Index of Subjects
Acquisition
second-dialect
29, 63, 64, 65n6
second-language
29, 61, 63, 65n6
Actuation problem
8, 19, 33, 110, 133, 157
Age-grading
58, 61
Albanian
168
Allophone
6, 20, 46, 47, 53, 115
American Structuralism
2, 155
Analogy
15, 17, 18n31, 18n32, 31, 32, 46, 111, 112, 113, 133, 135, 136, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 163
Anatolian
156
Anatolian model
25, 26, 27
Apparent time
29, 48, 50, 59, 60, 61, 62, 68
Artificial intelligence
98
Austronesian
27, 122, 124
Avestan
168
Axis of successivity
83
Bantu languages
121, 122
Bayesian phylogenetic model
25, 26
Big data
33, 125, 156, 159, 160, 162
Bilingualism
22, 116, 117
Biographical information
24
Borrowing
21, 22, 23, 31, 46, 116, 117, 118, 119, 162
dialect
15
lexical
22, 22n40
scale
22, 22n40
structural
22, 22n40
British National Corpus
160
Buckeye Speech Corpus
160
Cartesianism
97, 98, 106
Celtic
26, 168
Centralization
10, 11, 59, 59n3, 60
Chain
10n20, 137
drag
9, 10
push
9, 10
Change
contact-induced
11, 19, 21, 22, 22n40, 23, 24, 24n42, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 156, 159, 161, 161n8
contact-reinforced
22, 22n38
diachronic
4n10, 18, 20, 21, 58, 59, 66, 79, 81, 145
from below
29, 43, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 72
incomplete
6n15
language
8, 11, 19, 31
linguistic
6, 19
morphosyntactic
32, 117, 132, 133, 143, 145, 146
over lifetime
62, 68, 163
phonemic
6, 9, 45, 46, 115, 118
phonetic
9, 12, 15, 15n26, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 64, 112, 125, 165
phonological
11, 12, 12n21, 14, 17, 20n34, 66, 69, 72, 112, 117, 124
primary
11
sound
1, 2n2, 5, 5n13, 6, 7, 7n16, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15n26, 16, 16n28, 17, 18, 18n32, 19, 20, 20n34, 21, 21n35, 29, 31, 32, 33, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 55, 59, 62, 110, 111, 112, 113, 121, 125, 132, 153, 165
Chess
79, 80
Child language acquisition
62, 65n6, 163, 164
Chinese
63, 117, 118, 134
Classical philology
88, 165, 166
Clause
relative
22, 100, 136, 139
subordinate
22, 137
Clock model
25
Code-switching
24, 117
Cognitive Contact Linguistics
24, 25
Comparative method
21, 25, 27, 33, 121, 164, 164n10
Comparative philology
166
Computational phylogenetics
19, 25, 25n43, 26, 27, 33, 156, 161
Constraints problem
33, 133, 157
Construction
networks
141, 143, 144, 145
Construction Grammar
32, 142, 142n5, 142n6, 143
Constructionalization
32, 132, 133, 137, 141, 142, 142n5, 143, 144, 144n7, 145
non-compositionality in
143
productivity in
143, 144
schematicity in
143, 144
Context
context-dependency
32, 135, 139
Conversation analysis
94, 95, 100, 159
Intonation Unit
100, 103n34
Turn Constructional Unit
100, 105
Projection
99, 102, 103, 104, 106
Corpora, electronic
25, 32, 134
Corpus of Contemporary American English
160
Corpus of Historical American English
160
Corpus studies
25, 33, 125, 143, 156, 159, 160
Cours de linguistique générale (Ferdinand de Saussure)
30, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 84n6, 84n7, 84n8, 85, 86, 87, 95, 99, 99n28
as a fabrication
84
Cushitic
118, 119, 122
Czech
165, 165n11
Data
real-time
5, 22n39, 100
Degrammaticalization
138, 143
Deletion
schwa
17, 18n31, 115
Deliberate language change
121, 122, 123, 124, 127
Diachronic linguistics
30, 79, 80, 81, 84, 89, 95, 111, 132
Diachrony
79, 80, 81, 89, 89n16, 95, 132, 155
Dialectology
9, 46, 160
Diasystematic Construction Grammar
25
Différance
Derrida
96
Giddens
96
and différence
96
as structuration
96
Diffusion
6n15, 29, 46, 52, 62, 65, 157, 160, 165
Diminutive suffix
17, 112, 113
Drift
16, 157
Écrits de linguistique générale (Ferdinand de Saussure)
30, 83, 84, 84n8, 85, 86, 90
Embedding problem
29, 45, 58, 110, 133, 157, 158
Emergent Grammar
86, 95, 106
Endangered languages
123
English
Middle
12, 14, 115, 138
Modern
10, 17, 22, 24, 58, 115
Old
6, 13, 17, 115
Environment
morphological
17
Epenthesis
13, 16
Estonian
122
Evaluation problem
110, 157, 161
Exemplar theory
46
Experimental studies
32, 125, 146, 156, 161
Expressive word-formation
168
(eyC) raising
29, 47–53
Factor
external
10, 119
non-linguistic
10, 23n41, 31, 111, 115, 116
semantic
17
social
6, 10, 11, 43, 62, 110, 116, 125, 158, 167
Feature
innovative
23, 118
interference
22, 23, 117, 118, 119
structural
19, 21, 22n40, 100, 116, 118, 120
Formal logic
Law of Contradiction
98
French
59n2, 66–69, 71, 72, 87, 104, 105, 115, 117, 123, 134, 135, 136
auxiliary selection
68
future
67, 68
apical to posterior /r/
66, 67, 72
Frequency
6, 9, 16, 32, 46, 47n5, 51, 52, 121, 134, 143, 144, 145, 159
Functional load
8, 9
Future
67, 68, 71, 118, 136, 137, 139, 140, 143
Genealogical/ genetic classification
19, 25, 25n43, 26, 27, 33, 42, 116, 156, 161, 162, 164, 165
Generative
approaches
vii, 2, 2n5, 4n10, 5, 11, 19, 33, 45, 136, 155, 162, 163
phonology
2n6, 12n21, 14, 155
German
Middle High
17, 18n31, 86
Modern
7, 18, 102, 105, 122, 134, 143
Standard
24
Texas
22, 22n39, 23, 24
Germanic
1, 7, 23, 168
Gothic
23
Greek
1, 23, 93, 166, 167, 168
Gradualness
32, 134
Grammatical
conditioning
18, 111, 112
Grammaticalization
32, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 141, 142n5, 144n7
as expansion
137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145
as reduction
135, 139, 140, 144, 145
cline of
137, 138
Helsinki Corpus of English
32, 134, 160
Heterogeneity in structure
157
HiSON
160
Historical sociolinguistics
3, 58, 125, 160
Historicism
of Margolis
93
of Paul
31, 99
Historiography
linguistic
4, 7, 14
History
Braudel and
93
Hermann Paul and
88, 89
Saussure and
81
Hittite
156, 156n3, 167, 168
Identification
religious
24
Idiolect
29, 45, 46, 157, 161
Imperfect learning
23, 24, 116, 118, 162
Indo-European Hypothesis
28
Innovation
13, 23, 26, 61, 62, 118, 122, 133, 160, 163
Instrumental studies
20, 156, 161
Interactional Linguistics
94, 95, 100
Interference
24, 31, 111, 115, 117, 118, 119
shift-induced
22, 23, 31, 117, 118, 119
Internal causation
119, 120
Irish
Modern
27
Old
26, 27, 168
Karelian
17, 18
Lachmann’s Law
12, 12n23, 13, 14, 14n24, 18
Langue
and parole
79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 99
and langage
85, 85n11, 86, 86n12
acte de langage
85, 86, 86n12
Language contact
11, 19, 21, 22, 22n38, 22n40, 23, 24, 24n42, 33, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 156, 159, 161, 161n8
Language relationship
25, 33, 162, 164, 165
Language state
état de langue (Saussure)
30, 79n2, 81, 82, 86, 87
Sprachzustand (Paul)
30, 86, 87, 87n13, 88, 88n14, 100n30
Laryngeal theory
156, 156n3, 168
Latin
12, 12n23, 13, 14, 26, 27, 122, 123, 136, 137, 139, 140, 166, 167
Lexical
diffusion
6n15, 46, 52, 165
item
21, 52, 104, 124, 135, 136, 139, 140, 145
Lexicalist syntax
155
Linearity
79, 81, 82, 83
Linguistic Atlas of New England
5, 60
Linguistic Society of America
125, 125n42, 161
Linguistics
cognitive
24, 25, 99, 142, 146
corpus
25, 33, 125, 143, 156, 159, 160
Linguistics Research Center
vii, viii, 3n7, 3, 4, 28
Listener
20, 21, 21n36, 102
Martha’s Vineyard
5, 6, 10, 11, 29, 59, 60, 154, 158
Mentalism
98
Metadata
24
Metathesis
15
Michif
123, 160
Micro-history
32, 134, 160
Minimal pair
8
Minimalist syntax
155
Modeling
mathematical
25, 33, 156, 159, 162, 168n13
phylogenetic
33, 156, 161
Mohawk
13, 14, 16, 17, 18
Monolinguals
65n6, 163
Morpheme boundary
13, 14
Morphological
condition
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18n32, 19, 112, 113, 124
Multilinguals
123, 163
Multiple causation
7n17, 31, 111, 113, 114, 115, 119, 120
NARNiHS
125, 160
Neogrammarian
13, 15, 16, 17, 18n32, 42, 46, 52, 135, 141
hypothesis
16, 18n32, 33, 111, 165, 166
and Saussure
85
Old Church Slavonic
167
Old Norse
168
Old Persian
166
Online syntax
105
Optimality Theory
44
Orderly differentiation and variation
43, 44, 50, 157, 158
Paradigm
31, 110, 111, 112, 114, 132, 134, 141, 144, 145, 153
Parole
79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 99
Perfect
137, 139
Philology
33, 88, 158, 165, 166
Phonemic
opposition
8
shift
6
Phonemicization
115
Phonemics
99
Phonetic
environment
10, 17, 20, 44, 47
precondition
20
variation
6, 10, 20
Phonetics
16, 19, 20, 21, 125
Phonological
component
13, 14
rule
11, 12n21, 13, 14, 18, 20n34, 46
space
9, 12n19
Phylogenetic model
25, 26, 27, 33, 156, 161
Pidgin languages
123
Platonism
89, 89n17, 106
Post-structuralism
97, 106
Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte (Hermann Paul)
30, 31, 87, 88, 89, 90, 99, 100
Processualism (Rescher)
93
Progressive marker
22, 143
Pronunciation
20, 71, 160, 165
norm
21
Proto-Indo-European
viii, 25, 26, 27, 155, 156, 167, 168
Quantitive sociolinguistics
33, 72, 156, 158, 159, 167
Quantitative turn
32, 134
Range of dispersion
9
Reanalysis
140, 141, 163
Recipient language
23, 24
Reconstruction
viii, 6, 26, 26n44, 80, 92, 95, 121, 126, 136, 155, 156n3, 164, 167, 168
Regularity
1, 17, 18n32, 33, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 111, 112, 113, 158, 165
Representations (Vorstellungen) in Paul’s Prinzipien
90, 90n19, 91, 92, 92n23
Rhetoric
Perelman and Olbrects-Tyteca
97
Poulakos
93
Romance
26, 136, 139
Rotuman
17
Rule
adaptive
165, 165n11
insertion
11, 12, 12n21, 13, 14, 14n24, 18
Salishan
116
Sanskrit
1, 17, 166, 167, 168
Scots Gaelic
27
Seminal works in linguistics
21, 154, 155
Semitic
118, 119
Sentences
apo koinou (pivot sentence)
101
biclausal
101, 104
increments
99, 101, 102, 104
Serbo-Croatian
language formerly known as
114
Shift
see Interference
language
21
sound
6, 8, 9
Sign
in the Cours de linguistique générale
79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 85n9, 86, 99, 133, 136, 138, 142
and time
79, 81, 82, 82n4, 83, 83n5, 85, 99
arbitrariness
81
images acoustiques
79
signifiant
79, 82
signifié
79, 84
in the Écrits de linguistique générale
84, 85, 85n9
reciprocity of
85, 86, 86n12
Slang
122
Sociolinguistics
viii, 2, 3, 4, 23n41, 28, 29, 31, 33, 44, 58, 66n8, 110, 116, 119, 125, 127, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 162, 166, 167, 168
Sociophonetics
21n36, 158, 161
Spanish
3, 113, 123, 134
Old Spanish
112, 113
Speaker
as locus of change
90, 134
attitude
24
Spectrography
100, 101
Speech community
9, 23, 29, 30, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 58, 64, 66, 72, 73, 118, 123, 124, 157, 161, 165, 166
Stability in language
33, 70, 79, 156, 164
Steppe model
25, 26, 27
Stigmatization
46, 124 , 165n11
Structuralist
15, 16, 16n29, 30, 78, 80, 84, 95
Structuration
95, 96, 97
Swampy Cree
16
Switchboard Corpus
160
Synchronic linguistics
2, 5, 30, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89, 95, 99, 105, 132, 140
Synchrony
80, 89, 89n16, 95, 132, 136, 155
Syntagm
136, 137, 140
Target language
22, 23, 118, 119
Tense-aspect systems
78, 105, 106, 137
Texas German Dialect Project
22n39, 24
Text
32, 70, 98, 100, 104, 134, 166
Time
Saussurean time
30, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 83n5, 89, 95, 99
Braudelian time
93, 94, 95
kairós
93, 94, 95, 95n25
Conjunctoral (temps conjoncturel)
93, 94, 95
Eventive (temps événementiel)
93, 94, 95
longue durée
93, 94, 96
and parole
79, 82, 83, 86
and temporality
30, 31, 78, 79, 80, 81, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 105, 106
Tocharian
156
Trajectories, individual
stable
30, 61, 66, 68, 69, 70
retrograde
30, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71
participation in change
30, 46, 61, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70
Transition problem
29, 45, 46, 58, 110, 133, 157
Transmission
20, 29, 33, 54, 58, 62, 65, 72, 162
Twitter
160, 166
Typology
78, 94, 95, 155
Unidirectionality
32, 43n4, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145
Usage
32, 69, 71, 84, 86, 90, 111, 134, 137n3, 143, 145, 159, 163, 165n11, 167, 168
Variability
20, 29, 30, 45, 58, 61, 63, 72, 157, 158, 160
Variable
sociolinguistic
23, 24, 44
Variation
diachronic
20, 21
sociolinguistic
29, 33, 110, 154, 159, 162
Variant
phonetic
6
Written Language Bias (Linell)
98, 98n27
Yiddish
17, 18, 117
Yiddish Atlas
159