| Figures | ||
| 1.1 | Related disciplines of sociology | 12 |
| 2.1 | Operationalization of the term ‘health consciousness’ | 27 |
| 3.1 | Means for motivation scales by country and gender in 1989 and 1999. Sources: Curry, T. J. and O. Weiss. 1989. “Sport Identity and Motivation for Sport Participation: A Comparison between American College Athletes and Austrian Student Sport Club Members”. In: Sociology of Sport Journal 6. pp. 257–268 (figure on p. 264); Curry, T. J. and O. Weiss. 1999. Volleyball sporting identities in the USA and in Austria. Research report. Vienna (figure on p. 16) | 34 |
| 3.2 | Pankration. Source: Schöbel, H. 2000. Olympia und seine Spiele. Berlin, p. 58 | 39 |
| 3.3 | Inline skate by the Rollerblade brand. Source: https://pixabay.com/de/photos/inlineskate-sport-training-schuh-1324496/ [last accessed: 14 May 2020] | 45 |
| 3.4 | Nordic Walking in the Alps. Source: Copyright Bernd Ritschel / Tourismusverband Pitztal | 48 |
| 3.5 | How often do you exercise or play sport? (Survey 2009). Source: Special Eurobarometer. 2010. Sport and Physical Activity, p. 9. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_334_en.pdf [last accessed: 14 May 2020] | 49 |
| 3.6 | How often do you exercise or play sport? (Survey 2017). Source: Special Eurobarometer 472. 2018. Sport and Physical Activity, p. 7. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/search/sport/surveyKy/2164 [last accessed: 14 May 2020] | 49 |
| 4.1 | Women’s soccer. Source: Copyright Bezard / USI Wien | 64 |
| 5.1 | Reciprocal matrix. Source: Wössner, J. 1979. Soziologie. Einführung und Grundlegung (8th ed.). Vienna, Cologne, Graz, p. 146 (translated) | 103 |
| 5.2 | Bar chart. Source: Wössner, J. 1979. Soziologie. Einführung und Grundlegung (8th ed.). Vienna, Cologne, Graz, p. 147 (translated) | 103 |
| 5.3 | Sociogram. Source: Wössner, J. 1979. Soziologie. Einführung und Grundlegung (8th ed.). Vienna, Cologne, Graz, p. 147 (translated) | 104 |
| 6.1 | Stamp of Althea Gibson. Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/de/image-photo/milan-italy-october-28-2020-black-1849371097 [last accessed: 18.08.2020] | 143 |
| 6.2 | Sporting identity | 156 |
| 6.3 | Scale: Personal Sporting Identity / Means by Country and Gender. Source: Curry, T. J. and O. Weiss. 1999. Volleyball sporting identities in the USA and in Austria. Research report. Vienna | 157 |
| 6.4 | Scale: Social Sporting Identity / Means by Country and Gender. Source: Curry, T. J. and O. Weiss. 1999. Volleyball sporting identities in the USA and in Austria. Research report. Vienna | 157 |
| 6.5 | European Sport Index: The significance of sport in the 28 EU member countries. Source: Weiss, O., Norden, G.; Nader, M. & Arnusch, F. 2016. “European Sport Index: the social significance of sport in 28 European countries.” In: European Journal for Sport and Society, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp. 167–182 | 158 |
| 10.1 | Liverpool FC Club Emblem. Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-illustration/liverpool-england-feb-01-2018-flag-1209716695?irgwc=1 [last accessed: 14 May 2020] | 191 |
| 11.1 | Title page of the American sporting magazine The Spirit of the Times (from 17 January 1877). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Times#/media/File:141_Spirit_Of_The_Times_Judge_Fullerton.jpg [last accessed: 15 May 2020] | 219 |
| 11.2 | Victor Silberer, successful rower and founder of the Allgemeine Sport-Zeitung. Source: Portrait archive of the Austrian National Library | 220 |
| 12.1 | Advertising of sponsors at the baseball stadium Citi Field in New York. Source: Metsfan84 at the English language Wikipedia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Citi_Field_Home_Opener.JPG), “Citi Field Home Opener”, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode | 249 |
| 12.2 | A 15-meter-high Coca-Cola vending machine at Gangneung Olympic Park, at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/gangneung-south-korea-february-17-2018-1060265084 [last accessed: 15 May 2020] | 250 |
| 13.1 | Aborigines at the opening ceremony of the Summer Olympic Games of 2000 in Sydney. Source: http://www.apimages.com/metadata/Index/Australia-Aborigines/a2d8e7f4de29410b849d59d863b3991a/1/0 [last accessed: 23 July 2020] | 270 |
| 13.2 | Opening ceremony of the 54th international session for young participants organized by the IOA with Acropolis in the background. Source: International Olympic Academy and International Olympic Committee. 2015. Olympic values: Respect for diversity. 54th international session for young participants. Athens, p. 22 | 282 |
| Tables | ||
| 1.1 | Selected theoretical approaches of sociology | 13 |
| 2.1 | Investigation of sport according to theoretical approaches of sociology (as selected in table 1.1) | 22 |
| 2.2 | Overview of selected qualitative and quantitative methods of empirical sport sociological research | 26 |
| 3.1 | Structural characteristics of folk games and modern sport games (selection). Source: Dunning E. 1975. “Industrialization and the incipient modernization of football.” In: Brill, E. J.: Stadion I. Journal of the History of Sport and Physical Education, pp. 110–111 | 42 |
| 3.2 | Development of running/jogging and Nordic Walking in Austria, according to data by Spectra, 2000–2017. Source: Spectra Marktforschung. 2017. Spectra Lauf- und Sportstudie 2017. Trotz aller medialer und gesundheitspolitischer Bemühungen: Die Sportler werden nicht mehr! Retrieved from https://www.spectra.at/fileadmin/aktuell/2017/Spectra_Aktuell_15_17_Laufen_web.pdf [last accessed: 14 May 2020] | 47 |
| 3.3 | Cost-benefit analysis of sporting activity in Austria 1998 and 2013. Source: Weiss, O., Pichlmair, A., Hanisch, W., Bauer, R. 2016. “Auswirkung von Sport auf die Gesundheit.” In: Österreichische Ärztezeitung. No. 9. Vienna. pp. 20–26 (translated) | 50 |
| 4.1 | Gender-specific sporting preferences. Sources: Lamprecht, M. & Stamm, H. 2002. Sport zwischen Kultur, Kult und Kommerz. Zurich, p. 97; Weiss, O., Hilscher. P., Norden, G. & Russo, M. 2010. “Sport 2000. Entwicklungen und Trends im österreichischen Sport.” In: P. Hilscher, G. Norden, M. Russo & O. Weiss (eds.), Entwicklungstendenzen im Sport (3rd ed., pp. 61–78). Vienna, pp. 64–65 | 68 |
| 4.2 | Motives for doing sport among EU citizens, according to gender, age, education, and frequency of exercising (2017). Source: Special Eurobarometer 472. 2018. Sport and Physical Activity, p. 57. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/search/sport/surveyKy/2164 [last accessed: 17 February 2021] | 74 |
| 4.3 | Sport participation in the EU according to gender, age, and socio-demographic group (2017). Source: Special Eurobarometer 472. 2018. Sport and Physical Activity, p. 12. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/search/sport/surveyKy/2164 [last accessed: 17 February 2021] | 75 |
| 4.4 | Ideal-typical contrasts of class-specific sporting preferences. Source: Nagel, M. 2003. Soziale Ungleichheiten im Sport. Aachen, p. 80, modified and supplemented | 97 |
| 5.1 | Sociomatrix. Source: Wössner, J. 1979. Soziologie. Einführung und Grundlegung (8th ed.). Vienna, Cologne, Graz, p. 146 (translated) | 102 |
| 5.2 | Connection between group size and group performance in a tug of war. Sources: Ingham, A. G., Levinger, G., Graves, J. & Peckham, V. 1974. “The Ringelmann Effect: Studies of group size and group performance.” In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10(4), pp. 371–384; Ringelmann, M. 1913. “Recherches sur les moteurs animés : Travail de l’homme.” In: Annales de l’Institut National Agronomique, XII, pp. 1–40 (experiment conducted in the 1880s, published in 1913) | 108 |
| 5.3 | Steiner’s taxonomy of tasks. Source: Thomas, A. 1992. Grundriß der Sozialpsychologie. Bd. 2: Individuum – Gruppe – Gesellschaft. Göttingen, p. 163 (translated) | 109 |
| 5.4 | Results of sport studies conducted using the SCQ. Source: Meding, M. 1989. “Zum Zusammenhang zwischen Kohäsion und Erfolg bei Sportmannschaften.” In: Sportwissenschaft, 19(3), pp. 247–271 (on p. 256, translated) | 115 |
| 11.1 | Research fields of mass communication, according to Lasswell’s model of communication. Source: Lasswell, H. D. 1948. “The structure and function of communication in society.” In: L. Bryson (ed.), The communication of ideas (pp. 37–151). New York, p. 117 | 205 |
| 11.2 | Conditions influencing the selection of news. Source: Becker, P. 1983. “Sport in den Massenmedien. Zur Herstellung und Wirkung einer eigenen Welt.” In: Sportwissenschaft, 13(1), pp. 24–45 (p. 32, translated) | 206 |
| 11.3 | Events of national importance in the United Kingdom. Sources: Coakley, J. & Pike, E. 2014. Sports in Society. Issues and Controversies. 2nd ed. Berkshire, p. 415; Shapiro, P. & Rees, B. 2015. The Olympics TV deal & UK listed events: what are the options for Discovery in the UK? Retrieved from: https://www.lawinsport.com/content/sports/item/the-olympics-tv-deal-uk-listed-events-what-are-options-for-discovery-in-the-uk [last accessed: 14 May 2020] | 211 |
| 11.4 | Important sports journals (from the late 18th to the 20th century) and their countries of origin and founding years. Sources: Boyle, R. 2006. Sports Journalism. Context and Issues. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi & Singapore, pp. 30–56; Guttmann. A. 1986. Sports Spectators. New York, pp. 85–86; Willmott, D. 1994. “Early Sporting Newspapers.” Retrieved from State Library Victoria, http://latrobejournal.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-53/t1-g-t7.html [last accessed: 15 May 2020] | 221 |
| 11.5 | The 10 most-watched television programs in the United Kingdom in 2018. Source: “TV Since 1981.” Retrieved from BARB, https://www.barb.co.uk/resources/tv-facts/tv-since-1981/2018/top10/ [last accessed: 15 May 2020] | 229 |
| 11.6 | The 10 most-watched television programs in the USA in 2019. Source: Crupi, A. 2020. NFL Games Account for Nearly Three-Quarters of the Year’s Top 100 Broadcasts. https://adage.com/article/media/nfl-games-account-nearly-three-quarters-years-top-100-broadcasts/2225851 [last accessed: 15 May 2020] | 231 |
| 11.7 | Most popular sport-related magazines in the USA by circulation (as of 2016). Source: Cision Media Research. 2016. Top 10 Sports Magazines. Retrieved from https://www.cision.com/us/2016/08/top-10-sports-magazines-2/ [last accessed: 15 May 2020] | 232 |
| 11.8 | The 10 most-watched television programs in Australia in 2018. Source: Lallo, M. 2018. Most-watched programs of 2018 revealed. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/most-watched-programs-of-2018-revealed-20181130-p50jdk.html [last accessed: 15 May 2020] | 232 |
| 11.9 | Most popular sport-related magazines in Australia. Source: “Australian Magazine Readership, 12 months to March 2020.” Retrieved from: Roy Morgan, http://www.roymorgan.com/industries/media/readership/magazine-readership [last accessed: 15 May 2020] | 233 |
| 11.10 | Lists of motives for consuming sports-related content via the media, as compiled by various authors. Sources: Aimiller, K. & Kretschmar, H. 1995. Motive des Sportzuschauens. Umfeldoptimierung durch motivationale Programmselektion (MPS). Unterföhring; Raney, A. A. 2004. “Motives for using sport in the media: Motivational aspects of sport reception processes.” In: H. Schramm (eds.), Die Rezeption des Sports in den Medien (pp. 49–74). Cologne; Wenner, L. A. & Gantz. W. 1998. “Watching sports on television: Audience experience, gender, fanship, and marriage.” In: L. A. Wenner (ed.), MediaSport (pp. 233–251). London | 235 |
| 11.11 | Explanatory models for the possible effects of presentations of violence on the viewers | 240 |
| 12.1 | List of sponsors for the 2019 Wimbledon Championships. Source: Musariri, D. 2019. Wimbledon 2019 sponsors: Here’s who’s backing the tennis tournament. Retrieved from https://www.ns-businesshub.com/business/wimbledon-2019-sponsors/ [last accessed: 15 May 2020] | 248 |
| 12.2 | Sports sponsoring as an instrument of communication policy. Source: Hermanns, A. & Drees, N. 1989. “Sponsoring-Märkte: Grundlagen und Thesen zur Situation der Gesponserten.” In: A. Hermanns (ed.), Sport- und Kultursponsoring (pp. 88–99). Munich (p. 89, translated) | 251 |
| 12.3 | Costs for television rights for the Summer Olympic Games 1972–2016. Source: Watson, A. 2019. Broadcast revenue from the Summer Olympic Games from 1960 to 2016 (in million U.S. dollars). Retrieved from Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/265030/summer-olympics-broadcasting-revenue/ [last accessed: 15 May 2020] | 260 |
In: Introduction to the Sociology of Sport
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Otmar Weiss
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Katharina Tobisch
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