2.1 Sardonyx cameo of Constantine and the Tyche of Constantinople; 18,5 × 12,2 cm; Hermitage: ГР-12534, courtesy Hermitage Museum 36
2.2 Mosaic in the southwestern entrance of the Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey); photo from public domain 37
7.1 Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano, frieze sarcophagus, Rep. I nr. 770 117
7.2 Kraków, Museum Narodowe, fragment of a sarcophagus lid with Peter and the dog of Simon magus, Rep. II nr. 225 120
7.3 Rome, Ospedale S. Spirito, sarcophagus with Peter, Christ and the cock, J. Wilpert, I sarcophagi cristiani antichi I, Roma 1929, pl. 92,1 122
7.4 St. Peter’s, Reconstruction of the interior by K. Brandenburg, A. Morales, from Brandenburg (2017), cover 125
7.5 Rome, Campo Santo Teutonico, sarcophagus fragment with the traditio clavium, from A. Wieczorek, S. Weinfurter, Die Päpste und die Einheit der lateinischen Welt (Regensburg 2017) p. 57 129
8.1 Column shaft showing the martyrdom of Achilleus, marble, late 4th c. (?), Catacomb of Domitilla, Rome, (Fasola [1989] 38 fig. 8) 139
8.2 Sucessa-vivas-medallion, engraving of the lead replica of the bronze original already lost in the 19th c. (De Rossi [1869] no. 8, via https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/bacr1869/0057, adapted by CKD, RU Nijmegen) 141
8.3 Sucessa-vivas-medallion, engraving of the bronze original, formerly Coll. di Stampe G. Durazzo (Maffioli [1999] fig. 5, adapted by CKD, RU Nijmegen) 142
8.4 Enkolpion (sketch, original lost) with multiplication of the leaves and a scene of martyrdom (?), bronze (Rossi [1872] table 2, no. 2 and 3 via https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/bacr1872/0165), (adapted by CKD, RU Nijmegen) 143
8.5 Martyrdom of Menas on a pyx, ivory, 6th c., London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1879,1220.1 (© Trustees of the British Museum) 144
8.6 Decollation of three anonymous martyrs, fresco, ca. 400, in a ‘private chapel’ under SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Rome (photo Sible de Blaauw 2019) 146
8.7 Intaglio showing the Crucifixion of Christ, bloodstone, late 2nd or 3rd c., from Syria (?), London, British Museum, Inv. No. PE 1986,0501.1 (© Trustees of the British Museum) 153
8.8 Intaglio showing the Crucifixion of Christ, carnelian, 4th c. (?), London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1895,1113.1 (© Trustees of the British Museum) 154
8.9 Fragment of a sarcophagus with columns (Rep. I 57), marble, late 4th c., Vatican, Museo Pio Cristiano (© Musei Vaticani) 157
8.10 Tree-sarcophagus (Rep. I 61, “Lateran Sarcophagus 164”), marble, 2nd third of 4th c., Vatican, Museo Pio Cristiano (© D-DAI-Rom-3229 with kind permission of Musei Vaticani) 158
8.11 Frieze sarcophagus (Rep. I 6; “Lateran sarcophagus 161”), marble, 1st quarter of 4th c., Vatican, Museo Pio Cristiano (© Sansaini, D-DAI-ROM-57.991 with kind permission of Musei Vaticani) 159
8.12 Sarcophagus with columns (Rep. I 58), marble, late 4th c., Vatican, Museo Pio Cristiano (© Fraglia, D-DAI-ROM-6373 with kind permission of Musei Vaticani) 159
8.13 Sarcophagus with columns (Rep. III 498, so-called sarcophagus of St. Mary Magdalene), marble, last third of 4th c., St. Marie-Madeleine, St.-Maximin-la-St.-Baume (© Boehringer, D-DAI-ROM-60.1656) 161
11.1 Graffito with possible consular date (260 CE) from the Triclia, ICVR, V 12935, EDB 26596 (photo by courtesy of Antonio E. Felle) 210
11.2 Tabulation of the sequence of the apostolic names on graffiti of the Triclia 212
12.1 Inscription in the triclia below S. Sebastiano ad catacumbas (Photo Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology) 234
12.2 Ground plan of Old St. Peter. Tiberius Alpharanus: Almae urbis divi Petri veteris novique templi descriptio / Tiberii Alpharani Hieracen, authoris. Natalis Bonifacius Sibenicen. Incedebat, around 1590 (Biblioteca Hertziana) 237
12.3 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. lat. 4407, Antonio Eclissi: Effigie di settantotto Pontifici dipinti intorno alla basilica di San Paolo, 1634, fol. 46 (Per concessione della Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, ogni diritto riservato) 242
12.4 Idealized scheme of architectural appropriation 246