Abbreviations
| BGA | Bibliothaeca Geographorum Arabicorum |
| CET | Central European Texts |
| CFHB | Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae |
| CHBE | The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire. Ed. J. Shepard. Cambridge 2008. |
| CHEIA | The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Ed. D.Sinor. Cambridge 1990. |
| DAI-Com. | Dvornik, F., Jenkins, R.J.H., Lewis, B., Moravcsik, Gy., Obolensky, D., Runciman, S. (1962) De administrando imperio. Vol. 2: Commentary. London. |
| DOML | Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library |
| EI2 | Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition.1–13. Leiden, London 1960–2004. |
| EMC | The Encyclopedia of Medieval Chronicle. Ed. G. Dunphy et al. Vol. 1–2. Leiden, Boston 2010. |
| LCL | Loeb Classical Library |
| MGH AA | Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Autores Antiquissimi |
| MGH Epist. | Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Epistulae |
| MGH SS | Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores (in Folio) |
| MGH SS, | Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum |
| rer. Germ. | in usum scholarum separatim editi |
| MGH SS | Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores rerum |
| rer. Ger. N.S. | Germanicarum Nova Series. |
| MPH SN | Monumenta Poloniae Historica. Series Nova |
| ODB | Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Ed. in chief A.P. Kazhdan. Vol. 1–3. Oxford 1991. |
| PSRL | Polnoe Sobranie Russkikh Letopisei |
| RE | Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Vol. 1–24, 1A–10A, SI-S15. Stuttgart 1893–1980. |
| SRH | Scriptores Rerum Hungaricarum. Vol. 1–2. Ed. I. Szentpétery. Budapest 1937–38. |
| SSS | Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich. Encyklopedyczny zarys kultury Słowian od czasów najdawniejszych do schyłku wieku XII. Eds. W. Kowalenko, G. Labuda, T. Lehr-Spławiński, Z. Stieber. Vol. 1–8. Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków 1961–1996. |
| TIB | Tabula Imperii Byzantini. Eds. H. Hunger, J. Koder. Wien 1976–. |