Figures and Tables
Figures
1.1 Gustavianum was erected in the 1620s and equipped with the cupola containing the anatomical theatre around 1662. It served as the main university building until a new one was built in 1887. At present it houses the University Museum. In the view of Uppsala drawn in the 17th century, Gustavianum is visible between Trinity Church and the Cathedral. Erik Dahlberg, Suecia antiqua et hodierna 1:56, Stockholm, 1690 2
1.2 An Arabic Grammar for use in studying the Bible, composed by Petrus Kirstenius. Kirstenius was professor of medicine, Queen Kristina’s court physician and the owner of printing blocks for Arabic. Kirstenius, Petrus, Grammatices arabicæ liber I sive orthographia et prosodia arabica ‘First book of Arabic grammar or Arabic orthography and prosody’. Breslau, 1608 4
1.3 The Garden of Eden and the languages of the Bible were both localized to the Middle East and were understood to be timeless. In the map drawn by Gustaf Peringer, the Garden of Eden is located in southern Iraq, near modern-day Basra, as was commonly believed at the time. The map is signed by Peringer Lillieblad (referring to the description by Petr. Dan. Huetii, inserted in Genesis, Chapter 3). Karl XII’s Bibel ‘The Bible of Karl XII’. Stockholm: Henric Keyser, 1703 5
1.4 Gustaf Peringer (1651–1710) served as Professor of Oriental Languages at Uppsala University between 1681 and 1695. Raised to the aristocracy as Lillieblad in 1693, he served as Royal censor librorum in Stockholm and as Royal Librarian from 1703 until his death. When the Royal Palace burned down in 1697, Peringer and his brother, the famous antiquarian Johan Peringskiöld, personally rescued a large part of the Royal Library collection from the flames. Uppsala University Collection of Art UU347. Portrait painted by Christopher Thomas (ca. 1679–1715), displayed in the Humanities Faculty Room, Uppsala University 6
2.1 The oldest library building in Uppsala 12
2.2 Gustavianum. Copperplate engraving from Erik Dahlberg Suecia antiqua et hodierna, ca 1700 13
2.3 The Carolingian Academy in 1769. Copperplate engraving from B. Busser Utkast till beskrifning om Upsala 2, 1769 13
2.4 Carolina Rediviva, 2015. Photograph by Magnus Hjalmarsson 14
2.5 Title page from Thesaurus Lingvæ Arabicæ. Milan, 1632 15
2.6 Title page from Dissertatio historico-literaria, merita ac fata mag. Jonæ Hambræi, Helsingi, Uppsala, 1743 16
2.7 Palæphati De Incredibilibus. Martin Brunnerus, Uppsala, 1663 18
2.8 Title page from Claes Rålamb’s 1658 account of travelling from the Swedish Embassy to Constantinople 19
2.9 A Turkish pasha’s entry into Constantinople. Oil painting by Jean Baptiste Vanmour, ca 1700 20
2.10 Vindiciæ significationis vocis. Jacob Jonas Björnståhl’s thesis. Uppsala, 1757 21
2.11 Jacob Jonas Björnståhl. Portrait from Knut Posse’s Album amicorum 22
2.12 Leṭāifnāme by Lāmiʿī Čelebi. Manuscript from April 6, 1580 23
2.13 De Sepulchro Christi. Uppsala, 1703 (Bellman 1703) 24
2.14 View of Mecca with the Please replace by Kaʿba. Artist unknown, around 1700. Oil-painting. Purchased by the library in 1717 from the estate of Michael Eneman 25
2.15 Greeting in Adolph Fredric Sturtzenbecker’s Album amicorum by Franz Lothar Ehemannt. Prague, 1780. Page 509 25
2.16 World map from Tārīḫ-i hind-i ġarbī (An account of America, i.e. West Indies). Ibrahim Müteferrika, Constantinople, 1730. Formerly owned by Adolf Fredrik Sturtzenbecker 1757–1784 26
2.17 Alexander Clemens Wetterling’s drawing “The shelter Ruhlsdorf shortly before the battle of Grossbeeren” acquired by the library in 1813. The mounted Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm is to the right, beside the sitting Jean Baptiste Bernadotte (1763–1844) – later Karl XIV Johan, king of Sweden and Norway – at that time already elected as the heir-presumptive to the Swedish crown 27
2.18 Carl Johan Tornberg (1807–1877). Photograph made in Paris 28
2.19 Karl Vilhelm Zetterstéen (1866–1953). Photogravure by Adolf Ecksteins Verlag, Berlin-Charlottenburg 29
2.20 Panorama of Constantinople drawn in the 1670s by Marco de Broen, a Dutch merchant from Amsterdam. The panorama is 318 × 33.5 cm and is included in an album of drawings. Uppsala University Library 30
3.1 Scandinavia complectens Sueciæ, Daniae & Norvegiæ Regna: ex tabulis Ioh. Baptistæ Homanni. Map of Scandinavia including Sweden, Denmark and Norway in the 18th century by Johann Baptist Homann (1664–1724). In the upper left corner, the Swedish king Charles XII (1682–1718). Nürnberg, Germany, ca 1720. Uppsala University Library 35
3.2 Alexis-Hunert Jaillot (1632–1712) Atlas noveau : contenant toutes les parties du monde. Carte 94: Les estats de l’Empire du Grand Seigneur des Turcs en Europe, en Asie, et en Afrique … Jaillot, Alexis-Hubert, 1632–1712. Uppsala University Library 39
3.3 Johan Gustaf Renat (1682–1744) Carta af Songarski = Kalmuckit, hwar inunder Kottonnerne hörer ‘Map of Djungaria and surroundings = the land of the Kalmuck to which the Khotons (Oirats) belong’. Map of previously unexplored East Turkestan between 70° and 91° eastern longitude, and 39° and 50° northern latitude. Johan Gustaf Renat donated it to Uppsala University Library in 1743 42
4.1 Portrait of Christian Ravius of Berlin about 1650 by an unknown artist, A generall grammer (…), London 1650, front page verso. UUB, shelfmark: Språkvet. Orient. Allmän (a copy owned by the Swedish Orientalist Jacob Jonas Björnståhl, acquired in Oxford in 1775, and thus with the old inventory number Björnståhl 142) 50
4.2 Ravius’ first panegyric to the Near Eastern languages, Panegyrica prima Orientalibus linguis dicta, Utrecht 1643, title page. UUB, inventory nr. 107.56 54
4.3 Map of Tataria according to Jan Janssonius’ Atlas minor Gerardi Mercatoris, Amsterdam 1634, p. 611. UUB, inventory nr. Ss. 17 55
4.4 Ravius’ catalogue of his collection of Oriental manuscripts, Spolium Orientis, Kiel 1669, title page. UUB, inventory nr. 58.247 57
4.5 Ravius’ Hebrew grammar Orthographiae et analogiae (vulgo etymologiae) Ebraicae delineatio (Amsterdam 1646), title page. UUB, inventory nr. 58.247 58
4.6 Lecture catalogue of Uppsala University from 1662 with information about Ravius’ public lectures. UUB, Programmata Upsaliensia, vol. 1 (1617–1680), with the lecture catalogues at the end of the volume 61
4.7 Petrus Holm, Theologiæ Muhammedanæ brevis consideratio, Jenæ 1664, title page UUB, inventory nr. 80.56 63
4.8 Chr. Ravius (pres.) / Georg Silnæus (resp.), Disputatio de dudaim Rubenis, Uppsala 1656, title page. UUB, shelfmark: Sv. Diss. Ups. 8:o pres. Ravius–Reftelius 64
5.1 Swedenborg, Emanuel (1688–1772). In 1710 young Emanuel Swedenborg (then Swedberg) wrote a Festivus applausus ‘Festive applause’ to celebrate the Swedish general Magnus Stenbock’s victory over the Danes at Helsingborg, which the Swedish military leader had achieved through the grace of God and under the auspices of King Charles XII. In this poem he expressed his belief that under the present conditions, after the Danish defeat, the King would be able to return from Turkish-held territory, now at the head of a strong army also consisting of Turkish troops: Mars aderit Boreus lunatis multus in armis ‘The Northern War-God will return, powerful through the weapons of the Crescent’. See the picture on p. 79, d, line 5 78
6.1 Manuscript of the Hebrew oration held by Gustaf Peringer Lillieblad 1693 at the centenary celebration of Uppsala Synod (1593) 84
6.2 The title-page of the printed version (1674) of Gustaf Peringer’s public speech in praise of the Oriental languages. Uppsala University Library 85
7.1 Joseph Friedrich Leopold (1668–1726) Panorama of Uppsala. 1730. Copperplate. Colored copy at Uppsala University Library 94
7.2 97
7.3 97
7.4 Peringer, Gustaf 1691. Letter to Hiob Ludolf of the 15th of April 1691. Published in W. E. Tentzel (ed.) Monatliche Unterredungen Einiger Guten Freunde von Allerhand Büchern und Andern Annemlichen Geschichten. Allen Liebhabern der Curiositäten zur Ergetzligkeit und Nachsinnen heraus gegeben. Junius 1691. Published by Joh. Friedrich. 572–574 98
7.5 Handwritten Halich Karaim Bible. The beginning of Genesis in the Karaim language. Privately owned 100
8.1 Johan Gabriel Sparwenfeld (1655−1727). Oil painting by Lukas von Breda, Uppsala University Library 104
8.2 Part of a map of Tartary (Siberia), made by Nicolaas Witsen, Burgermeister of Amsterdam, in 1687. This section shows the Caspian Sea and Calmuckia. The map was donated to Uppsala University Library by J. G. Sparwenfeld in 1705. Uppsala University Library 110
8.3 A trial print of three Georgian religious alphabets made by Henrik Keyser Jr. with the help of type matrices created by the Hungarian Misztótfalusi Kis, while working in Amsterdam. Uppsala University Library, Palmsk. 150, f. 601−603 112
8.4 Kalmyk words with Swedish translations written by J. G. Sparwenfeld in Uppsala University Library, H 285, p. 66 114
8.5 A portrait of the Georgian Prince Archil Bagrationi, to the left, in the second volume of Nicolaas Witsen’s Noord en Oost Tartarye, 1705 (1785), p. 524 115
9.1 Terǰemetü müfredāt-ï İbn’ül Baytār by Aḥmed bin ʿAbdullah. Turkish translation from Arabic. A medicinal manuscript in Ottoman Turkish, bought by Frederick Hasselquist in Smyrna. Uppsala University Library. Tornberg, C. J. 1849. Codices Arabici, Persici et Turcici Bibliothecæ Regiæ Universitatis Upsaliensis. Lund. No. 362, p. 241 125
9.2 Voucher specimen of Hypecoum procumbens, probably gathered by Hasselquist in the vicinity of Smyrna. In his printed plant list. Hasselquist adds a Turkish phytonym, Bleblegi Tschigek ‘chickpea-flower’, which can be interpreted as leblebi çiçek. Photo: Mats Hjertson, Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University 127
9.3 Type specimen of Coluber jugularis Linnaeus, 1758 (Black whipsnake, Dolichophis jugularis), NRM 28. From King Adolphus Frederick’s natural history collection, which was housed at Ulriksdal Castle and examined by Carl Linnaeus in 1753–1754. The specimen was collected by Hasselquist, probably in western Anatolia somewhere near Smyrna. Photo: Anders Silfvergrip, Swedish Museum of Natural History 128
10.1 The front page illustration from Ny Illustrerad Tidning, September 14, 1889. From Count Landberg’s party at the Grand Hotel. The two delegates from Algeria, the Count and Countess Landberg, the Iranian ambassador Muḥsin Khan, and an Armenian. Drawn by Viktor Andren 130
10.2 ‘Abdülmeǰīd I (1823–1861), who succeeded to the throne as the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1839. This painting, which is still hanging at Drottningholm Palace, depicts the sultan holding the sword by its scabbard with his left hand and pointing the tip downwards to his right, while his other hand is free. According to Aḥmed Midḥat, however, the Sultan is holding the sword by the hilt with both hands, and resting the tip on the floor between his feet. Either Aḥmed Midḥat saw another painting than this one, or he did not clearly remember the exact pose of the Sultan. Bildarkivet, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm 133
10.3 From Count Landberg’s party at the Grand Hotel. Svea Illustrerad Veckotidning, September 21, 188 134
10.4 The return from Drottningholm. The torchlight procession of the Uppsala students. The burial mounds at Uppsala. Count Landberg’s party. From the party at Hasselbacken. Ny Illustrerad Tidning, September 14, 1889 136
10.5 The front page of the menu at the farewell dinner 138
10.6 Aḥmed Midḥat’s contribution to the menu 138
11.1 The first pages of İskendernāme ‛Book of Alexander’ written by Aḥmedī. Uppsala University Library, signum O Nov. 43 147
11.2 Handwritten notes by K. V. Zetterstéen, found inside the book Mesāvīʾ-yi ʿAbdullah Niʿme men zāde fī ṭanbūri’l-füǰūr naġme. Uppsala University Library 149
11.3 Two pages from İskendernāme ‛Book of Alexander’ written by Aḥmedī. The picture depicts Alexander’s men building the city of Alexandria and the tower known by the name Gītī-nümā. Uppsala University Library, signum O Nov. 43 151
11.4 The first pages of Selīmnāme ‛Book of Selīm’ written by Ḫvāǰe Ṣaʿdeddīn Efendi. Uppsala University Library, signum O Nov. 81 154
11.5 The first pages of the Turkish dīvān of Fużūlī. Uppsala University Library, signum O Nov. 70 156
11.6 The first pages of Mešāʿirü’š-šuʿarāʾ ‛Senses of poets’ by ʿĀšïḳ Čelebi. Uppsala University Library, signum O St. 26 159
11.7 Page 2a from Kelimāt-ï türkiyye showing Italian translations of Turkish words added later to the original dictionary. Uppsala University Library, signum O Vet. 104 161
11.8 Page 17b from Kelimāt-ï türkiyye showing English explanations of Turkish expressions added later to the original dictionary. Uppsala University Library, signum O Vet. 104 161
11.9 The handwritten lines in Arabic at the bottom of this page are by Adolf Fredrik Sturtzenbecker and concern the date and place of acquisition of Kitāb-ï se-zebān: Daḫale hāẕa’l-kitāb-ï se zebān bi-mülki ʿAdolf Fredrik Isturtsenbeker fī Ḳosṭanṭiniyye šehr-i iyar sene 1782 mesihiyye ‛This book Kitāb-ï se-zebān came into the possession of Adolf Fredrik Sturtzenbecker in Constantinople in iyar (the eighth month of the civil year in the Hebrew calendar) in 1782 AD’. Uppsala University Library, signum O St. 180 163
12.1 Isfahan. Details from the map Verschiedene Prospecte der Vornemsten Städten in Persien, published by Johann Baptist Homann, Nürnberg, about 1720. Bibliothèque national de France, Paris 171
12.2 Adam Olearius Ascanius Saxo. Cimbrica Bibliothecarius & Mathem. Ætatis Suæ LV. Olearius, Adam, 1599–1671 [Adam Olearius Ascanius from Saxony. Librarian and mathematician at the Cimbrian court (here = the court of Gottorp) at the age of 55] engraved by Somer, Mathias van, 17th century. In Consilio: “Thou dost guide me with thy counsel, and afterward thou wilt receive me to glory” Psalm 73:24 Revised Standard Version. Under the medallion: “Whoever you are, look here. My Olearius offers his countenance for you to behold. The Czar of the Russians and likewise, wealthy Persia, the Lord of your Safavid realm, received him most willingly. Since the true picture of his intellect cannot be delineated in an engraving, he himself made him known through his ingenious works. Uppsala University Library 173
12.3 A page from a Turkish–Georgian vocabulary notebook, begun August 1, 1684, in Astrakhan by Balthasar de Lauzière. Title and ownership note on the original back cover, fol. 44v: Vocabulaire Turque-Grusin. Presant De Monsieur De Lauziere Gentilhome françois et Majeur Des Majestées Zariennes. a Muskow 1686 d. 23 Decembre. J. G. Sparwenfeldt. The Turkish-Georgian vocabulary proper begins on fol. 4v with a list of Turkish nouns (noms) written in Latin letters followed by their Georgian counterparts. Certain words are translated into Swedish by Carl Aurivillius. Adjectives start on fol. 6v, pronouns on fol. 7v, verbs on fol. 16r. Uppsala University Library, Cod. Ups. O. Sp. 43 176
13.1 Folio 2r: The travelogue’s opening lines 181
13.2 Folio 2v: The stages from Jizzakh to Ghuzor 183
13.3 The pilgrim’s own map from Tashkent (1), at the bottom right, up to Medina (92), at the top right (ff. 20v–21r), with three lateral lines indicating the river crossings over the Syr Darya (4), Zerafshan (11) and Amu Darya (25). All items on the map are included in the itinerary at the end of this chapter (marked with M) 185
13.4 Folia 6v and 7r: An Arabic poem by Mullah ʿAbd al-Ḥaḳḳ Taškendī 186
13.5 Folia 10r and 10v: The prayer of the First Circuit 190
13.6 Folio 9r: The author’s ground plan of the Great Mosque of Mecca 191
13.7 Folio 15v: Ḥākim Ṣūfī visiting the Baḳīʿ Cemetery 192
14.1 Ms. O Nov. 481, f. 60v, with the strophic layout fairly well preserved 199
14.2 Ms O Nov. 481, f. 63r, with the strophic layout strongly distorted 200
14.3 Ms O Nov. 481, f. 64v, Skull describing the first six hells 202
15.1 First page of Appelboom’s Swedish translation of Kalila wa Dimna, original autograph manuscript, probably used by the Hereditary Prince Karl. Provenance of picture: Manuscript from the Rålamb Collection of Manuscripts, fol. 105. Stockholm: National Library of Sweden 210
15.2 Appelboom’s multiple dedications to the Stoormächtigheste Konungh ‘Most Powerful King’, prefacing his hand-written Swedish translation of Kalila wa Dimna. Provenance of picture: Manuscript from the Rålamb collection of Manuscripts, fol. 105. Stockholm: National Library of Sweden 211
15.3 Title page of the first printed translation into Swedish of Kalila wa Dimna. Provenance of pictures: Risberg & Wilde, The Tales of the Sage Indian Pilpay, printed at the Royal Printing-House in Stockholm, 1745 213
15.4 The title, La Conduite des Roys, of the first French translation (1644) of the fables of Pilpay refers to its use as a guide for princes. Translated from a Persian version by Gilbert Gaulmin, it came to be a source for the collections of fables composed by Jean de La Fontaine. Provenance of picture: Title page of Livre des Lumières ou La Conduite des Roys, par David Sahid [et Gilbert Gaulmin]. Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Collection Gallica 214
15.5 Antoine Galland’s French translation of the Pilpay and Loqman fables. This translation was based on the Ottoman Turkish translation by Ali Tchelebi-ben-Saleh. Provenance of picture: Title page of Antoine Galland, Les contes et fables indiennes de Bidpai et de Lokman. Part 1, second edition, Paris, 1728. Uppsala University Library 214
15.6 The young hereditary prince, who was to become King Karl XI, as a student being educated by his tutors with Appelboom’s translation of Kalila and Dimna. Provenance of picture. Uppsala University Library 216
15.7 16th-century illustration representing the lion as the powerful king of all the forest citizens, but at the same time the target of the jackal Dimna’s shrewd intrigues. Provenance of picture: From an incunable containing the Latin 13th-century version of Kalila wa Dimna by John of Capua. Uppsala University Library, Dept. of Manuscripts, Ink. 32:88 Fol 219
15.8 16th-century illustration of the monkey who could not swim, riding on the back of his treacherous friend the turtle. Provenance of picture: From an incunable containing the Latin 13th-century version of Kalila wa Dimna by John of Capua. Uppsala University Library, Dept. of Manuscripts, Ink. 32:88 Fol 222
16.1 Kiosque de Suède, à Péra ‘The gate pavilion of the Swedish legation in Pera’, Constantinople; the “Kiosque”, 1824. The embassy proper burned down in 1818. The diplomat Gustaf von Celsing acquired the grounds in 1757. The Swedish envoys resided on the same grounds until 1927, in a building built in 1870 by the Austrian architect Domenico Pulgher. At that time, the “kiosque”, probably the work of the Italian L. Peverata, was demolished. Today the building from 1870 functions as the Swedish Consulate General, the Embassy being in Ankara. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3992, Skissbok 2:4 231
16.2 Vue d’une fenêtre au Kiosque de Russie brulé ‘Ruins of the Russian palace as seen from a window of the Swedish embassy in Pera’, 1825. View from the small “Kiosque” at the Grand Rue de Pera (İstiklal Caddesi) of the estate across the road. The Russian embassy burned down at the same time as the Swedish embassy in 1818. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3993, Skissbok 3:3 231
16.3 Dans l’interieur de Galata ‘Inside Galata’, 1824. The watercolor shows the Yanïḳ Ḳapï (the Burned Gate) from the inside of Galata at the old north-western wall. Some of the Genovese bastions still existed in Löwenhielm’s time. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3992, Skissbok 2:28 232
16.4 Ruines sur l’Etmeïdan à Constantinople ‘The ruins of Et Meydanï at Constantinople’, 1826. The sepia wash shows Et Meydanı, the ‘Meat Square’, which was situated between Aksaray and the complex of the Fatih Camii ‘Fatih Mosque’. Here, the Janissaries had their main barracks. In June 1826, during the reign of Mahmud II, the corps of the Janissaries was disbanded (the so-called Vaḳʿa-i ḫayriyye ‘Auspicious Incident’). The Janissaries were bombarded by the Sultan’s modern artillery. In the middle of the painting stands the Column of Marcian (Ḳïztašï, A.D. 450). Uppsala University Library. Dav 3994, Skissbok 4:17 232
16.5 Ruines du Palais de Bélisaire ‘Ruins of the Palace of Belisarius’ (Tekfur Sarayï), 1824. The ruins of the well-preserved Byzantine palace were connected to the larger Blachernai palace to the east, where the Theodosian wall runs towards the Golden Horn. Many details of Löwenhielm’s rendering, however, deviate from the façade that can be seen today. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3992, Skissbok 2:30 233
16.6 Vue de Constantinople, prise des hauteurs audessus d’Eyvub ‘View of Constantinople from the hills above Eyüp’, 1825. This view is from the northwest and the heights above Eyüp, where some of the mosques can be seen at the Golden Horn. At the mouth of the Golden Horn, the Galata Tower can be seen to the left and the Topkapı Palace to the right. Karlsson notes the absence of a bridge over the Golden Horn – the first Galata Bridge was built in 1845. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3993, Skissbok 3: 22 233
16.7 Monumens en marbre, à l’Okmeïdan pour perpétuer la mémoire de coups ‘Marble monuments erected at Oḳmeydanï “Arrow Field” commemorating the extraordinary archery skills of the Sultans’, 1826. Löwenhielm has collected in one image stone shafts that show where the Sultan’s arrows fell after extraordinarily long shots. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3993, Skissbok 3:28 234
16.8 Vue du Bosphore, prise d’une terrasse dans le vallon de Dolmabaktsché ‘View of the Bosphorus from a terrace on the hills above Dolmabahče’ 1826. The Dolmabahče ‘The filled garden’ area was popular since the 16th century for its large and small pavilions and gardens built by the Sultans. In the left foreground, Löwenhielm has placed a “fountain” (water well) and a water tower. The shore of Üsküdar on the Asian side can be seen to the left and the small island of the Maiden’s Tower in the middle. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3993, Skissbok 3:40 234
16.9 Vue du Palais et jardin de France, à Thérapia. ‘The French Palace at Tarabya’, 1825. At the beginning of the 19th century, the French and British ambassadors received huge properties in Tarabya from the Sultan. These were used as summer residences for the ambassadors. Löwenhielm seems to have rented lodgings in the vicinity. The grounds contained four terraces and a European garden facing the shore. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3993, Skissbok 3:4 235
16.10 Vue d’une partie du quai de Buyukdéré ‘Partial view of the shore road at Büyükdere’, 1825. The houses on the waterfront of the village north of Constantinople along the Bosphorus belonged to the foreign embassies in Constantinople and to wealthy Armenians and Greeks. The yellow house to the right (with the coats-of-arms) belonged to the Danish chargé d’affaires, Baron Hübsch. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3993, Skissbok 3:18 235
16.11 Vue de Buyukdéré, prise de la hauteur audessus de la maison de M. Franchini ‘View of Büyükdere from the hill beyond M. Franchini’s mansion’, 1825. A view from the west of the Bosphorus, showing villages and fortresses on the Asian side. The large building projecting out into the water belonged to A. F. P. de Franchini, the head dragoman of the French Embassy. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3993, Skissbok 3:11 236
16.12 Partie du quai de Buyukdéré. Partial view of the Büyükdere shoreline, 1824. Two of the most renowned gardens in Büyükdere. To the right was that of the Russian embassy, to the left the yellow house of the Danish ambassador Baron Hübsch (cf. ill. 10). Dav 3992, Skissbok 2:5 236
16.13 Palais d’Éspagne à Buyukdéré ‘The Spanish Palace at Büyükdere’, 1826. According to Yenal, this building first belonged to the Franciscans but was subsequently bought by the Spanish crown in 1818. It burned down in 1840. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3994, Skissbok 4:11 237
16.14 Péche dans le Bosphore ‘Fishermen on the Bosphorus’, 1824. A dalyan is a fishing weir consisting of static nets deployed close to the shore to catch fish migrating between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara in spring and autumn. When a school of fish was trapped, the fishermen closed the gates of the weir. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3992, Skissbok 2:26 237
16.15 à Appollonie. View from the village Gölyazı at Uluabat Gölü (Lacus Apolloniatis) near Bursa, 1826. Two Western gentlemen sit beneath a large tree. One seems to offer some children a gift of some sort; the other one is sketching the lake. Perhaps Löwenhielm has depicted himself together with a companion. Dav 3994, Skissbok 4:49 238
16.16 Fort de Kila, sur la Mer noire ‘View of Kilia (Kilyos) Castle near Demirciköy’, 1824. This is one of the Black Sea fortresses built by Selim III (1789–1807) to defend against Russian threats. According to Yenal, the constructions were designed by French and Swedish artillery officers. This may have attracted Löwenhielm’s interest. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3992, Skissbok 2:11 238
16.17 Fanaraky d’Europe, avec les iles Cyanées, sur la mer noire ‘The European (Rumelian) Lighthouse and the Cyanean Rocks’, 1825. The Symplegades or Clashing Rocks, also known as the Cyanean Rocks, were, according to legend, a pair of small islands at the northern mouth of the Bosphorus that clashed together whenever a vessel passed through. On one of the rocks, the so-called Pillar of Pompey is situated, an ancient altar. The lighthouse with its adventurous sidearms (Rumeli Feneri) that Löwenhielm depicted was replaced by a larger construction during the Crimean War. Uppsala University Library. Dav 3993, Skissbok 3:9 239
16.18 Ruines du Chateau des Génois, sur le Bosphore ‘Ruins of the “Genoese” (Yoros) Castle’, 1824. This castle ruin on the Asian side of the Bosphorus just above Anadolu Kavaǧı is traditionally attributed to the Genoese. Inscriptions show, however, that it was built during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palælogus (1259–1282). Uppsala University Library Dav 3992, Skissbok 2:10 239
17.1 Mediterranean vegetation according to the Sturtzenbecker maps. The interpretation of individual trees and plants is in many cases uncertain. The maps do not show any unexpected vegetation. Only the unidentified “Bigleaf” plants on the Adriatic and Ionian coasts and the spruce on Istanbul’s Black Sea coast stand out 244
Tables
17.1_1:017 Unidentified Aegean island. Church village with Western-type gabled houses 248
17.2_1:021 Astipalea. Christian church village with flat-roofed houses 248
17.3_1:022 Crete: Heraklion. Flat-roofed houses throughout. Inland villages in Crete otherwise have gabled houses. Small circles on top of spires instead of crosses indicate Muslim identity, representing the crescent moon, symbol of the Ottoman Empire 248
17.4_1:027 Rhodos. The still existing windmills are visible along the shore at the harbor. Gabled houses within the walls 249
17.5_1:160 Rhodos. Windmills on harbor walls, harbors closed with chains, ships under construction on shore, mosques with cupolas, town houses with hip roofs, country houses with gables 249
17.6_1:047 Alexandria. Extremely simplified representation of the city with Muslim spired forts guarding the harbor entrance 250
17.7_1:063 Ténès – Cezayir (Algeria). Town with gabled houses and offshore fortresses. Inland forts fly red flags. The explanation of this remains unknown 250
17.8_1:108 Anaboli - Nauplion. The zigzag cleft in the mountain is believed to represent the channel probably dug by the Venetians in the 16th century, separating the city peninsula from the mainland. Bourtzi fortress, built in 1471, is visible in the sea 251
17.9 For comparison: Napoli de Romania (Anaboli – Nauplion). Engraving by Giacomo Franco, 1597. Bourtzi fortress bottom right. The town and fortress had been taken by the Ottomans in 1540, and were recovered by the Venetians in 1686. Wikimedia Commons 251
17.10_1:87 Brindisi. Almost comically anthropomorphic town map 252
17.11 For comparison: Brindisi in Piri Reis, 17th century, Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, ms W.658, No 419. Wikimedia Commons 253
17.12_1:162 Unidentified Aegean island harbor town surrounded by wall, bastioned moat and palisade. Buildings seem to consist of round huts with pointed roofs 253
17.13_1:172 Istanbul with rich and varied vegetation, even autumn colors in the Seraglio garden and at the naval harbor at Kasımpaşa by the Golden Horn. Spruce on the Black Sea. North is down on the map 254
17.14_1:172 Istanbul galley sheds at Kasımpaşa by the Golden Horn. Three sailing ships moored at the quay. Yellow trees among the green ones in a park 254
17.15_1:172 Istanbul Kız Kulesi (Leander’s Tower) & other elaborate towers on the Üsküdar side of the Bosphorus 255
17.16_1:103 Kefalonia. Fortress with walled-in courtyard. Its function is unclear. Spire with cross. The island belonged to the Venetians from 1500 to 1797 255
17.17_1:105 Methoni – Modon. Offshore fortress, also called Bourtzi. Methoni was captured by the Venetians in 1206 and by the Ottomans in 1500, and was briefly held by the Hospitaller Knights in 1532. The Venetians recaptured it and held it between 1686 and 1715, after which the Ottomans held it until the French Morea Expedition 1828 256
17.18 For comparison: Methoni – Modon with crescent flag in Piri Reis 17th century ms, Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, W.658, No 270. Wikimedia Commons 256
17.19_1:132 Unidentified location. Circular fortress 257
17.20_1:133 Unidentified location. Square fortress, spires with crosses, i.e. Christian 257
17.21_1:124 Unidentified location. Varied architecture, mainly Christian. Three-aisled basilica without cross, village with churches, square fortress, towers guarding harbor entrance, and multi-spired palace, all Christian. This looks like a drawing exercise rather than an actual drawing from reality 258
17.22_1:165 Eğriboz – Euboia. Central perspective view of fortified town and adjacent sacred compound (?) with six minarets 258
17.23_2:09 Sakız / Chios. Central perspective view of settlement, Muslim. A type of Europe-influenced central perspective often seen in Islamic art, e.g. a magnificient garden painting from North India ca 1765 in the David Collection, Copenhagen (Folsach & Meyer 2017: 222-223) 259
17.24_1:84 Malta with Spanish ships. In 1520 Malta was given by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to the Hospitaller Knights after they were driven out of Rhodes by the Ottoman Empire. North is down on the map. One ship is firing a cannon, whether in battle or as a salute is unclear. The inscriptions by the ships might provide an explanation. The aqueduct depicted just above the center is the Wignacourt Aqueduct, built by the Order of Saint John and completed in 1615. With a length of 26.5 km, it carried water from sources in Dingli and Rabat to the newly-built capital city Valletta. It is named after the Grand Master Alof de Wignacourt who paid most of the cost (434,605 scudi) 259
17.25_1:149 Kos, with fortress evidently in flames. Historical context unknown. West is up on the map. Also warning for shoals at cape. An example of marine symbols. Kos island (İstanköy) was in Ottoman possession during 1523–1912 260
17.26_1:85 Sicily as illustrated in the manuscript. East and west have changed place. The Lipari volcano islands are represented as blue “balloons” north of Sicily. The blue Fleur-de-lys points South (usually North) 260
17.27 For comparison: Sicily in Pīrī Re’īs version 2 ms Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Ayasofya 2612, dated 1574 261
17.28_1:159 Pen sketch of unidentified harbor with a lighthouse and a fortified town with a cathedral in the background 261
17.29_1:118 Caloiero (Kandelioussa) island with monastery, 17 km WSW of Nisyros. The island appears fertile and lush, with cedars, pines, and various species of bushes and plants. Today it is rocky and uninhabited 261
17.30_1:117 Caloiero with a fire-basket representing the boat originally used by the monks to collect alms 262
17.31 For comparison: Caloiero island with monastery and winch for launching boat to collect alms. Woodcut in Benedetto Bordone, Libro de tutte l’isole del mondo (Book of all the world’s islands), Venice, 1528. Here we find the sad story how a shipwrecked crew saved by the monks captured their rescuers and sold them into slavery 262
17.32_1:102 Leukas island with many specimens of an unidentified “Bigleaf” plant on the adjacent mainland 262
Appendix. Reproduction of the Panorama of Constantinople drawn in the 1670s by Marco de Broen, a Dutch merchant from Amsterdam. Uppsala University Library. Two fold-out sheets in a pocket at the end of the volume