Abbreviations
| AB | Anchor Bible |
| AbrN | Abr-Nahrain |
| AbrNSup | Abr-Nahrain Supplements |
| AHw | Wolfram von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch, 3 vols. (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981) |
| AJJS | Australian Journal of Jewish Studies |
| AJSR | Association for Jewish Studies Review |
| AnBib | Analecta Biblica |
| ANEM | Ancient Near East Monographs |
| ANESSup | Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement |
| AS | Assyriological Studies |
| ASJ | Acta Sumerologica |
| ASOR | American Schools of Oriental Research |
| ATD | Acta Theological Danica |
| ATDA | Das Alte Testament Deutsch Apokryphen |
| ATSAT | Arbeiten zu Text und Sprache im Alten Testament |
| BA | Biblical Aramaic |
| BBB | Bonner biblische Beiträge |
| BDB | Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1906) |
| BETL | Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium |
| BH | Biblical Hebrew |
| BHHB | Baylor Handbook on the Hebrew Bible |
| BHS | Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia |
| Bib | Biblica |
| BibOr | Biblica et Orientalia |
| BJS | Brown Judaic Studies |
| BO | Bibliotheca Orientalis |
| BZAW | Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestmantliche Wissenschaft |
| CAIB | Charles D. Isbell, Corpus of the Aramaic Incantation Bowls, SBLDS 17 (Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1975) |
| CAD | Ignace Jay Gelb, et al., The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 21 vols. (Chicago, 1956–2010) |
| CAL | Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon ( |
| CBET | Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology |
| CBH | Classical Biblical Hebrew |
| CBQ | Catholic Biblical Quarterly |
| CDA | Jeremy Black, Andrew George, and Nicholas Postgate, A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, SANTAG 5 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1999) |
| CEJL | Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature |
| CHANE | Cultural and History of the Ancient Near East |
| CPA | Christian Palestinian Aramaic |
| CRB | Cahiers de la Revue Biblique |
| CSCO | Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium |
| DCH | David J. A. Clines, Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, 9 vols. (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press/Sheffield Phoenix Press, 1993–2016) |
| DCPA | Michael Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Christian Palestinian Aramaic, OLA 234 (Leuven: Peeters, 2014) |
| DJD | Discoveries in the Judaean Desert |
| DJBA | Michael Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002) |
| DJPA | Michael Sokoloff, Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1990) |
| DNWSI | Jacob Hoftijzer and Karel Jongeling, Dictionary of North-West Semitic Inscriptions, 2 vols., HdO 1.21 (Leiden: Brill, 1995) |
| DQA | Edward M. Cook, Dictionary of Qumran Aramaic (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2015) |
| DSA | Abraham Tal, Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic, 2 vols., HdO 50 (Leiden: Brill, 2015) |
| DSD | Dead Sea Discoveries |
| DSS | Dead Sea Scrolls |
| DSSEL | Emanuel Tov, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls Electronic Library. (Leiden: Brill, 2006) |
| EHLL | Geoffrey Khan, et al., eds., Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics (Leiden: Brill, 2013) |
| EJL | Early Judaism and Its Literature |
| EA | El-Amarna tablets. According to the edition of Jørgen A. Knudtzon. Die el-Amarna-Tafeln, Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1908–1914; repr., Aalen: Zeller, 1964. Continued in Anson F. Rainey, El-Amarna Tablets, 359–379. 2nd rev. ed. Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker, 1978 |
| EncJud | Encyclopaedia Judaica |
| ErIsr | Eretz-Israel |
| FAT | Forschungen zum Alten Testament |
| GKC | Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, edited by Emil Kautzsch and translated by Arthur E. Cowley. 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1910) |
| GTO | Edward M. Cook, A Glossary of Targum Onkelos According to Alexander Sperber’s Edition, SAIS 6 (Leiden: Brill, 2008) |
| HAL | Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament. Ludwig Koehler, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann J. Stamm, 3d ed. (Leiden: Brill, 1995, 2004) |
| HALOT | Ludwig Koehler, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann J. Stamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, translated and edited under the supervision of Mervyn E. J. Richardson, 4 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1994–1999) |
| HAR | Hebrew Annual Review |
| HdO | Handbuch der Orientalistik |
| Hen | Henoch |
| HS | Hebrew Studies |
| HSM | Harvard Semitic Monographs |
| HSS | Harvard Semitic Studies |
| HUCA | Hebrew Union College Annual |
| IEJ | Israel Exploration Journal |
| IELOA | Instruments pour l’étude des langues de l’Orient ancien |
| JAJ | Journal of Ancient Judaism |
| JANES | Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society |
| JBL | Journal of Biblical Literature |
| JHS | Journal of Hebrew Scriptures |
| JJS | Journal of Jewish Studies |
| JLC | Journal of Language Contact |
| JM | P. Joüon and T. Muraoka, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, 2nd reprint of the 2nd edition, with corrections, SB 27 (Rome: Gregorian Biblical Press, 2009) |
| JNWSL | Journal of North-West Semitic Languages |
| JRH | Journal of Religious History |
| JS | Journal for Semitics |
| JSJ | Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods |
| JSJSup | Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism |
| JSOT | Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |
| JSOTSup | Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series |
| JSP | Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha |
| JTS | Journal of Theological Studies |
| L | Leningrad Codex |
| LBH | Late Biblical Hebrew |
| LHBOTS | Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Series |
| LOT | Ze’ev Ben-Ḥayyim, The Literary and Oral Tradition of Hebrew and Aramaic amongst the Samaritans, 5 vols. (Jerusalem: Academy of the Hebrew Language 1957–1977; in Hebrew) |
| LS3 | Michael Sokoloff, A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann’s Lexicon Syriacum (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns; Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2009) |
| LSAWS | Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic |
| LSJ | Henry George Lidell, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed. with revised supplement (Oxford: Clarendon, 1996) |
| LSTS | Library of Second Temple Studies |
| Maʾagarim | The Historical Dictionary Project of The Academy of the Hebrew Language ( |
| MD | Ethel Stefana Drower and Rudolph Macuch, A Mandaic Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963) |
| MH | Mishnaic Hebrew |
| MT | Masoretic Text |
| NEchtB | Neue Echter Bibel |
| NETS | A New English Translation of the Septuagint, ed. Albert Pietersma and Benjamin G. Wright (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007) |
| NJPS | Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures: The New JPS Translation according to the Traditional Hebrew Text |
| NRSV | New Revised Standard Version |
| OBO | Orbus Biblicus et Orientalis |
| OLA | Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta |
| PJBR | Polish Journal of Biblical Research |
| PLO | Porta Linguarum Orientalium |
| PTSDSSP | Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls Project |
| QA | Qumran Aramaic |
| QH | Qumran Hebrew |
| RB | Revue biblique |
| REJ | Revue des Études Juives |
| RevQ | Revue de Qumran |
| RH | Rabbinic Hebrew |
| RHR | Revue de l’histoire des religions |
| SAIS | Studies in Aramaic Interpretation of Scripture |
| SANTAG | Arbeiten und Untersuchungen zur Keilschriftkunde |
| SAPERE | Scripta Antiquitatis Posterioris ad Ethicam Religionemque pertinentia |
| SBH | Standard Biblical Hebrew |
| SBL | Society of Biblical Literature |
| SBLAIL | Society of Biblical Literature Ancient Israel and Its Literature |
| SBLDS | Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series |
| SBLRBS | Society of Biblical Literature Resources for Biblical Studies |
| Shnaton | Shnaton: An Annual for Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies |
| SJOT | Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament |
| SP | Samaritan Pentateuch |
| SSJC | Sources for the Study of Jewish Culture |
| SSLL | Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics |
| STDJ | Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah |
| SVTP | Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha |
| SymsS | Symposium Series |
| TA | Targum Aramaic |
| TCHB | Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, 3d ed., revised and expanded (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012) |
| TH | Tiberian Hebrew |
| TDOT | G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, and Heinz-Josef Fabry, eds., Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, translated by John T. Willis et al., 16 vols. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974–2018) |
| TSAJ | Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |
| UF | Ugarit-Forschungen |
| VT | Vetus Testamentum |
| VTSup | Supplements to Vetus Testamentum |
| VD | Verbum Domini |
| WUNT | Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |
| WZKM | Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kundes des Morgenlandes |
| ZDPV | Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins |