Abbreviations and Symbols
| a |
agent of transitive construction |
| abs |
absolutive (case), absolute state |
| acc |
accusative |
| actz |
actualizer |
| add |
additive |
| agr |
agreement |
| Akk. |
Akkadian |
| ant |
anterior |
| antip |
antipassive |
| Ar. |
Arabic |
| art |
article |
| asp |
verbal aspectual particle |
| aux |
auxiliary |
| clf |
classifier |
| CNA |
Central Neo-Aramaic |
| cop |
copula |
| def |
definite |
| def. |
definite |
| deix |
deictic |
| dem |
demonstrative |
| dir |
direct |
| dom |
differential object marker/marking |
| dtr |
detransitivizer |
| du |
dual |
| dur |
durative |
| dyn |
dynamic |
| emph |
emphatic state |
| erg |
ergative |
| exst |
existential |
| ez |
ezafe |
| f |
feminine |
| fin |
finite |
| fnp |
full noun phrase |
| foc |
focus (marker) |
| fpl |
feminine plural |
| fs |
feminine singular |
| g |
goal |
| inc |
inclusive |
| indef. |
indefinite |
| ins |
instigating |
| ipfv |
imperfective |
| intr. |
intransitive |
| K. |
Kurdish |
| lk |
linker |
| loc |
locative |
| m |
masculine |
| Mn. |
Midən (Mədwoyo) |
| mpl |
masculine plural |
| ms |
masculine singular |
| Mt. |
Midyat (Məḏyoyo) |
| n |
noun |
| NENA |
Northeastern Neo-Aramaic |
| nom |
nominative |
| nonfs |
nonfeminine singular |
| np |
noun phrase |
| o |
object of transitive construction |
| obj |
object |
| obl |
(major) oblique (case) |
| p |
patient of transitive construction |
| pass |
passive |
| perf |
perfect |
| pers |
person marker |
| pfpart |
perfective particle |
| pfv |
perfective |
| pl |
plural |
| pl. |
plural |
| poss |
possessive |
| pot |
potential |
| ppt |
perfect/past participle |
| pred |
predicate |
| prep |
preposition |
| pret |
preterit |
| prn |
proper noun |
| pro |
pronoun |
| prog |
progressive |
| pron. |
pronominal |
| prp |
preposition |
| prs |
present |
| prst |
presentative |
| pssm |
possessum |
| pssr |
possessor |
| pst |
past |
| ptcl |
particle |
| ptcp |
participle |
| punc |
punctual |
| pvb |
preverb |
| q |
question particle |
| r |
recipient of a ditransitive construction |
| recp |
reciprocal |
| rem |
remote past |
| rfl |
reflexive |
| rpp |
resultative participle |
| s |
subject of intransitive construction |
| sA |
s aligned with a |
| sb. |
somebody |
| sbj |
subjunctive |
| sg |
singular |
| sg. |
singular |
| sP |
s aligned with p |
| sth. |
something |
| subj |
subject |
| subr |
subordinator |
| t |
theme of ditransitive construction |
| T. |
Turkish |
| tel |
telic |
| tr. |
transitive |
| Ṭur. |
Ṭuroyo |
| Turk. |
Turkish |
| u |
undergoer |
| v |
verb |
| 1 |
first person |
| 2 |
second person |
| 3 |
third person |
| * |
reconstruction |
| ** |
incorrect, impossible, inextant |
| (**) |
actual usage unclear |
| /x/ |
phonemic representation |
| [x] |
phonetic representation |
| ⟨x⟩ |
graphemic representation |
| + |
suprasegmental pharyngealization |
| ˚ |
preverbal marking omitted |
| ◌̭ |
unaspirated/glottalized articulation |
| > |
develops into / ranks higher than |
| < |
is derived from / ranks lower than |
| ⊇ |
entails or is equal to |
| ⊃ |
entails |
| TSL |
Typological Studies in Language |
| IOS |
Israel Oriental Studies |
| JAOS |
Journal of the American Oriental Society |
| JSS |
Journal of Semitic Studies |
| CLS |
Papers from the Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society |
| BSOAS |
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |
| ZDMG |
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |