of
136 , 407
export surplus
54 , 56 , 74
export value
67
external constraints
5 , 62 , 117 , 127 , 129 , 136 , 138 , 236
structural
53
external constraints afflicting
4
external context
52 , 70 , 406
external debt
88 , 94 , 145
limiting
56
external disequilibrium
129
extraction
9 , 243
mineral
412 , 417
extractivism
119 , 205
extreme poverty headcount
292
factor endowment
127
Family Grant
96 , 130 –131 , 211 , 328 , 343 , 404
farmers
115 , 389 , 415
corporate
359
impoverished
210
fascism
5 , 169 –179
Federal Prosecutor’s Office
234
Federal Public Employee Supplementary Pension Foundation
371
Federal Revenue Service
369
Federal Savings Bank
384 , 388 , 391
federal spending
213 , 353
total
345
federal spending on education
353
feudal and capitalist modes of production
173
fgts, 336
fies, 308, 314, 345
fiesp, 19, 27, 160, 166, 183–84, 186–87, 197
fifa, 212
finance
7 –8 , 10 –12 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 44 , 64 , 66 , 356 , 358 , 383 , 385 , 388
healthy
359
hegemonic
13
international
204
subsidised
311
finance capital
144 –145 , 262
financial capital
32 , 41 –48 , 88 , 90 , 93 , 95 , 107 , 109 –110 , 112 , 117 –118 , 158 , 271 , 383 , 385 , 387 , 417
financial conglomerates
22 , 93 , 372
financial crises
144 –145 , 260
international
225 , 230
financial gains
94 –95 , 151 , 153 , 229 , 274
financial hegemony
92 , 94 , 99
financial institutions
228 , 310 , 372 , 383 , 385
international
15 , 149
multilateral
251
financialisation
11 , 13 , 26 , 166 , 222 , 228 –229 , 236 –238 , 310 , 346 –347 , 357 , 362 , 365 , 381 , 383 , 387 –388 , 394 –396 , 400 , 407
financial liberalisation
12 , 29 , 228 , 239 , 245 , 254
financial sector
93 –95 , 97 , 99 , 144 –145 , 153 , 159 , 161 –162 , 183 –185 , 187 , 346 , 354
financial speculators
248
financial sustainability
366
financiers
41 , 185 , 229 , 236
first phase of neoliberalism
294
fiscal adjustment
45 , 65 –66 , 113 , 121 , 187 –188 , 274 , 280 , 359 , 365 –367 , 370 , 376 , 380
fiscal area
231
fiscal deficit
19 , 22 –23 , 161
fiscal incentives
33 , 162 , 183 , 307 , 405
fiscal measures
64 , 159 , 404
fiscal policies
8 , 20 , 45 , 55 –56 , 58 , 64 –67 , 70 –71 , 95 , 100 , 112 , 125 –126 , 351
fiscal position
160
Fiscal Recovery Program
359
Fiscal Responsibility Law
8 , 214
fiscal spending
23 , 159
fiscal surplus
68
primary
33 , 46 , 65 , 145
fiscal targets
17 , 66 , 200 , 350
fiscal variables
149
fiscal warfare
118
fixed-term contract
336
flexibility of labour relations
269 , 277
flexibility of work
271
food insecurity
348 , 350 , 361
Força Sindical
27 , 186 , 320
Fordism
118 , 382
foreign capital
11 , 13 , 15 , 21 , 34 , 41 –44 , 86 , 93 , 138 , 244 , 247 , 249
foreign competition
21 , 68 , 189
foreign currency derivatives markets
82
foreign debt
15 , 60 , 62 , 129
incurring
54
public
62
short-term gross
62
foreign economic groups
135
foreign economic policy
241 –242 , 245 –246 , 251 , 261 , 263
foreign policy in Lula’s government
249
formal employment
34 , 36 , 42 , 132 –133 , 279 , 304 , 310 , 344 , 349 , 355 , 386
formalisation
17 , 275 –276 , 279 , 287 , 295 , 297 , 303 –304 , 384 , 413 , 416
formal jobs
191 , 205 , 276 , 304 , 306 , 344 , 364
formal workers
275 , 296 –298 , 302 –303 , 305 , 313
Foucault
381 , 382 , 398
foundations of neoliberalism
26 , 163
fractions
32 , 40 , 47 –48 , 172 , 182 , 188 , 194 , 244 , 302 –303
banking-financial
379
dominant
48
export capital
45
financial
149
incorporated new
418
organized
185
reactionary
176
rival
14
subordinate
269
France
251 , 398
Freedom Party
174 , 218 , 329
Free Trade Area
38 , 114 , 121 , 194 , 249
free-trade treaties
193
free-trade zone
250
Fritz
14 , 28 , 52 –82 , 223 , 228 , 238 –239 , 404 , 423
fuel price controls
351
fuel pricing policy
177
funding
108 , 308 , 386 , 409 , 411 –412
funding base
376
funding credit
415
funding subsidies
388
funds
158 , 202 , 336 , 359 , 371 –373 , 385 –386 , 388 –389 , 394 , 409 , 412 –414
constitutional
409 –410 , 413
endowment
388
fixed-income
371
large
373
latter
409
national
409 , 411
new
374
parafiscal
109
private
391
redirected
386
sovereign
115
Furtadian approach
125 , 126 , 130 , 142 , 245 , 306 , 316
Furtado
127 –130 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 139 , 141 , 242 , 245 , 264 , 306 , 314
gdp
19 –20 , 36 –37 , 57 –60 , 65 –66 , 76 –79 , 87 , 114 –115 , 158 –159 , 181 –182 , 184 , 203 , 225 , 229 , 235 , 281 –282 , 318 , 352 –356 , 371 –372 , 417 –418
gdp and economic growth
151
gdp and employment
39
gdp and national income
96
gdp contractions
234
gdp growth
14 , 15 –18 , 20 , 76 –77 , 100 , 150 , 184 , 188 , 274 , 281 , 297 , 352
gdp growth rate
69 , 146 –147 , 151 , 154 , 156 , 163 , 275 , 358
gdp variation
207
General Pinochet’s Chile
24
general strikes
105 , 218 , 325 , 332 –333 , 335
Generational and class solidarity
201
Getúlio
342
Gini coefficient
19 , 56 , 59 , 78 –79 , 83 , 96 , 104 , 115 , 131 –132 , 276 , 293 , 348
globalisation
12 , 39 , 80 , 220 , 228 , 237 , 248 , 259 , 273 , 383 , 397
financial
232 , 270 –271 , 286
global liquidity expansion
136
Golden Age
144
goods
133 –135 , 189 , 303 , 306 , 355
commodified
294 , 306
decommodified
354
durable
132 –133 , 188 , 225 , 346
imported
68 , 71
medium-technology
134
non-tradable
156
primary
412
public
130 , 139
tradable
137
goods and services
88 , 271 , 304 , 311
internationalized production of
271 , 274
governability
108 –109 , 111 , 122 , 206 , 350
governance
329 , 370 , 376 , 391 , 411
congressional
110
government
19 –24 , 31 –35 , 64 –68 , 83 –85 , 91 –92 , 95 –99 , 104 –110 , 112 –113 , 115 –122 , 149 –151 , 153 –154 , 160 –161 , 163 –164 , 205 –206 , 213 –216 , 318 –321 , 324 –327 , 366 –370 , 374 –376 , 405 –408 286
authoritarian
287
central
370
conservative
116
current
287
deposed
216
developmental
31
dominated
53
elected
99
leftist
164 , 236
left-wing
118 , 216
local
392
national
420
neodevelopmentalist
325
neofascist
169 –171
orthodox
52 , 98
popular
116
previous
31 , 88 , 236 , 367 , 375 –376
progressive
114 , 116 –117 , 120 –122
right-wing
209 , 347
second
44 , 46 , 48 , 88 , 162 , 268
technocratic
120
ultraneoliberal
269
governmentality
382
Greater Brazil Plan
68 , 86 , 91 , 225 , 368
Great Financial Crisis
423
Great Recession
315
Greenwald
160 , 167
Griffith-Jones
82
Gross External Financing
78 –79
gross national income per capita
402
Gross public debt
78 –79
growth
19 , 34 –37 , 57 –59 , 75 –77 , 85 –86 , 90 –91 , 127 –128 , 131 , 133 –134 , 144 –145 , 223 –224 , 258 –260 , 276 –277 , 279 –280 , 284 –286 , 292 , 297 , 367 –368 , 401 –403 , 416 –418
Growth Acceleration Program
18 , 33 , 63 , 71 , 113 , 145 , 150 , 183 , 202 , 210 , 404 , 413 –414 , 417
growth and distributional trajectories
416
growth and productivity
187
growth and redistribution phase
297
growth in demand
134
growth in investment
133
growth model
125 –143 , 275 –276 , 316 , 404 , 406
hybrid
409
pt’s
306
growth of industry
274
growth of labour precariousness
286
growth of production
85
growth of wages
37
growth path
405
growth pattern
245
growth phase
349 , 351
growth spurt
201
growth strategy
153 , 161 , 274
export-led
224
mass-consumption-based
224
wage-led
224 –225
Guatemala
293
Guedes
24
Guido Mantega
149 , 181 , 183 , 254
Gunder Frank
243
Harvey
381 , 383 , 398
Hayek
32
health
16 , 212 , 217 , 307 , 309 , 311 , 345 , 349 , 352 –354 , 357 –358 , 364 –365
for-profit
304
public
3 , 294 , 344
health and education
212 , 309 , 358 , 375
health and higher education sector
345
healthcare
307 –308 , 352 , 353
healthcare and education
352
healthcare sector
344
health expenses
344
health insurance
41 , 307 , 372
Health Ministry
3 , 307
health spending
352
hegemonic bourgeois fractions
171 –172
hegemonic fraction
41 , 95
hegemonic group
100
hegemonic position
41 , 172
hegemony
13 , 17 , 40 –41 , 43 –48 , 92 , 94 –97 , 172 , 174 , 177 , 247 , 253
financial sector’s
96
ideological
8
new bourgeois
176
political
2 , 14 , 16 , 176
political-ideological
41
hegemony of big monopoly business
172 , 174
hegemony of financial capital
44 –46 , 88 , 99
hegemony of neoliberalism
17
Henrique Meirelles
66 , 83 , 94 , 149 , 181 , 216
heterodox
232 , 402
heterodox camp
126
heterodox schools
13
heterogeneity
270 , 277 , 286 , 326 , 361 , 392
high interest rates
99 , 107 , 145 , 150 , 182 , 188 , 190 , 225 , 232 , 379 , 386
history
3 , 39 –40 , 105 , 113 , 118 , 120 , 122 , 161 , 169 , 171 , 214 –215
country’s
318
economic
144 , 146
recorded
104
Homeless Movement
327 , 329
homeownership
309 , 396
Honduras
116 , 250 , 293
household budgets
302 , 307
household income
302 , 409
annual
389
disposable
346
household indebtedness
310 , 351
household per capita income
292 –293 , 298 , 300 , 302
household rotation
281
figures order
299
highest-income
299
lower-income
74
low-income
294 , 309
middle-income
309
selected
281
housing credit
414
housing deficit
359 , 385 , 388 , 390 , 393 , 395
Housing Finance System
384 , 386 , 391
housing investment
385
housing loans
131
housing policy
6 , 309 , 317 , 379 –399
social
317
housing program
38 , 380 , 388 –390
popular
46 , 225
ideological basis of Lulism
227
ideological character
204
ideological hegemony of neoliberalism
8
ideological purpose
204
ideological spectrum
221
ideology
32 , 120 , 173 –174 , 180 , 209 , 248 , 315
guiding
35
liberal
217
iedi
156 , 162 , 167 , 368 –369 , 377
ilo
271 , 289 –290
imf
57 , 81 , 150 , 167 , 253 –254
impeachment
23 , 26 , 46 –47 , 160 –164 , 166 , 168 , 213 –214 , 217 –218 , 328 , 330 , 332 , 368 , 370
imperialism
41 , 44 , 116 , 121 , 243
import capacity
260
import capital goods
261
import coefficient
60
imported inputs
20 , 134 , 138 , 203
importing patterns of production
127
import integration
260
import liberalisation
15
import penetration rates
133 –135 , 137 , 260 –261
imports
36 , 54 , 59 –60 , 78 –79 , 86 , 128 –129 , 133 –136 , 203 , 231 , 255 , 259 –261 , 350
import-substituting industrialisation
10
import substitution
40 , 119 , 129 , 254 , 316
imposition
9 , 12 , 16
improvement
16 , 21 –22 , 54 , 58 –59 , 62 , 131 –133 , 136 , 275 , 282 , 322 , 325 –326 , 414 , 417 –418
labour market
295 , 304
salary
131
incentives
54 , 67 , 97 , 100 , 144 , 161 , 210 , 405 , 407 , 410 , 418
right
248
inclusion
85 , 94 , 286 , 292 , 299 , 345 , 354 , 365 , 375 , 389 , 391
financial
295 , 310
marginal
273
inclusive neoliberalism
7 , 9 , 16 –17 , 214
inclusive variety of neoliberalism
312
income
11 , 13 –14 , 38 –40 , 46 –47 , 59 , 87 –88 , 128 , 130 –132 , 184 –185 , 250 , 268 , 282 –283 , 292 –293 , 295 –303 , 310 –311 , 354 –355 , 357 , 365 , 383 –385 , 388 –391
income concentration
86 , 128
income distribution
34 , 36 , 38 , 51 , 53 –54 , 128 –129 , 223 –224 , 294 –296 , 375 , 379 –380 , 400 –401 , 413 , 417
income distribution policies
413 , 420
income earners
59
income elasticity
60 , 128 , 134
income extraction
383 , 394
income inequality
132 , 136 , 276 , 297 , 314 , 352 , 357 , 386 –387
income levels
106 , 207 , 309 –310 , 413
income of employers
299
income outcomes
111
income polarization
233
income policy
224
income redistribution
54 –55 , 59 , 69 , 81 , 85 , 88 , 96 , 99 , 100 , 149 , 305 , 312
moderate
56
income transfer policies
131 , 149 , 226 , 336 , 379 , 414
income transfers
54 , 56 , 69 , 136 , 150 –151 , 354 , 364
independence
10 , 99 , 113 , 134 , 153 , 251 –253
enhanced national economic
13
operational
8
political
33
indexation of wages
15
India
24 , 241 , 253 , 257 , 317 , 336
indicators
46 , 60 , 203 , 228 , 280 , 310 , 348 , 352 , 409 , 414 , 417
negative
282
productive
416
socioeconomic
413
strike
337
indigenous communities
360
individualization
282
industrial competitiveness
110 , 255
industrial enterprises
156 , 191
industrial entrepreneurs complaining
261
industrial entrepreneurs-turned-rentiers
229
industrial goods
136 , 138 , 203
industrial inputs
137
industrial investments
254 , 260
industrialization
41 , 52 –54 , 56 , 85 , 129 , 180 –181 , 202 –203 , 221 , 223 , 224 , 244 , 270 , 273
industrial policies
8 , 13 , 18 , 54 –56 , 67 –68 , 71 –73 , 86 , 135 , 142 , 274 , 403 , 405 –406
industrial policy instruments
73
industrial sectors
74 , 78 –79 , 85 –86 , 91 , 94 , 133 –135 , 138 , 185 , 189 , 194 , 328 , 330
Industries
67 , 94 , 98 –99 , 160 , 183 , 333
capital-intensive
249
largest global
134
industry
39 , 41 , 44 , 76 –77 , 86 –87 , 92 –93 , 111 , 114 , 187 , 190 –191 , 203 , 260 –261 , 404
industry representatives
388
inequality
9 , 11 , 17 –18 , 34 , 81 , 85 –86 , 130 –131 , 297 , 299 , 302 , 344 –345 , 348 –349 , 405 –406
inflation
55 –56 , 66 –67 , 69 , 94 –95 , 110 –112 , 149 –150 , 158 –159 , 184 , 205 , 207 , 279 –280 , 320 , 322 , 330 , 351
inflationary pressures
65 , 137 , 191 , 213
inflation control
12
inflation index
137 , 322 , 337
inflation rate
76 –77 , 150 , 163 , 275 , 320 , 403
inflation stabilization
73
inflation targets
33 , 35 , 37 , 97 , 125 , 200 , 379 , 403
inflows
16 –17 , 20 , 213 , 406
foreign portfolio investment
62
short-term
64
informal employee
296 , 305 , 313
informality
127 –128 , 138 , 282 –284 , 287 , 302 , 318 , 334 , 336 , 349 , 383
informalization
283 , 336
informal markets
93 , 118
infrastructure
18 , 20 –21 , 54 , 63 , 65 , 189 , 194 , 274 –275 , 401 , 407 , 413 –414
public investment in
34 , 224
urban
392
infrastructure bonds
112
infrastructure investments
253 , 414
infrastructure plan
225
infrastructure projects
181 , 333
infrastructure sector
112 , 351
infrastructure spending
153
innovation and redistribution
360
insecurity
286
insertion
310
precarious
285
instabilities
13 , 44 , 270
economic
405
instruments
64 , 91 , 97 , 112 , 180 , 183 , 222 –224 , 381 , 391 –392 , 396 , 400
financial
382
important
69
indispensable
88
key
68 , 95 , 226
market-oriented
396
normative
285
operating
384
urban intervention
384
instruments of macroeconomic policy
126
insufficiencies, perceived
16
insufficient benefits and wages
354
insurance
310 , 366 , 372
insurance companies
41
Inter-American Development Bank
202 , 394
intercapitalist relations
40 , 42
interest groups
406
interest payments
23 , 100
interest rates
20 , 22 , 45 –46 , 48 , 76 –77 , 88 –89 , 93 –95 , 110 , 153 –154 , 184 , 187 , 385 –386 , 389 , 403 –405 , 407
internal bourgeoisie
18 –19 , 21 –22 , 38 , 43 , 46 , 93 , 189 , 247 , 312 , 326
internal market
41 , 181 , 244 –245 , 274 , 276 , 405
international competition
254
international crisis
46 , 96 , 134 , 181 , 225 , 275 , 410 , 414
international debate
254
international division
39 –40 , 47 , 92 , 243 , 248 , 251 , 259 –261 , 269
new
42
international environment
74 , 194
favourable
34 , 145 , 226
international financial integration
228 –229
strong
230
international flows
13
International Monetary Fund
81 , 113 , 167 , 188 , 249 , 253 , 403
International Political Economy
27 , 80 , 267
interventionism
84 , 90 , 98 , 186 , 223 , 233
redistributive
84
investment
13 –15 , 20 –21 , 36 , 54 –55 , 58 , 65 , 126 –127 , 132 –133 , 146 , 151 , 153 –154 , 156 , 158 –159 , 162 , 164 , 274 , 384 –385 , 387 –390 , 403 –404 , 416 –418
ipea
81 –82 , 101 , 103 , 140 –141 , 287 , 290 , 315 –316 , 347 –348 , 377 –378 , 416 , 421 –424
Ipeadata
59 , 78 –79 , 81 , 89 –90 , 102 , 167 , 276 , 303
Jair Bolsonaro
5 , 23 , 44 , 104 , 169 , 252 , 259 , 318
Joaquim Levy
22 , 99 , 159 , 233
job creation
54 –55 , 74 , 206 , 273 , 284 , 333
formal
349
job insecurity
348
job security
42
jobs
19 , 111 , 207 –208 , 270 –271 , 273 , 276 , 278 –279 , 283 , 285 , 287 , 289 , 295 –296 , 305 –306
good-quality
305
high-paying
305
informal
131 , 235 , 306
low-paid
16 , 207 , 211
low-skilled
312
low-wage
276
part-time
335
stable
305
José Alencar
88 , 107 , 145 , 149
José Dirceu
17
José Sarney
15
judicialization
47
judiciary
2 , 23 , 113 , 160 , 214 , 318 , 329
June protests
188 , 212 , 357
Kalecki
98 , 102 , 191 , 198 , 402
Kalleberg
271 , 289
Keynes
239 , 402
Korea
82
Korean capital companies
203
labour
37 , 39 –40 , 42 , 44 , 131 –132 , 175 –177 , 180 , 207 –209 , 211 –212 , 259 –260 , 269 –270 , 272 –273 , 276 –277 , 282 –283 , 333 –334
cheaper
186
formalizing
278
free wage
41
guaranteed unprecedented
115
industrial
261
slave
41
labour agenda
286
Labour Laws
48 , 161 , 187 , 277 , 280 –281 , 285 –287 , 329
labour market
2 , 11 , 19 , 23 , 70 , 127 , 130 , 132 –133 , 269 –270 , 273 , 275 –277 , 279 –286 , 293 , 296 , 311 , 334 , 336 –337 , 347 , 349 , 354 –355 , 364 –365 , 375 –376
low
355
Lava-Jato
2 –3 , 21 –22 , 28 , 65 , 167 , 222 , 237 , 239 , 240
Laval
8 , 27 , 32 , 49 , 201 , 219 , 272 , 278 –279 , 289 , 381 –382 , 397
Liberal Party, center-right
107
low-conflict progressivism
104 , 119 , 123
Lula
2 –5 , 17 –19 , 32 –35 , 42 –46 , 83 –84 , 87 –88 , 96 –100 , 106 –107 , 112 –114 , 149 –151 , 181 –183 , 226 –228 , 241 –242 , 245 –249 , 251 –252 , 324 –326 , 400 –401 , 403 –405 , 407 –408 , 416 –418
administration
126 , 168 , 221 , 230 , 232 , 328 , 375 , 385 , 388 , 408
government
71 , 87 , 120 –121 , 136 , 149 , 204 , 207 , 268 , 320 , 326 , 352
approval ratings
18
arbitration
95
arrest
104 , 215 , 217
golden years
90
Lulism
5 , 29 , 34 , 50 , 82 , 88 , 123 –124 , 181 , 183 , 196 , 199 , 200 –219 , 221 , 226 –228 , 240 , 339 , 342 , 364 , 375 , 379 , 381
macroeconomic policies
42 , 45 , 48 , 62 , 68 , 71 –72 , 74 , 80 , 83 , 86 , 126 , 135 , 401 , 403 , 407
conservative
352
heterodox
125
orthodox
71 , 230 , 407 , 420
restrictive
406
macroeconomic regime
167
conservative
350
macroeconomic tripod
8 , 46 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 44 , 46 –47 , 73 , 112 , 232 , 275 , 403 , 407 , 409
so-called
45 , 55 , 125 , 200
Mangabeira Unger
198
Mantega
181 , 183 , 198 , 238 , 243 , 266
Marx
29 , 215
media
2 , 8 , 11 , 20 , 22 , 25 –26 , 98 , 108 –109 , 160 , 191 , 195
corporate
111
mainstream
15 , 17 , 235 , 321
mass
41 , 108
oligopolistic
108
oligopolized
113
minimum wage
36 , 38 , 277 , 366
monetary policies
12 , 19 –21 , 59 , 62 , 64 , 66 , 73 –74 , 149 , 159 , 403 , 405
aggressive
153
conservative
66
restrictive
107 , 204
Movimento Passe Livre
156
mst
219
Nacional Housing Policy
388
National Bank
38 , 96 , 112 , 154 , 189 , 202 , 225
national capital
92 , 189 –190 , 202 , 204
national champions strategy
203
neodevelopmentalism
9 , 13 –14 , 20 , 38 , 53 , 80 , 83 , 94 , 178 , 201 , 203 , 423
neofacism
5 , 169 –179 , 334 , 336 , 338
neofascist movement
169 –171 , 174 –175 , 178
neoliberalism
3 –5 , 7 –29 , 31 –32 , 35 , 90 , 105 , 117 , 119 , 122 , 144 –145 , 151 –153 , 162 –165 , 201 , 204 –205 , 207 , 248 –249 , 292 –317 , 379 –383 , 395 , 407 –408
characterized
201 , 204
global
8 , 258
mature
294 , 311
neoextractivist
119
overcoming
89
poverty-reducing
312
radical
249
social
105
new developmentalism
35 –37 , 46 , 53 –56 , 73 , 80 , 84 , 91 , 94 , 221 –224 , 226 , 400 –403 , 405 , 416 , 421 –423
New Development Bank
253 , 266
Odebrecht
203 , 234
oil prices
65
international
231
oil production chain
44 –45
oligarchic state
10
Olympic Games
214 , 252 , 394 , 414
orthodox
adjustment
230
approach
55 –56 , 73
orientation
405
policies
53 , 71 , 74 , 230
prescription, current
74
overexploitation
49 , 204 , 211 –212
pact
83 , 92 , 99 –100 , 186
antidistributive
319
class-coalition
84
conservative
312
pandemic
3 , 282 , 285 –287 , 337 –338
coronavirus
336 –337
covid-19, 3, 24
Paraguay
116 , 186 , 250 , 253 , 257 , 293
party,
allied
326
base
217
center-right
122
communist
178
far-left
174
fascist
176
governing
75
left-wing
164 , 178 , 318
main
113 , 326
mass
175
people’s
177
political
150 , 156 , 160
progressive
106
right-wing
221 , 318
ruling
203
third
358
pensions
115
and labour market
347
and welfare benefits
351
benefit discounts
346
calculation rule
366
coverage
294 , 304
funds
41 , 94 , 205 , 232 , 320 –321 , 356 , 361 , 365 , 371 –374
reform
44 , 48 , 98 , 112 , 215 , 334 –335 , 359 , 365 –377
private
372
special retirement
366
Petrobras
234 , 235
Pink Tide
4 , 250
Popular Pharmacy program
359
populism
86 , 101 , 103 , 120
economic
15 , 84
fiscal
201
so-called
120
potential productivity of capital
147 , 151 –152 , 156 , 162 , 164 –165
Poulantzas
40 , 50 , 92 –93 , 102 , 174 , 177 –179 , 189 , 198 , 266
Pre-Salt
44 , 48 , 92 , 98 , 114 , 115 , 215 , 216 , 231 , 251 , 256
privatisations
6 , 12 , 24 , 42 –44 , 48 , 107 , 112 , 115 , 118 , 361 , 365 , 371 , 375 , 380
production chains
13 , 134
global
59 , 134 , 193 , 261 , 273
industrial
260
interconnected national
233
profit rate
95 , 97 , 145 –148 , 151 , 154 , 156 , 159 , 162 –165 , 167 , 403
aggregate
111
declining
144 , 161
expected
146 , 164
rising
152
protectionism
15 , 189 , 225
customs
189
protests
105 , 156 , 160 , 178 , 206 –207 , 211 –214 , 232 –233 , 324 , 405 –406
public banks
54 , 56 , 66 , 73 –74 , 131 –132 , 153 –154 , 158 , 183 , 224 –226 , 404 , 412 –413
public debt
39 , 42 , 66 , 78 –79 , 149 , 151 , 153 , 162 , 328 , 351 , 417
domestic
19 , 23
external
230
public deficit
97 –98
nominal
66
public finances
37 , 78 –79 , 149
public funds
11 , 209 , 381 , 388 , 391 , 396
quotas
254
ethnic-racial
328
income-based
308
racial
115
socioeconomic
96
real interest rates
20 , 62 , 66 , 93 , 229
high
83 , 145 , 149 , 151 , 359
Real Plan
37 , 43 , 45 , 145 , 200 , 208 , 235 , 319 , 366 –367
real wages
36 , 58 , 127 , 133 , 150 , 152 , 154 , 159 , 162 , 354 , 403
high
69
limited
73
recession
21 , 45 , 57 –60 , 66 , 97 –98 , 160 , 163 , 203 , 213 , 230 –231 , 233
balance sheet
67
brutal
45
sharpest
347
worst
113 , 318
recovery
27 , 38 , 58 , 64 , 68 , 114 , 191 , 207 , 344 , 347 , 374
financial
373
healthy
58
industrial
181
mediocre
104
rapid
57 , 112
slow
67 , 201
reforms
38 , 181 , 201 , 280 , 282 , 284 –285 , 287 , 329 , 332 –335 , 345 , 365 –366 , 371 , 373 –374 , 376 , 380
administrative
358 , 420
agrarian
85 –86 , 109 , 115 , 329
antisocial
200
gradual
312
high-school
215
implementing major economic
162
important
357
institutional
144 –145
land
151 , 206 , 210 –211
legal
23
liberal
59 , 221
liberalizing
66 , 384
minimalist
25
neoliberal counter
46
orthodox
70
political
108
regressive
292
social
31
social-security
161
regional disparities
408 , 414 , 417 , 420
modified
416
regional inequalities
6 , 400 –401 , 409 , 411 , 413 , 422
reducing
400 , 414
reindustrialization
93 , 167 , 180 –181 , 185 , 196 , 225
passive
22
popular
105
strong
366
unified
122
reversal of deindustrialization
95
Rousseff government
47 , 100 , 159 , 174 , 194 , 218 , 191 , 86 –89 , 95 , 99 , 156 , 162 , 245 , 248 , 251 , 253 –256 , 258 , 261 , 212 , 214 , 350
first
73 –74 , 137 , 146 , 368
second
73
impeachment
7 , 9 , 163 , 213
salaries
96 , 213 , 302 , 379
savings
aggregate
111
foreign
14 , 224
growth-cum-foreign
54
internal
405
Selic rate
68 , 149 , 153 , 159 , 232
Smith
253 , 266
SoA (system of accumulation), 3, 7–11, 13, 16–18, 25–26, 400
emerging
15
neodevelopmentalist
14
new
13
previous
12 , 15
social developmentalism
14 , 35 , 53 –54 , 56 , 71 , 73 , 94 , 119 , 221 –224 , 236
Social Development Bank
405
Social Development Council
320 , 326 , 331
Social Development Fund
386
social inclusion
4 , 6 , 8 –9 , 96 , 100 , 107 , 109 , 379 , 381 , 387 , 390 , 396 , 410
social inequalities
69 , 86 , 270 , 312 , 396 , 421
reducing
335 , 415
socialism
32 , 85 , 113 , 117 , 122 , 174 , 218 , 329
democratic
106
left
106
twenty-first-century
117 , 120
social movements
22 , 24 , 159 , 205 , 210 , 318 –320 , 327 , 336 , 338 , 384 , 388
attacked
24
important
327
social policies
4 –6 , 12 , 34 , 55 –56 , 72 –74 , 141 –142 , 226 , 268 –269 , 328 , 343 –362 , 375 –376 , 380 –381 , 383 –384 , 391 , 395 –397 , 403 –404 , 416 –417
social security
2 , 276 , 278 , 296 , 333 –334 , 344 , 356 –358 , 360 , 364 –365 , 367 –368 , 370 , 372 –374 , 376
public
373 , 376
subjected
367
universal
366
stability
25 , 132 , 181 , 295 , 306 , 321
democratic
24
guarantee employment
188
political
11 , 16 –18 , 25 , 150 , 163
relative
108 , 304
strikes
117 , 156 , 192 , 215 , 319 –327 , 330 , 332 , 337 –338
Supreme Court
3 , 109 , 170
targets
54 –56 , 125 , 153 , 324 , 328 , 349 , 354 , 366 , 404 , 418
ambitious
231
clear
8
primary deficit
67
primary-surplus
55 , 62 , 66 , 275 , 379
tariff
248 , 259
tariff preferences
260
tariff reduction
249
tariffs, public
65
technological autonomy
128
limited
260
technological intensity
36 , 86 , 271
high
135
limited
42
low
39 , 135
technological paradigm, new
99
technology and capital-intensive industries
249
technology and markets
14
Temer government
45 , 47 –48 , 51 –52 , 62 , 66 , 68 , 70 , 235 , 331 –332 , 334 , 358 –359
transfer programmes
19 , 131
transfers
21 , 39 , 100 , 129 , 158 , 214 , 252 , 375 , 384 , 404 , 407
federal
19
money
354
public
70
welfare
357
tripod of macroeconomic policies
8 , 20 , 25 , 33 , 37 , 46 , 62 , 109
ultraconservative
360
ultraliberal
360
unctad
87 , 103 , 256 –257
underdevelopment
37 , 52 , 86 , 126 –130 , 132 , 137 –138 , 212 , 220 , 243 , 262 , 264
conditioned Brazilian
139
country’s
415
overcoming
85 , 129 , 222
underemployment
127 , 132 , 348
underutilization
282 , 284
unemployment
13 , 19 , 162 –163 , 188 , 191 –192 , 279 , 281 –282 , 287 , 326 , 330 , 336 –337 , 348 –349 , 384
unemployment rate 2
76 –77
Unified Workers’ Central
320
Unified Workers’ Socialist Party
174
union centrals
187 , 319 , 326 –328 , 331 –334
largest
186 , 374
recognized
320 , 327 , 332 –333
representative
332
union federations
321 , 326
representative
326
unionized workers
322 , 324 , 330 , 336 –338
union leaders
285 , 374
union movement
185 , 209 , 216 , 232 , 319 –320 , 325 –327 , 329 –330 , 332 , 338 , 373
union resistance
338
unpaid worker
313
unregulated international flows of capital
8
urbanization
209
rapid
391
unequal
396
urbanization standards
209
urban planning apparatus
384
urban policy and housing
392
urban reform
206 , 209 –211 , 389 , 393
value
39 , 42 , 173 , 175 , 203 –204 , 207 , 303 –304 , 309 , 352 , 355 , 364 , 366 , 389 , 392 , 394
conservative moral
24
cultural
24
cutoff
347
highest historical
88
human
25
real
58 , 355
representative
302
rising
303
rising real
305
so-called shareholder
118
total
78 –79
value and limited technological intensity
42
value chains
68 , 194
global
133 , 135 , 260 , 262 , 271 , 274 , 276 , 406
value of international financial capital
204
Value of Marx
29
value of social security
131
value of tax exemptions
355
Varguism
98
variant of neoliberalism
90
virtuous circle
19 , 417
volatility
137 , 145
global market
230
interest-rate
135
lower price
60
reducing
73
vulnerability
25 , 37 , 60 , 71 , 139 , 204 , 237 , 245 , 286 , 297 , 299
country’s
33 , 203
economic
14 , 46
external
14
external conjunctural
45
financial
260
left major
299
structural
42 –43 , 138 , 260
vulnerable institutional formats
412
wage adjustments
322
staggered
330
wage agreements
322
wage and tax costs
259
wage and welfare policies
8
wage earners
182 , 231 , 272 , 276 , 278
protected
272
wage negotiations
330
wage policies
54 , 56 , 224
bias
56
wage recovery
348
wages
19 , 21 , 37 –38 , 54 –55 , 69 , 97 –98 , 163 –164 , 188 , 224 –225 , 278 –279 , 321 –322 , 337 , 343 –344 , 354 –355 , 357 –358 279 , 376
eroded
320
half minimum
207 –208
higher
34 , 162
improved
415
increasing
305
lifelong minimum
367
linked
207
low
270 , 279
lower
207 , 305
lowering
192
monthly minimum
38
national minimum
343
negotiated higher minimum
358
new minimum
149
produced declining
58
raising
127
real minimum
69 –70
reduced
280
rising
150
rising minimum
294
staggered
330
starvation
302
total
346 , 354
Washington Consensus
27 , 106 , 231 , 253 , 380
so-called
53 , 249
work
126 –127 , 172 –173 , 208 –209 , 271 , 273 , 277 , 279 , 283 –286 , 330 , 332 , 334 , 336 , 358 –359
domestic
115 , 213
employed
283
equal
359
formal
118 , 282
important
172
informal
42
intermittent
67 , 333
part-time
279
precarious
208 , 226 , 290
salaried
270
temporary
358
underoccupied people
283
unhealthy
333
waged
9
working classes
46 , 48 , 89 , 93 , 105 , 112 , 177 , 268 , 273 , 334 , 336
new
115
organized
93 , 182 , 187
urban
38