Index
ʿAbbāsid family
15, 97
ʿAbbāsiyān, Ḥusayn
286
ʿAbd Allah ibn Sabaʾ
89
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Saʿūd, Amīr
17n, 153
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Saʿūd, King
153
and Jews
172, 173
ʿAbd al-Bahāʾ
247, 251, 252, 256n, 269
ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, Ṣāʾib
174
ʿAbduh, Muḥammad
176
ʿAbdülhamīd II, Sulṭān
116, 169
abrogation
75, 234
Abū Bakr, Caliph
13, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 114, 115, 118, 129n, 141n
Abū Ḥanīfa, al-Nuʿmān b. Thābit
158
Abū Lūʾlūʾ Nahāvandī
128, 129, 131–134, 143
Abu-ʿUksa, Wael
195
Abūl-Qāsimī, Javād
178
Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin
11, 21
Afary, Janet
267
Afghanistan
22, 56, 155, 161, 270
Afsā, Muḥammad Jaʿfar
63
Afshar, Haleh
268
Aghājarī, Hāshim
218
Ahl al-ḥadīth
176
Aḥmadī, Nāṣir
129
Ahmadinezhad, Maḥmūd
29, 48, 275
and the West
61, 69
Ahmed, Leila
267
Aḥsāʾ province
124, 153
ʿAisha, the Prophet’s wife
98, 124, 128, 142, 158
Akhbārī school
114
ʿAkkā
245, 256
Āl-i Aḥmad, Jalāl
39, 41
ʿAlāmī Hashtrūdī, Muḥammad
201
ʿAlavī, Seyyed Ḥusayn
58
Alawites
119
Algeria
56
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, Imām
13, 14, 15, 26, 46, 153, 157, 164, 175, 215
and Aisha
124, 128, 142, 158
and Jews
96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 110, 169
and knowing the enemy
26
Martyrdom of
26, 103
and Muḥammad’s succession
81, 88n, 89, 92, 94, 95, 100, 102, 113, 128, 144, 278, 296
and ʿUmar
133, 141, 142, 143
ʿAlī al-Hādī, Imām
128
Allah
(
see God
) 143, 144
Amanat, Abbas
18, 40, 235, 237
Ammār think tank
85
America US
20, 22, 37, 38, 39, 48, 60, 62, 165, 180
American Islam
122, 147, 186, 296
Arrogance
60
Crimes
56, 86, 122, 173, 174
Culture of
40, 44, 64, 85
Intervention in Iran
48, 95, 117, 187, 192, 215, 238, 253, 257, 258, 260, 261
Invasion of Iraq
51
and Israel, Zionism
53, 54, 79, 130, 161, 168, 184, 186
and Takfīrīs
177, 185, 186, 286, 296
Al-Amīn, Muḥsin
154
Amīnī, Ibrāhīm
109, 211, 269
Amnesty International
290
ʿAnaza
169
Anṣār al-Mahdī
81
Anti-Judaism
vii, 74–79
Anti-Semitism
vii, 73, 77
and anti-Zionism
240
Definition of
21, 78
In Iran
23, 74, 78, 79–84
Western
109, 266, 293, 295
Apostasy, Apostate(s)
viii, 31, 127, 156, 157, 196
and Bahāʾīs
225, 226, 234, 235, 238, 239, 240, 264, 297
and Companions
95
Challenge to Islam
220, 221, 222, 296
Charge against Shīʿīs
120, 130, 151, 153, 189, 191
Charge against reformists
218
Definition of
218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 228, 233, 235n
Jihādī-Salafīs charging others
120, 156, 178, 179, 191
of jihādī-Salafīs as apostates
189, 190, 192, 218, 294, 297
and Liberty
31, 194, 195, 213, 217, 219, 220, 223, 226, 228
Persecution of
218, 221, 231, 240, 241
Reformists and
225, 226, 228, 229
Sunnī views on
156, 176, 189, 218
Wahhābi use of
152, 153, 157, 159, 160, 161, 173, 175, 177
Arabian Peninsula
99, 172
Arabs
21, 22, 69, 74, 98, 99, 107, 111, 117–120, 125, 155, 156, 171, 174, 195, 256, 267, 280, 296
Jāhilī
103, 189, 192
upheaval
130, 155, 169, 297
Arab-Israeli conflict
6
Ardabīlī, ʿAbd al-Karīm Mūsavī
216
Arendt, Hanna
58
arrogance, global
(
America and US
) 22, 23, 35, 39, 60, 177, 183, 184, 185, 212, 294
Aryanism
77
Asadabādī (Afghani), Jamal al-Dīn
176
ʿĀshūrāʾ event
103
commemoration of
16, 104, 105, 113, 127, 147, 148, 165
culture of
253
Asia
43
Assembly of Experts
55, 69, 211
Al-ʿAwā, Muḥammad Salīm
124
Axis of Resistance
119
Ayatollah Mujtahidī Seminary
52
ʿAyn al-Molk, Ḥabībollah
257
Azarī-Qommī, Aḥmad
269
Al-Azhar
125, 128, 189
Bāb, Seyyed ʿAlī Muḥammad Shīrāzī
243, 244, 256, 296
Bābī movement, Bābīsm
172, 234, 236, 243, 247, 253
Azālī Bābīs
249, 252, 254
Badran, Margot
285
Baghdad
114, 127, 155, 192, 243
Al-Baghdādī, Abū Bakr
182, 184
Bahāʾī, Bahāʾīsm ix
1, 3, 4, 5, 14, 16, 31, 32, 116, 225, 226, 234–266, 293, 296, 298, 300, 301
Appeal of
249, 250
Apostasy of
235, 239, 240, 264
As traitors
236, 237, 250, 251, 253–254, 258, 260, 261, 265, 293
and British
172, 253, 254, 258, 296
Critique of Doctrines
234, 242–249
Deviance of
234, 239, 241–242, 250, 261, 297
and feminism
269, 275
and Jews
93, 254, 255, 262, 266
and Pahlavis
235, 257, 258, 259
Persecution of
235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 266, 297
Ritual impurity
239, 240, 263
and Qajars
252
and Russia
236, 253, 254
and US
19
and West
248, 251, 254, 259, 265
and Zionism, Israel
19, 237, 238, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 262, 265, 275
Bahāʾī World Congress
237
Bahāʾullah, Ḥusayn ʿAlī Nūrī
234, 241–246, 248, 249, 253, 256, 262
Bahjat, Muḥammad Taqī
79n, 130, 131
Bakhtin, Mikhail
138
Baluchistan
150n, 155
Banū Qaynuqaʿ
169
Banū Qurayẓa
96, 108
Bāqir al-ʿUlūm Research Center
283
Barāʾa
113
Bar-Tal Daniel
6
Basīj militia
37, 43n, 59, 71, 82
Baṣra
168
Baʿth party (Iraq)
22, 212
Bāṭin
52, 130, 216, 246
Beheshtī, Aḥmad
55, 56
Beheshtī, Muḥammad
199, 204
Ben ʿAlī, Zein al-ʿAbidin
69
Berlin, Isaiah
198, 207, 208, 295
Bible, Hebrew
18, 75, 256n
Bidʿat
141, 164, 165, 166, 178
Bihbihānī Kirmānshāhī, Aqā Muḥammad ʿAlī
17
Bihbihānī, Muḥammad Bāqir
166
Bishārat Cultural Institute
270
Boroujerdī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn
117, 259
Britain British
viii, 43, 44, 95, 161, 168, 173
and Bahāʾīs
238, 253, 254, 257, 258, 260, 296
and Jihādī-Salafsts
192, 296
and Shīrāzī faction
147
and Wahhabism
167–168, 172, 173, 174
and Zionism
79, 172, 173
Būshehr
255
Būshehrī, Seyyed Hāshim Ḥusaynī
181
Būyīd family
15, 76, 114
Byzantines
(
see Rūm
)
Cairo
117
Caliphs
13, 15, 31, 97, 101, 114, 115, 123, 125, 126, 133, 134
Caliphate
100, 118, 142n, 155
Usurpation of
81, 95, 133
capitalism
56, 59, 66, 110
decline of
60, 61, 67, 268
and feminism
274, 275
and imperialism
52
and Jews
36n, 80
Caucasus
173
China, Chinese
2, 48
Christians
7n
in Quran
8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 75, 84, 100, 108, 218, 238, 262
and Jews
20, 77, 78, 79, 87, 88, 91n, 93, 105, 152, 165, 187, 232, 263, 266
Christianity
8–12, 15, 16, 40, 75, 77, 184, 250, 256n, 264, 266
and Bahāʾīs
248
denominations
123
doctrines
18, 93, 94
Jewish corruption of
91, 93, 94
Scriptures
17
Christian-messianic Zionism
99
The Church
75, 91n, 207
Catholic
266
Citizens’ Rights Charter
194
clash of civilizations
12, 30, 62–64, 66
Clergy (Shīʿī)
21, 22, 29, 32, 39, 73, 80n, 105, 110–112, 114, 117, 118, 129, 138, 140–143, 145, 146, 149, 164, 197, 214, 232, 270, 272, 289, 292, 300
Religious role of
25, 121, 163, 182, 183, 193, 211, 216, 231, 234, 246, 247, 251, 257, 259, 280, 283, 286–288, 290, 291, 294, 297, 298
Political activity of
32, 158, 173, 235, 237, 238, 242, 249, 251, 253, 262, 265, 266, 293, 298
Sunni
296
Wahhābī
154
Cold War
12, 63, 208
Colonialism
43, 282n
Commanding right and forbidding wrong
208
Communism
41, 53, 65, 66, 208
Companions of the Prophet
94, 114, 158
and ʿAlī
95, 99, 113, 175
and Jews
96
New Shīʿī respect of
122, 124, 149
Sunni veneration of
112, 171
Tolerance of
161
Vilification of
113, 123, 126, 127, 131, 136, 141–143, 146
congresses, Islamic
119
Constitution of Medina
8
constitution
190, 195
Constitution, Islamic Republic
79, 194, 207, 210, 211, 216, 218, 223, 238, 251n, 262, 269
Convention on the Elimination of All of Discrimination against Women
281
converts (Jewish)
17, 92–96, 99, 110
to Christianity
218
coup (1953)
236
courts
261
for clergy
213
press
289
revolutionary
218
Cox, Percy
172
Crescent, Shīʿī
119
Crusades, Crusaders
10, 11, 36, 180
Crusader-Zionist
102
cursing (see also sabb) the enemies of the Shīʿa
31, 104, 113, 115, 123, 125–127, 131, 136, 142, 143, 146
Dabashi, Hamid
34
Al-Daghamseh, Saber
167
Damascus
13, 61
Dār al-taqrīb
117
Dashtī, Muḥammad
96
Dāvarī, Reża
on liberty
199
on the West
35, 48, 53, 56, 57, 62
Day of Judgment
65
democracy
29, 38, 50, 194, 224, 225, 229
liberal
51, 60, 65–67, 231
Descartes, René
58
Devil worshiping
250
Dhimmīs
261
dialogue of civilizations
38, 63
Dolgorukov, Dimitry Ivanovich
236
Dönmeh
168, 169
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor
207
downtrodden
39, 67
Durkheim, Émile
241
The East
11, 35, 67, 68, 71, 196, 198, 244, 247
Islamic
42
Egypt
120, 188, 189
Encyclopaedia Iranica
260
End of History
vii, 30, 62, 65–67, 299
Mahdavi end of
30, 51, 68, 72, 299
Enlightenment
37, 39, 49, 54, 57, 66, 80n, 163, 197, 247
Counter-
37, 51
Eshkivarī, Ḥasan Yūsufī
30, 218
Europe
10, 11, 12, 38, 48, 49, 51, 54, 59, 138, 150, 185, 225, 240, 247, 252, 254
Faḍlallah, ʿAlī
124
Faḍlallah, Muḥammad Ḥusayn
124, 210
Family and Women News Analysis Center
286
Family Protection Law
268, 276
Fanon, Franz
41
Farhangistān-i ‘Ulūm-i Islāmī
60
fascism
53
Fāṭima
96, 98, 100n, 128, 141, 278
and Nine Rabi
129, 130, 137, 138, 143, 144
Death of
97, 113
Fāṭimī, Amīn
275
Fāṭimīnezhād, Majīd
159
Fayāż, Ibrāhīm
247
Fayżiyya seminary
269
Fāżil Lankarānī, Muḥammad
131, 140, 174
Fāżil Maybudī, Muḥammad Taqī
216
Fedaiʾyan-i Islam
117
feminism
ix, 32, 266, 267–291
and Bahāʾīsm
269
and capitalism
274, 290
and clerical monopoly
280, 287, 290, 291
and enemies
1, 4, 5, 16
Islamic
32, 248, 285–290
and Islamic law
271, 276–281, 286–288
threat to morality
281–285
and Western cultural offensive
267–268, 271–275, 286–287, 290
and Zionism
274–275, 290
Feuerbach, Ludwig
227
Ficicchia, Francesco
242
Fiqh-i pūyā
269
fourteen pure ones
100
France
56
freedom liberty
viii, 34, 56, 65, 138, 195, 197–199, 201–203, 206, 208, 213, 230, 232, 283, 291
and apostates
217–221
of expression
194, 214–217, 242
political
211, 212
reformists’ view on
222–230
spiritual
203–207, 209, 210, 211, 228, 230, 231
of thought
207, 213, 214, 227
Western concepts of
196, 198, 200, 202, 203, 281, 282, 294
Freemasons
80, 110, 254, 275
Foucault, Michel
11
Fukuyama, Francis
30, 65, 66, 67, 74, 295, 299
fundamentalism
19, 267
Islamic
12, 19
Gaza
122
gender
197, 267–270, 290
differences
277
equality
28, 29, 268, 269, 270, 276, 277, 279, 283, 285, 291
General Will
208
Germany
Nazi
26, 53n
Ghadīr Khumm
95
Day of
130
Ghazna
270
Gharbzedegī
(
Westoxication
) 39, 46
Ghulāt
164
Giddens, Anthony
58
Globalization
44, 45n, 61, 64
Gobineau, Joseph Arthur
54
God
5, 7, 40, 49, 156, 197, 200, 203, 212, 213. 216, 223, 229, 251n, 273
and Bahāʾīs
234, 241, 242, 243, 244, 261, 263
and Christians
8, 94
duties towards
25, 26, 121, 152, 158, 195, 204, 206, 207, 219, 220, 224, 227, 228
enemies of
20, 125, 126, 220, 221, 226
and Jews
8–10, 78, 85, 86, 91, 94, 96, 105, 143, 170
and Shīʿīs
3, 20, 65, 67, 113, 128, 138, 144, 152, 153, 157
submission to
31, 187, 205, 209, 230, 231
Wahhabi concepts of
156, 162–165, 170, 187
and Western perceptions of
55, 57, 58, 61, 67, 198, 200
and women
276, 279
Golpāygānī, Muḥammad Reżā
239
Greece, Greek
2, 8, 35
Gulf
Arab states of
124, 125, 154
Persian
172, 173
Habermas, Jurgen
58, 227
Ḥabīb, Yāsir
124, 146
Habsburg Empire
173
Ḥadīth
25, 71, 87, 118, 132, 135
fabricated
92, 96, 99, 101
“rafʿ al-qalam”
138
Shīʿī
18, 97, 98, 100n, 108
Sunnī
8, 92
Hāʾirī, Kāẓim
190
Al-Ḥallāj Ḥusayn b. Manṣūr
243
Ḥamās
119
Hamdāniyān, Fāṭima
283
Ḥamīdī, Muḥammad Mahdī
103
Ḥanbalī school
167
hardliner, trend
28, 76, 109, 111, 170, 194, 198, 213, 218, 223, 225, 226, 228, 283, 300
Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī, Imām
98, 139
Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, Imām
103
Hāshimī, Fāʾiza
264
Ḥażrat-i Valī-i ʿAṣr Institute
141
Heidegger, Martin
37, 51n, 53, 58n
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
57, 65
Hempher
173
Herder, Johann Gottfried
37
Hidden Imām
16, 105, 126, 182, 244
ḥijāb
212, 267, 284
Ḥijāz
153
Hitler, Adolf
56
Hobbes, Thomas
57, 201, 206n
Ḥojjatiya
236, 259, 260
Hollywood
99
homosexuality, homosexuals
59, 199, 240
Hoveida, Amīr ʿAbbās
257, 258
ḥudūd
244
human rights
29, 200, 217, 222, 229, 262, 263, 270, 287
humanism
vii, 35, 52, 55–60, 247, 254, 274, 275, 287, 290
Huntington, Samuel
12, 30, 62, 295
Hurmuz, Straits of
173
Ḥurūfiyya sect
242
Ḥusayn, ʿAbd al-Ṣamad
115
Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī Imam
26, 103, 135, 153
Martyrdom of
14, 103, 113, 298
Shrine of
152
Ḥusayn, Mīr Seyyed
128
Ḥusayniyān, Rūḥollah
213, 257
Ḥusaynzādeh Abūl-Ḥasan
286
hypocrites (munāfiqīn)
23, 26, 84, 88, 96, 105, 132, 140
Ibn al-ʿAlqami
192
Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥīllī
132
Ibn Muljam
97
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad
20, 128n, 155, 162
Ibrāhīm-niyā, Muḥammad
81 95, 97, 103, 104
ʿĪd al-Zahrāʾ
128, 132
Identity Process Theory (IPT)
4, 5, 298
ijtihād
18, 158, 162, 179, 191, 196, 243, 279, 280, 285–288, 300
imāmat
92, 139, 242, 243
imāms, the twelve
100n, 113, 129, 130, 143, 152, 153, 171, 176, 182, 201, 216, 283, 288
and cursing
126, 127
and Jews
97
and ʿUmar’s death
130, 135, 138
imperialism
10, 32, 35, 40, 52, 56, 79, 86, 117, 125, 205, 212, 235, 252, 253, 255, 257, 265, 267, 271, 292, 293, 294
and Bahāʾīs
249, 251, 252, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259 265
British
172–174, 254
clergy opposition to
253, 259
cultural
32, 39, 267, 271
Russian
236, 253
and Wahhābism
172, 177
and Zionism
78, 235, 258
India
44, 161, 173, 188
Indonesia
130
Inquisition
199
Inquisitor, Grand
207
Institute of Applied History
90
intellectuals
12, 24, 34, 46, 48, 50, 85, 116
anti-West
38
religious
29, 77, 213, 218
Western
54
West-leaning
21, 23, 39–41, 44, 268, 272
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
220
International House of Justice
249, 260
International Union for Muslim Scholars
124
International Conference on Radical and Takfīrī Movements
176, 178, 180, 187, 188
Iraq
14, 15, 76, 114, 127, 128, 152, 182, 259
Baʿth regime in
22, 106n
Iranian involvement in
191
ISIS in Iraq
122, 184, 185, 192, 193, 295
Al-Qāʿida organization in
20, 120, 122, 155, 174
sectarian violence in
120, 122, 129, 130, 131, 132, 155, 161, 180
Shīʿī community in
22, 112, 119, 120
Shīʿī militias in
150
Shīʿī missionary activity in
16
Sunni minority in
22
US invasion of
48, 51, 56, 155
war with Iran
21, 46, 48, 118, 154, 189, 260, 265
Ishāqī, Seyyed Ḥusayn
201, 287
Ishāqīyya sect
242
Ishārat, Bushrā
286
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Shāʾm, Daʿesh)
viii, 131, 132, 150, 155, 174, 177, 179, 188, 190
and Jews, Zionism
122, 184–186, 298
and the Mahdi
181–184, 193, 298, 299
and Wahhābism
177, 186
and the West
122, 184–186
Islamic-Iranian Blueprint for Progress
70, 71
Islamic Propagation Office of the Qom Seminary
269
Islamic Revolution Guards Corps, IRGC
(
Revolution Guards
) 26, 36n, 201
Islamic Unity conferences
122
Islamism
1, 109, 292
and othering
19
Islamophobia
63, 85, 181
Israel Zionism
34, 75, 79, 80, 99, 104, 105, 107, 267, 295
and Bahāʾīs
19, 236, 256, 257, 260, 262, 264
children of
75
and Ḥizballah
22, 120
and Muḥammad Reża Shāh
78
and Sunnīs
91
and Takfīrīs
180, 181, 184, 190
and US
54, 118, 121, 167, 185
Israel-Lebanon War
54, 120, 172, 174, 175
Isrāʾīliyyāt
93, 162
istinbāṭ
158, 280
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, Imām
26, 100n, 103, 113, 117
Jaʿfarī school
119
Jāhiliyya
188, 275
Neo-jāhiliyya
188
Jamāʿat al-tablīgh
159
Jamāʿat al-taqrīb
117
Jāmiʿa-i rūḥāniyat mubāriz
28
Jamshīdī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn
45
Jannatī, Aḥmad
60, 215
Japan
34, 36, 165
Jaspal, Rusi
4, 74
Javādī Āmolī, ʿAbdollah
on gender
269, 277
on liberty
200
Javānī, Yadollah
24, 25
Jazāyīrī, Muḥammad ʿAlī Musāvī
182
Jerusalem
106, 116, 117, 143
Jesus
as a prophet
18, 93, 94
Jews and
9, 10, 96
Jews, Jewish Judaism, Zionism
vii, viii, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 14, 15, 17, 18, 26, 31, 73–111, 143, 148, 152, 193, 204, 232, 262, 263, 266, 292, 295, 296, 300
and ʿAlī
96–98, 110
and Bahāʾīs
14, 235, 237, 254, 255, 256, 262, 265
and capitalism
73, 80, 254
and Christians
8, 10, 12, 78, 79, 88, 93–94
conflation with Zionism
80, 81, 95, 102
conspiracies of
79, 82–85, 87, 88, 90–96, 99, 101, 134, 173, 222, 251, 255, 256, 296
converts to Islam
84, 92–96, 99, 110
corruption of
81, 85, 86, 107, 256
distinction from Zionism
79
enmity towards Islām and Shīʿīsm
31, 73, 78, 80, 84–93, 97, 100, 101, 110, 134, 148, 186, 293, 295, 297, 298, 299
and Feminism
274, 275
and Freemasons
80, 85
harm to Shīʿīsm
74, 75, 89–97, 100, 293
and imperialism
79, 111, 173, 174, 235
and Iran
76, 77, 80, 110, 232, 238, 240, 255, 262
Islamic doctrines on
10, 77, 78
and Jihādī-Salafīsts
80, 184–187, 192
and Karbalāʾ tragedy
103, 104
and Mahdi
104–109, 111, 297
metaphore of evil
74, 100, 168, 171, 186
other enemies as
85, 89, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 142, 148, 164, 168–172, 174, 296, 297
and the Prophet
8, 9, 10, 88, 96, 97, 100
The Qurʾān and
9, 23, 85, 88, 95, 165, 293, 295
and ritual impurity
75, 79, 110, 293, 294
and Sufyānī
106, 107
and Sunnis
76, 90, 96, 297
and ʿUmar b. Khattab
98, 99, 100, 102, 133
and Umayyads
101, 102, 103, 104, 110, 133
and Wahhābism
168–172, 80, 111, 152, 165, 167, 168–174, 192
and West
20, 36, 40, 78, 80, 103, 110, 111, 165, 168, 174, 192, 293, 294, 295
Jewish
Law
8, 9, 76, 93, 198, 204
pre-modern Shīʿī attitudes on
75, 76
racism
84, 86, 87
Scriptures
17, 18, 75, 102, 184
Shīʿī Polemics on
17
tribes
8, 88, 91
Jewish Studies Center
102
Jihādī-Salafīsts Takfīrīs
1, 3, 4, 5, 22, 31, 69, 117, 146, 151, 154, 159, 190, 193, 292, 295, 296
as apostates
127, 189, 190, 218, 297
doctrine
72, 120, 155, 156, 158, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191
and Jews, Zionism
80, 148, 184, 186, 192, 297
and Khawārij
156, 178
and mainstream Sunnis
155, 156, 158, 174, 175, 176, 178, 189
and Umayyads
183
violent conduct of
151, 155, 178, 179, 180, 187, 188, 189, 190, 233, 294
and Wahhābism
151, 156, 158, 174–175, 177, 187, 301
and West
184, 186, 187, 192, 296
jizya
108, 109
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
70
Judaism
73, 74, 99, 109, 111, 232, 294
as a heavenly religion
10, 83, 294
and Christianity
8, 11, 15, 93, 94, 266
in Iran
78
polemics against
10, 16, 75, 76, 77, 83, 295, 300
and racism
84, 87n
relations to Shīʿīm
76, 91, 293, 296
and Sunnīsm
90
and Zionism
79, 80, 81, 82n, 294
Jurdi Abisaab, Rula
115
Kaʿb al-Aḥbār
92, 96
and Muʿāwiya
101
and ʿUmar
99, 101, 102, 133
Kachuyān, Ḥusayn
146
Kadīvar, Muḥsin
30
and Bahāʾīs
262–264
and gender equality
270, 291
and liberty
225, 226, 232
and Vilāyat-i faqīh
216, 224
Kalām
176, 178
Kalām Institute
244
Kamālabādī, Farībā
264
Kant, Immanuel
58, 196, 198, 206, 279
Al-Karakī, ʿAlī
115
Karbalāʾ
145, 152, 155, 161, 246, 300
massacre
102, 103, 104, 113, 298
paradigm
14,
Karrūbī, Mahdī
217
Kāshān
18, 128, 129, 131, 143, 145
Kāshif al-Ghitāʾ, Jaʿfar
153, 157
Kāshif al-Ghitāʾ, Muḥammad Ḥusayn
116
Kasravī, Aḥmad
85
Kāẓimyan-pūr, Ghulām Reżā
171
Khalaji, Mehdi
117
Khamenei, ʿAlī
32, 85, 96, 300
and Bahāʾīs
239, 240, 250, 266
and Blueprint for Progress
70, 71
and feminism
279, 284
and global arrogance
23, 294
and Jews
79, 134, 240
and liberty
197, 202, 204n, 205, 217, 221
and Palestine
79, 180
and perception of the “enemies”
1, 22, 23, 24, 26, 70, 127, 250
and pluralism
158
and politcs
28
and rapprochement with Sunnis
119, 121, 123–125, 128, 130, 131, 134, 140, 142, 146, 147, 149, 158
and Salafis, Takfīrīs
117, 122, 127, 179–180, 184–188, 190
and Wahhābīs
186, 187
and West
35, 38, 42–45, 47, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60n, 69, 122, 123–124, 185, 187, 284
and US
22, 70, 134, 294
and Zionism
22, 79, 134, 184, 240, 294
Khanjī, Muḥammad ʿAlī
246, 251
Khātamī, Seyyed Muḥammad
21n, 29, 270
and liberty
195, 197, 222–224
on West
38, 63
Khawārij
156
and ʿAlī
157, 215
and Jihādī-Salafīs
178, 192
and Wahhābīs
160, 161
Khaybar
96, 98, 169, 171
Al-Khoʾīnī, Abū al-Ḥusayn
131, 133n
Khomeini, Rūḥollah
32, 119, 195, 261, 300
and Arab States
154
and Bahāʾīs
237, 238, 239, 248, 255, 257, 259, 265, 266
and enemies
1, 22, 172, 290
and feminism
248, 268, 269, 277, 280
and Iraq War
46
and Islamic Rule
46
and Islamic Unity
117
and Jews
40, 78, 79, 102, 107, 108, 255
and liberty
196, 197, 199, 200, 202–207, 210, 211, 212, 214, 217, 224
and mysticism
204
and politics
21, 216, 250, 251n
and the 1979 Revolution
146, 224
and Sunnis
118, 122
and the US
41
and Vilāyat-i faqīh
118, 145n, 206, 290
and West
39, 40, 117, 172
and Zionism
79, 237, 257, 294
Khorāsānī, Vaḥīd
125, 131, 144
Khorāsānis
107
Khosrō-panāh, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn
246
Kramer, Joel
75
Kūfa
161
Kurānī, ʿAlī
182
Kurdistan
121, 150n, 155, 180
Lakzāʾī, Mahdī
271
Lankarānī, Muḥammad Fāżil
131, 140, 174
Lārījānī, Ṣādiq Āmolī
177
lesbianism
283
Lewis, Bernard
8
liberalism
18, 49, 53, 56, 60, 65, 67, 69, 198, 201, 202, 203, 215, 220, 232, 248, 275, 293, 294, 301
liberty
viii, 31, 67, 138, 194–233, 301
and feminism
292, 300
liberal concept of
196
negative
197–203, 210, 231, 232
positive
31, 197, 207–210, 232
reformist views on
222–230
spiritual
203–205
liberties, civil
194
Libya
180
Locke, John
196, 206, 279
Loew, Judah
232
Luṭfī, Luṭfallah
244
Maʿāf, Islām Mālikī
133, 135
Madāḥān
145
Madrasat Ahl al-Bayt
159
Mahdaviyat
67, 68
Mahdaviyat Center
181
Mahdi, Twelfth Imam
vii, viii, 67, 68, 69, 72, 139, 193, 253, 265, 297
Governance of
67, 299
and ISIS
181–184
and Jews
104–111
Mahdī seminary in Qom
81
de Maistre, Joseph
37
Majīdī, Keyvān
82
Majlis
264
2000 elections
29
Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir
128, 135
Majmaʿ-i jahānī-i ahl-i bayt
119
Majmaʿ-i Ruḥāniyūn Mubāriz
29
Makārem Shīrāzī, Nāṣir
and apostasy
158, 239
and Bahāʾīs
239, 261
and companions
136
and Jews
109, 111
and moral deviations
209
and Sunnīs
188
and Takfīrīs
178, 180, 181, 186, 187
and Wahhābīsm
158, 161, 165, 167, 187, 188
Manṣūrī Damghānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī
92, 95
Marājiʿ taqlīd
127, 130, 138, 142, 143, 145, 149, 216, 249
Marʿashī Najafī, Shihāb al-Dīn
143
Martyn, Henry
172
Marx, Karl
227
Marxism
18
Marwān b. al-Ḥakm
101
Masāʾilī, Mahdī
125, 126
Mashhad
181, 278, 300
Cultural Foundation of
139
Al-Masʿūdī, ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn
132
Maʿṣūmī Tehrānī, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd
263
Mawdūdī, Abū-l-Aʿlā
117, 159, 188
Mecca
8, 95, 161, 166, 171, 183
Medina
94, 146
Constitution of
8
Iranian residents of
134
Jews of
8, 81, 88, 91, 99, 100, 110, 169
Muslims of
93
and Prophet
8, 95, 160, 169
Shīʿī sanctities in
161
and Wahhābīs
161, 171
Mediterranean
119
Meyhandūst, Muḥammad Hādī
137
Middle East
51, 62, 111, 112, 119, 154, 155
New Islamic
69, 180, 253
Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance
42n
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
123
Ministry of Intelligence and Security (VIVAK)
132
Mīr-Aḥmadī, Manṣūr
207
Mīr-Bāqirī, Muḥammad Mahdī
60
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba
269
Miṣbāḥ Yazdī, ʿAlī
218n
Miṣbāḥ Yazdī, Muḥammad Taqī
29, 144
on Jews
85, 107
on liberty
200, 201, 202, 205, 212, 213, 215, 228
on Vilāyat-i faqīh
212
missionaries, (Christian)
17, 18, 44, 75, 271
modernity
32, 35, 53–56, 61, 192, 199, 221, 247, 248, 269, 275, 295
Western
49, 55, 57, 72, 77, 246, 265, 271, 292
Mojtahed-Shabestari, Muḥammad
30, 229, 230
and liberty
226, 227, 228, 232
Mongols
178, 192
Montaẓeri, Ḥusayn ʿAlī
216
on apostasy
220, 226
on Bahāʾīsm
261, 262
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis
54
Mosaddeq, Muḥammad
38, 48
Mosul
155, 182
Mouood Cultural Institute
32, 92, 101, 103, 104, 284, 289
Muʿāwiya
and ʿAlī
13, 157
and Jews
101, 102, 133
Mubarak, Husni
69
Al-Mufīd Shaykh
114
Al-Mughīra b. Shuʿba
134
Muḥārib
234, 261
Muḥammad
, (
the Prophet
) 12, 13, 19, 88, 234, 242, 243, 244, 263, 264
and ʿAlī
95
and Imām Ḥusayn
152
and Jews
8–10, 75, 87, 89n, 96, 100, 169
and ʿUmar
Muḥammad ʿAlī Shāh
252
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb
20, 154, 156
and British
173
crude scholarship of
157, 162, 166
intolerance of
160, 168
Jewish descent
159–160, 168–169, 296
and Shīʿīsm
152, 173
Muḥammad Reża Shāh
21, 26, 34, 78, 237, 269, 272
and Bahāʾīs
237, 257, 258, 259
and Jews
77, 78, 215
Muḥammadī, ʿAbdollah
283
Muḥammadī, ʿAlī Reżā
241, 260
Muḥammadī, Muḥsin
90, 92
Muḥammadī-Golpāygānī, Muḥammad
187
Muḥammadpūr, ʿAlī
65, 66
Muḥsinī, Muḥammad Āsef
270
Muʿizz al-Dawla
114
Al-Mukhtār, Ibn Abī ʿUbayd Al-Thaqāfī
133
Mūsā, Prophet
45
Musaylima
157
Muslim Brothers
117, 120, 159
Musliḥī, Ḥaydar
101–103
Muslim world
4, 5, 10, 36–38, 42, 44, 64, 74, 75, 106, 112, 116, 118, 120, 147, 149, 154, 166, 173, 174, 179, 187, 254, 258, 293
Muslims
11, 25, 40, 45, 79, 86, 89, 112, 151, 163, 208, 219, 220, 229, 234, 251, 254, 257, 261, 281
and Christians
12, 263
divisions among
114, 118–121, 123, 126, 131, 147, 156–158, 160, 161, 164, 165, 168, 171, 174, 175, 177–179, 181, 184, 187–189, 191, 253
and Iran
107, 154, 211
and Jews
77, 78, 84, 85, 90–92, 96, 100, 103, 107–109, 134, 170, 171, 179–180, 185, 255, 263
non-Muslims
viii, 31, 79, 109, 181, 187, 219, 228, 257, 263
and ‘Others’
2, 8, 148, 161
Shīʿīs among
14, 31, 113, 118, 152, 153
unity among
122, 125–127, 157, 158, 249
and West
127, 185
Al-Mutawakkil, Caliph
15
Muʿtazila, Muʿtazilī theology
18, 162, 164, 195
Muṭṭaharī, Murtażā
and feminism
269, 276
and liberty
203, 205, 213, 215, 216
and West
39
Nahj al-Balāgha
101
Naʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn
195
Najaf
153, 155, 182, 300
Najafī, ʿAbbās
163
Najafī Fīrūzjāyī, ʿAbbās
163, 166
Najafī, Muḥammad Bāqir
254
Najd
156, 157, 162
Najmabadi, Afsaneh
286
Naqdī, Muḥammad Reża
59
Narāqī, Mulla Aḥmad
18
Nasab, Jaʿfar Musāvī
139
Naskh
, (
see abrogation
)
Naṣrallah, Ḥasan
120
nationalism
60, 65
Iranian
32, 236, 266, 298
Nazi(sm)
53, 266
Nietzsche, Friedrich
37, 54, 58
Nine Rabīʿ Celebrations
132–136, 139, 140
Nirenberg, David
74, 89
“No compulsion in religion”
213, 219, 225, 228, 243
Nūrī, ʿAbdollah
224, 270
Nūrī-Hamadānī, Ḥusayn
81, 91, 104, 130, 239
Nūrizād, Muḥammad
263
Al-Nuṣra Front
175
Occidentalism
36
Occupy Wall Street
60
Onslaught, Cultural
24, 39, 41–48, 71, 92, 93, 192, 237, 254, 267, 268, 271, 290, 294, 295, 301
Orientalism
3, 63
Book
11
Ottoman Empire
11, 12, 50, 169, 256
and the British
173
and Iran
115
and Sunnī Islam
115
and Shīʿīs
115, 116, 153
pagan(s) religions, paganism
7, 8, 41, 84
Pahlavī dynasty
43n
and Bahāʾīs
235, 252, 257, 258, 259, 265
and feminism
277
reforms
235
and West
40
Pakistan
180
killing of Shīʿīs
120, 130, 131, 155, 161
Palestine, Palestinians
56, 79, 83, 101, 106, 107, 111, 172, 180, 256, 259, 262
Parsa, Misagh
250
Pārsāniyā, Ḥamīd
284, 285
Paul, apostle
93, 94
Payām-i Zan
269
Pharaoh
45, 226
Political Culture
168, 296
Popper, Karl
58
post-modernism
57, 58n
Prague
232
Prophet (Muḥammad)
98, 99, 112, 113, 132, 156, 158, 161, 164, 178, 188, 216, 217, 221, 241, 288, 298
and ʿAlī
13, 46, 95
and apostasy
221n
birthday
119, 165
and Christians
8, 9, 263
death of
31, 68, 82, 92, 94, 94, 97, 100, 118, 128, 141, 157, 165
and Jews
8, 9, 81, 87, 88, 91, 98, 108, 142, 222, 263
Seal of the Prophets
243
succession of
16, 112, 144, 163, 292
Prophet’s family
13, 96, 97, 98, 105, 113, 122, 127, 131, 137, 138, 140, 145, 160
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
82, 110, 252, 256, 275
Pure Muḥammadan Islam
4, 122, 186, 260
Al-Qādir, Caliph
15
Qādiriyya Treatise
15
Al-Qāʿida
20, 120, 122, 131, 155, 174, 181
Qājār dynasty
76, 110, 116, 135
Qaradāwī, Yūsuf
50
Qarahī, Rūḥollah
80n, 81, 87, 90n, 102
Qarmaṭi sect
157
Qatar
129
Qazvīnī, Seyyed Muḥammad Ḥusaynī
165
Qirāʾatī, Muḥsin
166, 172
Qom
60, 81, 90, 101, 114, 119, 136n, 160, 216, 250
Qom seminary
80, 124, 135, 144, 145, 165, 177, 189, 197n, 198, 201, 246, 254, 269, 272, 278, 280, 289, 296n
Qommī, ʿAbbās
97
Qommī, Muḥammad Taqī
117
Qoṭbī, Hādī
137
Qurʾān
18, 87, 126, 153, 157, 165, 176, 179, 189, 199, 212, 213, 217, 224, 226–229, 234, 241–244, 262
on apostasy
221, 225
and Bible
75
and cursing
138, 143
on Christians
8, 9, 93, 165
fabrication of
92
on gender
277, 278
on Jews
8, 9, 23, 25, 40, 84, 85, 88, 95, 104, 107, 110, 165, 293, 295
literal reading of
162, 163
misreading of
162, 178, 285, 287, 288
Satan in
40, 140
and West
40
Quraysh
133
Quṭb, Sayyid
117, 159, 188
racism
77, 86, 284
Al-rāfiḍa, rawāfiḍ
15, 20, 76, 114
Rafsanjān (town)
239–240
Rafsanjānī, Akbar Hāshimī
28, 264
and liberty
199, 215
and sectarian rift
122, 123, 131, 140n, 144, 149
Rahbar, Muḥammad Taqī
60, 61
Rahdār, Aḥmad
64, 103
Raḥīm-pūr Azghadī, Ḥasan
81n, 274
Rāʾifī-Pūr, ʿAlī Akbar
87
Rajabī Davānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn
135, 141n
Rajāyī Borūjnī, Muḥammad ʿAlī
166
Ramażānī Bīrjandī, ʿAlī
155n
Ramażānī-Pūr, ʿAbbās
239
Rashād, ʿAlī Akbar
281
Ravānbakhsh, Qāsim
144
Rawls, John
295
Ray
114
Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn
144
reformist, trend
28, 29, 47, 63, 194, 197, 202, 213, 300
and liberty
222–224
Renaissance
53, 55
Revolution, Constitutional
195, 252, 254, 272
Revolution, French
49, 199
Revolution, Young Turks
169
Revolution
1979, Islamic 1, 20, 26, 29, 34, 48, 117, 129, 130, 146, 147, 199, 269
achievements of
27, 47, 61–62, 91, 154, 174, 299
and Bahāʾīs
235, 238, 258, 260
“Enemies” of
21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 249, 292, 298
and feminism
268, 271, 280
and Jews
91
and Liberty
195, 196, 197, 210, 212–217, 224
and Sunnīs
118, 154
and Wahhābism
174
and West
34, 40, 41, 45, 46, 51, 61–62, 70, 272
Revolutionary Guards
24, 35, 59, 184, 290
Reżā Shāh
77, 257, 258n
Riḍḍā, Muḥammad
50, 116
Rouhani, Ḥasan
29, 72, 131, 289, 290
On liberty
194, 225n
On sectarian rift
122
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
54, 57, 197
Rūḥānī, Ḥusayn
61
Rūm
106, 298
Rushdie, Salman
85, 217
Russia
34, 36, 173, 253, 254
Russian imperialism
236, 253
Rūzbehānī, ʿAlī Reżā
244, 254, 258
Saʿādatī, ʿAbd al-Qādir
92, 98
Sabb (see cursing the enemies of the Shīʿa)
15, 123
Ṣābirī Maʿṣūma
281
Ṣādiqī Fasāʾī, Suheilā
283
Ṣadr, Muqtaḍā
190
Ṣafavī, Navāb
117
Ṣafavīd dynasty
164
and clergy
17, 110, 114, 128
Islam
146
and Jews
76
and Ottomans
16
and Sunnīs
114, 115, 116
and ʿUmar’s death
128, 135, 149
Ṣāfī Golpāygānī, Luṭfallah
131, 140, 141n, 161
Said, Edward
3, 11
Saʿīdzādeh, Seyyed Muḥsin
269
Saʿīdī, ʿAlī
59
Al-Salaf al-ṣāliḥ
156, 163, 166, 175, 176, 178
Salafists
(
Jihadi Salafists
) 20, 69, 76, 89n, 112, 163, 164, 176, 178, 181, 189, 192, 196
Sālārī, Muḥammad ʿAlī
181
Sāmarrāʾ
155
Al-Samāwī, Muḥammad Niʿma
181
Ṣāneʿī, Yūsuf
216, 269
saqīfa of the Banū Sāʿidah (meeting)
94, 95, 98
Sartre, Jean Paul
198
Satan
47, 84, 103, 165,
Great
vii, 37, 40–41, 295
party of
101
rule of
87
Saʿūdi dynasty
160, 162, 171, 296
As Jews
169–170
Saudi Arabia
119, 124, 147, 153, 154, 156, 166, 169, 170, 175, 177, 185, 192
National Day
166
Schmitt, Carl
26, 27, 37
sectarian Sunnī-Shīʿī rift
14, 15, 16, 22, 31, 110, 114–116, 118–120, 121–123, 132, 134, 150, 159, 172
rapprochement
145–148
violence
112, 120, 129, 180
Seville
207
Shādmān, Fakhr al-Dīn
34
al-Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs
157
Shāhrūdī, Seyyed Muḥammad Ḥusaynī
144, 180, 183
Shafāʿa
152, 153, 158, 178
Sharaf al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn
116
Sharīfī, Saʿīd
246, 258
Shafīʿī Sarvestānī, Ismāʿīl
103, 272
Sharīʿa
, 32, 118, 123, 189, 198, 206, 210, 213, 218, 221n, 234, 268, 276
Sharīʿatī, ʿAlī
39, 146
Shaykh al-Ra ʾīs, Abū al-Ḥasan Mīrza
116
Shaykhism
234
Shimr b. Dhī al-Jawshan
103
Shīrāzī faction
145, 149, 293, 296
as English Shīʿīsm
146, 147
and ʿĀshūrāʾcommemorations
148
and Jews
148
and Takfīrīs
147
and ʿUmarkoshān ceremonies
146
and Wahhābīs
147
Shīrāzī, Ṣādiq
148
Shīrāzī, Seyyed ʿAlī Muḥammad
(
see Bāb
)
Shirkat, Shahlā
286, 289
Shoghi Effendi
244, 249
Siavoshi, Sussan
262
Sistānī, ʿAlī
79n, 127, 182, 190
Society of Seminary Teachers
230
soft war
44, 48, 271
Soroush, AbdolKarim
30, 229, 230, 232
Soviet Union
41, 48, 54, 59, 60, 266
invasion of Afghanistan
155
Spengler, Oswald
49–51, 54
Stalin, Joseph
48, 56, 266
Subḥānī, Jaʿfar
176
and Bahāʾīsm
248, 250
and apostacy
219, 222
and companions
175
and Jews
74, 222
and Jihādī-Salafī
176, 177, 178, 179, 180
and liberty
200
and reason
162
and Wahhābism
162, 164, 173
and Zionism
222
Ṣubḥ-i Azāl, Yaḥyā ʿAlī Nūrī
249
Sufyānī
181, 193
and ISIS
182–184
and Jews, Zionism
106, 298
Ṣūfīs
18, 20, 159, 173
Suhrawardī, Shihāb al-Dīn Yaḥyā
35
Sulaymān Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb
160
Sunnis
vii, 1, 14, 16, 17, 22, 68, 73, 112, 117, 126, 140, 150, 155, 218
and ʿAlī
89, 90, 95, 127
and apostasy
156, 176, 189
and Christians
10, 17, 93, 105
doctrines
15, 112, 113, 121, 153, 157, 163, 165, 176, 233
in Iran
155,
and Jews
36, 75, 76, 88, 89n, 90, 91, 93, 94, 97, 100, 103, 105, 164, 296
legal schools
153, 158, 167, 176
mainstream
4, 31, 74, 90, 110, 112, 116, 118–120, 148, 149, 151, 156, 158–160, 169, 175, 176, 188, 189, 191, 192, 206, 233, 292, 294, 299, 300
reconciliation with Shīʿīs
16, 31, 90, 116–120, 122, 123–125, 127, 140, 144, 149, 150, 158, 293, 299
rift with Shīʿīs
22, 31, 61, 74, 112–116, 120, 121, 123, 126, 130–132, 134, 143, 146, 147, 154–156, 169, 174, 175, 179, 189, 192, 218, 292
and Takfiris
156, 175, 188, 191
views on Shīʿīs
15, 20, 76, 89, 102, 114
and Wahhābīs
159, 160, 161, 165, 188, 191
and West
36, 41, 51, 80, 103, 127
and Zionism
81, 91
Sunnīsm, American
147, 186, 296
Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution
146, 274
Supreme Leader Khamenei
143, 145, 154, 182, 207, 211, 212, 239, 251n, 261, 292
Tabarrā
113, 123, 125, 126, 127, 144, 149
Ṭabībzādeh Nūrī, Zahrāʾ
275
Tablīghāt-i Islāmī Organization
60
Tabrīz
92
Tabrīzī, Javād
79n, 131
Tafsīr
144, 285
Ṭāʾib, Mahdī
85, 91, 100
Ṭāʾif
161
Takāmul
203
Takfīrīs Jihādī-Salafīsts
viii, 146, 175, 176, 190
as neo- jāhiliyya
188–189
as Non-Muslims
187–190
and apostasy
156, 179
and distortion of Islam
178–179, 188
and harm to Islam
180–181, 185, 187, 188
and Islamic Unity
179–181, 187
and Jews
187
and Khawārij
156, 178
and Mahdī
181–183
and terrorism
181
and US
177, 184–187
and violent nature
186, 188
and Wahhābism
177, 187
and Zionism
184–187
Ṭalḥa
26, 100n
Ṭālibān
22, 131
Taklīf pl. Takālīf
25, 204, 213
Tālibov Tabrīzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥman
116
Talmud
275
Taqiyya
126, 131, 149, 244
Taskhīrī, Muḥammad ʿAlī
129
Tavānā, Muḥammad ʿAlī
66
Tawassul
152, 158, 173
Al-Ṭayyib, Aḥmad.
125, 128
Tehrān
80n, 102, 237, 290
Tehrānī, Seyyed Muḥammad Ḥusayn Ḥusaynī
278
Towḥīd
178, 241
Ahl-i towḥīd
263
Toynbee, Arnold
50, 51
Twelfth Imām
(
see Mahdī
)
ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
134, 140
and ʿAlī
13, 94, 95, 96, 113, 128, 141, 143
and Fāṭima
98, 128–130, 138, 141, 143, 144
immoral conduct
141
and Jews
92, 96–102, 128, 142
cursing against
114, 115, 141, 143, 144
Khomeini on
118
murder of
128–139, 144
ʿUmar b. Saʿad
133
ʿUmarkoshān celebrations
viii, 128–132, 134–139, 142, 145, 146, 149
Umayyad family
97, 105, 106, 134, 183
and ʿAlī’
13
and Jews
101–103, 110, 133, 296
and Jihādī-Salafīs
182, 183
Umm Kulthūm
141
United States
28, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 68, 118, 120, 150
as enemy
70, 120, 121, 167, 175, 212, 266, 267, 294
and Jews
102
as Great Satan
37, 41, 47
decline of
54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69
and Israel
121, 134, 167, 175, 294
and sectarian rift
121, 134, 175
and Takfīrīs
177, 185, 186
Unity Week
119, 127, 146
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
196, 200, 226, 262
Universities
Adyān
271
ʿAlāma Ṭabātabāʾī
64, 171
Bāqir al-ʿUlūm
64
Iṣfahān
61
Kāshān
281
Loristan
275
Modarres
45
Mufīd
216
Muṣṭafā
58
Shahīd-i Beheshtī
207
Shīrāz
66
Tehrān
283
ʿUrf
288
Uṣūlī School
167
ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
13, 89, 102, 134
Vāʿizī, Ḥasan
54
Vakīlī, Hādī
199
Vilāyat-i faqīh
25, 67, 69, 87, 91, 118, 135, 144, 154, 176, 194, 206, 216, 218, 224, 231, 233, 290, 299
Absolute
28, 29, 145n, 207, 212
Vilāyat-i Faqīh: Ḥukūmat-i Islāmī (book)
78
Voltaire
54
Wahhābism
viii, 31, 151–177
anti-Shīʿī nature
116, 151, 152–154, 159–161
and the British
167, 168, 172–174, 296
brutal conduct
156, 160, 177
deviations from normative Islam
157, 160, 161, 164, 191
and imperialism
147
intolerance
157, 158, 161, 166, 177, 191
and Jews, Zionism
80, 167–172, 192, 297
and Jihādī-Salafīsm
119, 147, 151, 156, 174–179, 190, 301
and mainstream Sunnīs
159
obscurantism
156, 160, 162–167, 191
undermining Islamic unity
161, 191
and the US
167, 177, 296
Walāya
113
Wasserstrom, Steven
89
Webman, Esther
74
West
vii, 3, 5, 23, 29, 30, 34–72, 123, 167, 247
agression of
53, 54
and Bahāʾīs
235, 244, 247, 248, 260
corruption and decadence
53, 58, 59, 60, 67, 202, 203, 282
culture
37, 38, 46, 52, 192, 196, 198, 199, 201, 247, 265, 268, 272, 274, 281, 283, 286, 288, 290, 294
decline
41, 47–51, 54–61, 69–72, 187, 299
dichotomous to Islam
6, 11, 12, 15, 20, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 61–64, 66, 72, 77, 78, 105, 106, 127, 139, 168, 193, 196, 198, 209, 210, 212, 220, 266, 268, 278, 280, 284, 295–298
and feminism
ix, 267, 268, 271–276, 279, 284, 286–290
and humanism
52, 55–59, 254, 274, 287, 290
and imperialism
10, 32, 35, 40, 52, 78, 79, 86, 117, 195, 235, 252, 253, 255, 257, 265, 267, 271, 292–294
and Jews
40, 78, 79, 80, 84, 103, 111, 168, 235
and Jihādī-Salafīsts
184–185, 187, 192, 292
as Satan
40, 41
science, technology
52
threat of
38, 39, 40, 42, 52, 70, 71, 76, 84, 103, 110, 116, 148, 173, 192, 195, 200, 222, 252, 266, 276, 290, 293, 295
and Wahhābīs
152, 167, 174, 186, 187, 192, 292
and Zionism
4, 31, 43, 167, 174, 185, 186, 235, 275, 290
Westoxication
vii, 34, 62
women
137, 141, 281, 287, 301
activism
269, 271, 272, 273, 280, 290
and Bahāʾīs
237, 244, 248
Islamists on
267, 268, 269, 270, 277, 278, 286, 291
legal status under Islam
206, 269, 271–273, 277–281, 283, 284, 287, 288, 291
liberal views on
273
moral conduct
281, 282, 283, 284
social roles
267, 268, 273, 276, 277, 282–285, 291
Wahhābī and Takfīrī attitudes towards
167, 178, 179
and West
272, 274, 279, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286
and Zionism
275, 276
World Forum for the [Prophet’s] Family
119
World Forum for the Proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought
119 129, 133
World Islamic Congress
116
World War I
172
World War II
36, 77, 240, 294
Al-Ya‘qūbī, Aḥmad ibn Abī Ya‘qūb
132
Yarshater, Ehsan
261
Yazdani, Mina
266
Yazīd, Caliph
evil nature
103, 104, 110
Jewish descent
102
Yazdī, Muḥammad on liberty
205, 212, 215, 216
young Turks
169
Yūnesī, ʿAlī
131
Yūsuf Khān Mustashār al-Dawla
116
Yūsufī Gharavī, Muḥammad Hādī
135
Zāhidī, Muḥammad Taqī
26
Ẓāhir
52, 162, 216, 246
Zanān
269, 270
Zanān-i Emrūz
289
Al-Zarqāwī, Abū Muṣʿab
20, 155
Zībāyī-nezhād, Muḥammad Reżā
272
Zionism
3, 5, 31, 65, 78, 82, 102, 161
anachronistic use of the term
73, 81, 102, 103, 110
and Bahāʾīs
237, 238, 239, 252, 254, 256–259, 261, 262, 265, 275, 296
conspiracies against Islam
92, 281, 293, 222
and feminism
274, 275, 290, 293, 296
and freemasons
275
and Holocaust
82
global, international
22, 43, 294
and Jihadi-Salafis
180, 181, 184–186, 192
and Judaism
73, 79–81, 95, 110
lobby
81
and Palestinians
56, 83, 172
and Sufyani
298
and Sunnī-Shīʿī rift
130, 134
threat to Islam
101, 122, 134, 148, 184, 293, 295, 296, 297
and Wahhābīsm
161, 171, 174, 181
and West
31, 134, 139, 161, 184, 186, 192, 235, 275, 293
and US
215
Zionist Islam and Muslims
148, 171
Zoroastrianism
75, 235, 238, 262, 264
Ẕū al-Qadr, Muḥammad Bāqir
35, 42, 62
Zubayr
26
Ẓuhūr
104, 243