Index
Action Plan of 2006–2009 (Quebec)
120–121
Action Plan of 2009–2014 (Quebec)
120–121, 122
Action Plan on European Engagement (Scotland)
75
Afghanistan
93
Afghanistan Task Force (Canada)
93
Analysis and Development Agency
196
Anholt, Simon
78
Arab Spring
167, 189
Arsenault, Amelia
137–138
Art and Scholarship program (Indonesia)
195
Asia
25, 47, 95, 96, 172
China; Indonesia
Asian financial crisis
172, 184, 199
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
173, 184, 187, 192, 195
Ataturk, Kemal
142, 143
Australia
93–99, 174
Canada-Australia comparisons
DFAT
93, 94, 95–96, 97, 99, 110
diaspora populations
103, 110
involvement with Asian neighbors
95, 96
Australia 2020 Summit
98
Australian Experience: A Cautious Approach to Developing the National Narrative, The (DFAT)
93
Australian Labor Party (ALP)
96
Axworthy, Lloyd
88–89
Bali Democracy Forum (BDF)
187
Beaudoin, Louise
124–125
Bélanger, Louis
116
Belgium
60–61, 70, 75–76, 131
Berlusconi, Silvio
61
Besucherprogramm (German networking program)
73
BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa)
26, 144, 178
Indonesia and
199
British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)
64, 71
British North America Act
138
Brookings Institution
146, 147, 148–149
Brown, John
33
budgetary constraints to public involvement
33, 103
economic crises and instability
digital communication and social media
68, 105
efficiency driven by
70, 100
Germany
63
Greece
61–62
Indonesia
195
the Netherlands
70, 74
Quebec
132
California, US
130–131
Cam, Serdar
161–162
Canada
42, 46, 87–93
Quebec, Canada
DFAIT
46, 86–87, 88, 89–91, 100–101, 110, 137n60
diaspora populations
91, 103, 110
domestic outreach and
43, 89–90
Canada-Australia comparisons
83–110
Australia focus
93–99
Canada focus
87–93
(de)centralized structures
94, 100, 101, 102
constructivism and
85, 106–109, 110
context for domestic public diplomacy development
85, 86
governmental structure and party affiliation
5, 8, 85–86, 102
Canada-Australia comparisons, public involvement
85–106
(de)centralized structures
90, 94, 100, 101, 102
challenges and opportunities
102–106
constructivism and
85, 106–109, 110
consultation
46, 91, 92, 98, 102
debate and exchange
89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98–99
diaspora populations
103, 104
goals
87, 89, 96, 98, 103, 104
indigenous communities
104–105
information-messaging
92, 94, 96, 99
initiatives, Australia
93–99
initiatives, Canada
87–93
initiatives, compared
99–102
local levels
101–102
one-off events
98, 103
Canada in the World paper (DFAIT)
88
Canadian Centre for Foreign Policy Development
88–89
Canadian Experience, The: Promoting Canadian Values and National Unity Canada (DFAIT)
86–87
Canadian Institute of International Affairs (Canadian International Council)
87
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
91–92
Carr, Bob
99
Castells, Manuel
21
Catalonia
18, 47, 63–64, 65, 130
censorship
in China
47
in Turkey
166, 167, 168, 170
centralized structures
decentralized structures
EU
58, 62, 79, 81
Turkey
163
Central Treaty Organization
142
Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS, Indonesia)
171, 174–175, 193
Çevik, B. Senem
155
China
25, 171, 198
in BRICS
26, 144, 178, 199
domestic citizenry’s restricted speech in
47
Indonesia and
173, 183–184
journalism in
166
Chitty, Naren
45–46
CHP (Turkish political party)
168–169
Chrétien, Jean
87–88
CIVETS (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa)
26, 178
CIVICUS Civil Society Index Report
163
civil society organizations (CSOs)
163–164, 184–185, 186, 190, 201
climate change and sustainability
200, 201n82
Cold War
15
collaborative public diplomacy
.
see debate and exchange; relational diplomacy
Colombo Plan
95
Committee of the Regions (CoR)
63
Committee to Protect Journalists
168
communication
.
see consultation with the public; debate and exchange; information-messaging
communication’s revolution
11, 17, 18
digital communication and social media
Communication Strategy Department (Czech Republic)
76
communication studies
21, 22
competitive identity
125
identity-based public diplomacy
Conference of the New Emerging Forces (CONEFO)
194
Consell de Diplomàcia Pública de Catalunya [Public Diplomacy Council of Catalonia, Diplocat]
64, 65
constructivism
3, 8, 23, 27, 84, 170
Canada and Australia’s public diplomacy, compared
85, 106–109, 110
holistic
25, 85, 107–108
Constructivist International Relations
23
consultation with the public
19, 43, 49, 69–72, 113, 176
debate and exchange; information-messaging
in Canada and Australia, compared
46, 91, 92, 98, 102
democracy relationship
35, 57
in EU as whole
57, 62–63, 67–68, 69–72, 81
in Finland
62–63, 66
in Flanders, Belgium
60
in Greenland/Denmark
72
in Indonesia
190, 195, 196, 200
in Norway
69–70
on public involvement continuum
56–57, 176n17
in Quebec
87, 124, 133, 140
in Scotland
72, 75
in Turkey
149
Copeland, Daryl
50–51, 83–84, 100–101
corporate communication
7, 9, 24–27, 39–40, 59–60, 64
Quebec and
127, 139
Council of Europe
149
counterterrorism
64
Cowen, Geoffrey
137–138
Croatia
77
Cull, Nicholas
37
Cultural and Art Scholarship Program (Indonesia)
193
culture
identity-based public diplomacy; nation branding
Australia
96–97
constructivism and
106, 107, 108
EU
73
identity-based public diplomacy and
116, 138
Indonesia
185, 187, 193–194, 196
Quebec
116–117, 121n19, 122
traditional public diplomacy
16, 21
Turkey
145, 153, 156–161, 169–170
Czech Republic
76
Davutoglu, H.E. Ahmet
146, 147–149, 158, 159
DC-IDP (direction des communications-information et diplomatie publique, Quebec)
120
Ministry of International Relations of Quebec (MIRQ); Quebec, Canada
counters fragmentation issues
127, 133
diplomacy training and evaluation by
122–123
domestic public diplomacy by
123–125, 128, 129
relational diplomacy and
134, 139–140
debate and exchange
14
consultation with the public; information-messaging; relational diplomacy; speakers’ programs
in Canada and Australia, compared
89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98–99
in EU
57, 62–63, 69–70, 72–73, 74, 75
on public involvement continuum
57, 176n17
public networking
39, 113
in Quebec
117, 122
in Turkey
157, 163–165, 170
decentralized structures
centralized structures; fragmentation
Canada and Australia, compared
90, 94, 100, 101, 102
EU
58, 79
federated entities
114, 130
Indonesia
204
Déclaration de services aux citoyens (2007)
124
Defense and Foreign Affairs Working Group (Indonesia)
193–194
Democratic Party (Turkey)
142
Denmark
65, 72
Department of External Affairs (Australia)
94
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT, Canada)
46, 86–87, 88, 89–91, 100–101, 110, 137n60
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT, Australia)
93, 94, 95–96, 97, 99, 110
Department of Foreign Affairs of the Ministry of the Flemish Community (Belgium)
131
Department of National Defence (DND, Canada)
92–93
Develi, Hayati
159
Developing-8 (D-8)
144
diaspora populations
91, 103, 110, 157, 170, 195
DIDP (direction de l’information et de la diplomatie publique)
119–120
DC-IDP (direction des communications-information et diplomatie publique, Quebec); Ministry of International Relations of Quebec (MIRQ); Quebec, Canada
digital communication and social media
18, 83, 89
budgetary constraints and
68, 105
Canada and Australia, compared
105
Finland’s public involvement initiatives and
74
information-messaging
68–69, 99
insufficient to address issues in traditional public diplomacy
51, 105
integrative diplomacy and
23–24, 51, 61
MFAs and
44, 105
relational approach and
50
restrictions, in Turkey
166, 167
diplomacy theory
107
domestic outreach
39, 41–45, 50, 76, 136–137
Canada
43, 89–90
initiatives
42–43
MFAs and
33, 43–44, 74, 84, 107, 110
public affairs comparisons
39–42, 45, 127–129
domestic public diplomacy
.
see consultation with the public; debate and exchange; information-messaging; integrative public diplomacy; intermestic interplay; new public diplomacy; traditional public diplomacy
Ecevit, Bulent
143
economically-bound diplomacy groupings
.
see emerging powers
economic crises and instability
budgetary constraints to public involvement
Asian financial crisis
172, 184, 199
EU
75, 77
global
2008, 37, 206
Greece
61–62
Indonesia “Reformasi” period and
184–185
Spain
63–64
Turkey
128, 142, 143–144, 148
economic growth and stability
179
emerging powers
China
26
Indonesia
26, 172, 173, 202
Turkey
26, 143–145, 150, 156, 158, 161
education
165, 196
Edwards, Albert
178
“Ein Pakt f ü r oder gegen Europa?” (“A Pact For or Against Europe?”) (Habermas, speech)
52
electoral motives
20, 38, 45, 49, 61, 103–104
politically-driven diplomacy decisions
emerging powers
25–27, 198
Indonesia; Turkey
BRICS
26, 144, 178, 199
CIVETS
26, 178
D-8
,
144
established powers, relations between
180–181
Indonesia counted as
26, 173, 178, 199
MIKTA
26–27, 144, 173, 194
MINT
26, 178
MIST
178
similarities and differences among
178–179
soft/hard power and
177, 178–181
Turkey and
142, 143, 144, 150–158, 169
“emerging states,” term
178
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip
143, 147, 150
autocracy/democracy conflicts and
165, 166, 167, 168–169
Gulen and
159, 160
journalism and
166
Erkaban, Necmettin
143
established powers
180–181
emerging powers
G-20
144, 149, 192
Estonia
63
“European Citizens’ Initiative,”
53, 71
European Economic and Social Committee (EESC)
63
European External Action Service (EEAS)
59
European identity
59, 66, 67
identity-based public diplomacy
European Neighborhood Policy
71
European Union (EU)
52–82
under specific country
accession process
76–77
decentralized structures in
58, 79
democratic legitimacy in
52
economic instability in
75, 77
integrative public diplomacy and
7–8, 54–55, 60–61, 80, 81
MFAs
59–63, 65–66, 69–70, 72–77, 75, 76, 131
nation branding in
65, 66, 130
soft power and
17
subsidiarity in
79
traditional public diplomacy and
17–18, 54, 63
Turkey and
143, 144–145, 146–147, 158, 164, 169
European Union, public involvement in
consultation
57, 62–63, 67–68, 69–72, 81
continuum
48, 56–58, 68–69, 176n17
debate and exchange
57, 62–63, 69–70, 72–73, 74, 75
decentralization and
79
domestic outreach and
43n33
goals
17–18, 59, 67, 68–69, 77
information-messaging
48, 49, 55, 57, 63, 67, 68–69, 77
initiatives
42–43, 52–53, 62, 71
intermestic approaches
7, 54, 75, 80
national, subnational, supranational interplay
74–80
policies and
64–67
practices of
67–74
prominence of
83
structures of
58–64
“EU Back to School” program
76
EU Commission’s Green Papers
75
EU Parlamentarium
69
“Europe Direct” initiatives network
69
Europe for Citizens program
67
Europe Fund (Dutch MFA)
74
Euroskepticism
77
evaluation of public diplomacy initiatives
122–123
Evans, Gareth
95–96, 98, 100
exchange of ideas
.
see debate and exchange
exchange programs
16, 48, 68, 69, 71
Expo World Fair (Turkey)
160
Facebook
.
see digital communication and social media
federated entities
114–115, 125–138
Quebec, Canada
Belgium
131
California
130–131
Catalonia
130
efficiency and
131–132
nation-branding and
115, 130, 138
public diplomacy challenges
125–129
Quebec as inspiration
132–138
tensions and conflict in domestic outreach by
136–137
financial issues
.
see budgetary constraints to public involvement; economic crises and instability; economic growth and stability
Finland
62–63, 66, 74
Fish, Steven
185
Fisher, Ali
37–38
Fitzpatrick, Kathy
84
Flanders, Belgium
60–61, 66
Fletcher School (Tufts University)
13
Foreign Commonwealth Office’s blog (UK)
32
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
143–144
Foreign Ministry Directorate of Public Diplomacy (Indonesia)
47
foreign policy
.
see identity-based public diplomacy; integrative public diplomacy; ministries of foreign affairs (MFAs); new public diplomacy; traditional public diplomacy
Foreign Policy Breakfast Forum (Indonesia)
195, 196, 200
Foreign Policy Dialogue (DFAIT)
89
Foreign Policy Promotion Programs (Turkey)
165
Forum on Public and Citizen Diplomacy (2011, Australia)
99
fragmentation
132–133
decentralized structures
in Canadian and Australian initiatives
100, 101
in EU initiatives
62, 64, 70
Indonesia
202
preventing and repairing
9, 24, 40n25, 116, 127
Quebec
9, 116, 118, 127, 133
France
59
Francophonie Summit (2008, Quebec)
117, 124
“free and active” policy (Indonesia)
183, 188, 208
Freedom House
170
Gérin-Lajoie, Paul
87, 116n12
Gérin-Lajoie doctrine
116–117, 138
Germany
15, 17, 63, 70, 73
Gezi Park protests (Turkey)
166
Gillard, Julia
98
Global Citizen Strategy (DFAIT)
91, 92, 103, 104
globalization
17, 55, 104
goals of public diplomacy
9, 15–16, 26, 125
in Belgium
60–61
in Canada and Australia, compared
87, 89, 92, 96, 98, 103, 104
changing interpretations
39
constructivism and
108
domestic outreach and
42
emerging powers
144
enhanced mobility through exchange programs
71
EU affairs
17–18, 59, 67, 68–69, 77
holistic management practices
24
in Indonesia
173, 175, 184, 187, 193, 202, 207
international policy cooperation
21, 39, 57
in New Zealand
43n35
public affairs and
40
public involvement continuum and
56, 176n17
in Quebec
9, 118, 120–121, 122–123, 127, 134
relationship-building
40, 42, 126, 127, 148, 184
results evaluation
122–123
soft/hard power and
177
in Turkey
146–149, 157, 159, 164–165, 169
Goksel, Diba Nigar
164
Goldman Sachs
178
governmental structure
.
see political and governmental structure
government communication
.
see information-messaging
Graham, Bill
89
Grand Design of Bureaucratic Reform (Indonesia)
203
Great Britain
15, 64, 66, 122
Greece
61–62
Greenland
72
Gregory, Bruce
50
Group of Twenty (G-20)
144, 149, 192
Gulen, Fethullah
158, 159–160
Gulen (Hizmet) movement
158–159, 160
Gullion, Edmund A.
13
Gursel, Cemal
142
Habermas, Jürgen
52–53
Habib, Philip
41n27
hard power
8
soft power
Asian countries
172
emerging powers
179–180
federated entities
115
Indonesia
199, 209
scholarship
16, 176, 177, 179–180
Harper, Stephen
90
Hatta, Mohammad
183
Hayek, Mazen
161
HDP Party (Turkey)
145
Hellenic Diaspora Initiative (2012)
62
Heller, Ken
40–41, 128
Henrikson, Alan
84
Hizmet (Gulen) movement
158–159, 160
Hocking, Brian
22, 62, 101, 177
holistic approach
5, 24, 48–51
integrative public diplomacy; intermestic interplay
holistic constructivism
25, 85, 107–108
scholarship
6, 7, 20, 22–23
Howard, John
96–98
humanitarian aid, Turkey and
158, 161–162
human rights
emerging powers and
181
Indonesia and
187
Turkey and EU
147, 168, 168–169
identity-based public diplomacy
106–108, 133, 136, 138
culture; nation branding
Australia
106, 107
Canada
106–107
Indonesia
172, 175, 192, 194, 208
Quebec
116–123, 125–126, 129
religion and
145
reputation management
22, 97–98, 101, 157, 172, 175
immigration
36, 86, 95n46, 136
India
47
indigenous communities
104–105, 110, 136
Indonesia
46, 171–175, 182–209
Islam, Indonesia and; ministry of foreign affairs (MFA) (Indonesia); Widodo, Joko (Jokowi)
central vs. local governmental control
204–205
China and
173, 183–184
consultation and
190, 195, 196, 200
continuity of international policy
182–183, 187–188, 209
cultural promotion
185, 187, 193–194, 196
diaspora populations
195
domestic public diplomacy
192–193, 206–209
economic diplomacy
199–200
economic growth
26, 172, 173, 202
as emerging power
26, 173, 178, 199
“free and active” international policy principles
183, 188, 208
identity-based public diplomacy
172, 175, 192, 194, 208
integrative public diplomacy and
10, 47, 186, 191, 199, 202, 208–209
intermestic interplay
6, 10, 182, 191–194, 206, 208–209
“maritime axis” doctrine
194
public diplomacy goals in
173, 175, 184, 187, 193, 202, 207
public diplomacy’s mainstreaming within
194, 196–197
public diplomacy structure proposals
201–205
regional involvement by
173–174
transversal diplomacy themes
182, 198–201
Indonesia, change and bureaucratic reform in
182, 187–188, 192, 199–200, 202, 203–204
of MFA
197–198, 203, 209
“Reformasi” period
184–185, 206, 208
Indonesia Press Council
206
Information and Public Diplomacy Division of MIRQ (direction de l’information et de la diplomatie publique, DIDP)
119–120
DC-IDP (direction des communications-information et diplomatie publique, Quebec)
information-messaging
21, 48, 49, 134, 172
consultation with the public; debate and exchange
in Canada and Australia, compared
92, 94, 96, 99
in Croatia
77
in EU
48, 49, 55, 63, 67, 68–69, 77
new public diplomacy favors exchange over
113
public affairs and
128
on public involvement continuum
57, 68–69, 176n17
in Quebec
119–120, 127, 140
in traditional public diplomacy
39–40, 55, 63, 92, 96, 120
in Turkey
157
Injustice of Sèvres, The (Turkish master narrative)
152
Institute for Peace and Democracy (BDF)
187
institutionalized public diplomacy
140, 177
Quebec
116, 119–123, 132, 134, 135, 139
integrated corporate communication
24–27
integrative public diplomacy
34, 48–49
intermestic interplay; new public diplomacy; traditional public diplomacy
Australia
97, 100
Canada
46, 100
constructivism and
23
decentralization and
100, 102
digital communication and
23–24, 51, 61
emerging powers
180–181, 198
EU
7–8, 54–55, 60–61, 80, 81
as evolutionary stage in public diplomacy
11, 14–15, 55–56, 58
Flanders, Belgium
60–61
Indonesia
10, 47, 186, 191, 199, 202, 208–209
public involvement continuum and
20, 57–58
Quebec
9, 120, 140
scholarship
6, 11, 22–23, 25, 27, 175, 176–177
Turkey
170
interfaith dialogue
26, 190–191, 195, 201, 204
intermestic interplay
2, 45–46, 49, 50, 56
emerging powers
180–181
EU
7, 54, 75, 80
Indonesia
6, 10, 182, 191–194, 206, 208–209
Quebec
129
Turkey
9, 150
International Policy Democratization (Indonesia)
182
International Policy Statement (DFAIT)
89
international reputation management
21–22, 97–98, 101, 157, 172, 175
identity-based public diplomacy; nation branding
internet
18
digital communication and social media
investing in public diplomacy
33, 36–37, 49, 179
Iran
166
Iraq
149
Islam
economic groupings of Muslim nations
144
extremism
18, 64, 154, 199
Islam, Indonesia and
184–185, 192, 193, 196, 200, 201
Indonesia
niche narrative of coexistence
182, 188–191, 198–199, 208
Islam, Turkey and
149, 151, 154, 157, 158, 164
Turkey
cultural traditions
161
EU and
147
Islamist Welfare Party
143
Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts
160
Italy
61, 70
Japan
122
John Holmes Fund
89
Jokowi (Joko Widodo)
.
see Indonesia; Widodo, Joko (Jokowi)
journalism
16, 61, 206
freedom of the press
166, 167, 168
in Turkey
142, 166–167, 168
Justice and Development Party (AKP, Turkey)
143, 144, 146, 170
Turkey
autocracy/democracy conflicts and
166, 167, 168–169
foreign policy goals
149
Gezi Park protests and
166
Gulen and, tensions between
159
journalism and censorship and
166, 168
Turkish master narratives and
154
Kalin, Ibrahim
147, 156
Kalla, Jusuf
187, 193–194
Kelley, John Robert
134
Kizilay (Red Crescent, Turkey’s Red Cross organization)
162
Kurdish people
146, 153, 167–168
Kurdish Worker’s Party (PKK)
167
Landmines Convention (1997)
89
Lippmann, Walter
21
Lisbon Treaty
71
London Turkish Film Festival
160
Lussier, Danielle
185
Marquardt, Paul
79
Martin, Paul
89
master narratives
184
Turkey
150–158, 164, 165–168, 169–170
media
.
see digital communication and social media; journalism
Melissen, Jan
34, 83, 113n3, 208
Menderes, Adnan
142
Middle East
12, 148–149, 157, 167–168, 169
Middle East Broadcasting Centre
161
MIKTA (Mexico, Indonesia, (South) Korea, Turkey and Australia)
26–27, 144, 194
Indonesia joins
173
Miliband, David
32
ministries of foreign affairs (MFAs)
83
ministry of foreign affairs (MFA) (Indonesia); Ministry of International Relations of Quebec (MIRQ)
Australia (DFAT)
93, 94, 95–96, 97, 99, 110
Canada (DFAIT)
46, 86–87, 88, 89–91, 100–101, 110, 137n60
challenges for
43–44, 84, 103
China
47
credibility dependent upon citizen support
35–36
digital communication and social media
44, 105
domestic outreach initiatives and
33, 43–44, 74, 84, 107, 110
efficiency pressures
81, 103
EU
59–63, 65–66, 69–70, 72–77, 131
federated entities
130, 131
fragmentation within
101
journalists within
61
New Zealand
43n35
political pressures
37
speakers’ programs
69–70
traditional public affairs activities by
40, 41
Turkey
146, 159, 160
Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)
196
ministry of foreign affairs (MFA) (Indonesia)
175, 195–196
Indonesia
credibility of
172, 202
intermestic interplay
193
Islam and
188–189
public diplomacy division
177, 182, 186, 194, 196, 201–203, 208
reorganization of
197–198, 203, 209
Ministry of International Relations of Quebec (MIRQ)
115
DC-IDP (direction des communications-information et diplomatie publique, Quebec); Quebec, Canada
DIDP
119–120
domestic public diplomacy and (DC-IDP)
123–125, 128, 129
fragmentation addressed by
133
Francophonie Summit
117, 124
Gérin-Lajoie doctrine and
116–117
institutionalized public diplomacy and
119–120, 121, 122–123
protonationalism and
137n60
youth apprenticeship programs and
118
Ministry of Religious, Women, Educational and Cultural Affairs (Indonesia)
202
Ministry of Tourism and Culture (Turkey)
160
MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey)
26, 178
MIST (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, and Turkey)
178
Muhammadiyah
185, 191, 201
Muslims
.
see Islam
Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)
190–191
“National Diplomatic Systems,”
177, 203
nation branding
126n35, 198
culture; identity-based public diplomacy
federated entities
115, 130, 138
reputation management
22, 35, 97–98, 101, 157, 172, 175
scholarship
8, 21, 65–66
the Netherlands
59–60, 70, 74
network-relational approach
.
see relational diplomacy
Neumann, Iver B.
108
new media
.
see digital communication and social media
new public diplomacy
18, 112–113
integrative public diplomacy; relational diplomacy; traditional public diplomacy
beyond
6, 7, 17, 21, 22, 48, 110
constructivism and
110
as evolutionary stage in public diplomacy
11, 14–15, 16, 17–21
Indonesia
175, 191
integrative approach takes facets of
22, 56, 175–176
non-state actors
19–20, 22
vs. people-to-people initiatives
20, 49
Quebec
87–88, 89, 139
rhetorical realm vs. reality of
49, 136
scholarship
6, 20–21, 22, 48, 175–176
newspapers
16
journalism
New World Order government (Indonesia)
192
New Zealand
43n35
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
183, 184, 192
non-state actors
.
see integrative public diplomacy; new public diplomacy
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
18, 142, 149
Norway
69–70
Nossal, Kim
35
Nye, Joseph, Jr.
16–17, 177
soft power
Obama, Barack
170, 188
objectives of public diplomacy
.
see goals of public diplomacy
#occupygezi movement
166
Office of Public Diplomacy (Turkey)
156–157, 163
old public diplomacy
.
see traditional public diplomacy
O’Neill, Jim
178
one-way communication
.
see information-messaging, in traditional public diplomacy
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
149
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
184, 190
Ottoman Empire
169–170
pan-Arab democracy youth movement
50
Paquin, Stéphane
135
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE)
169
Patronat Catalunya Mon (public-private consortium in Catalonia)
64
Pearson, Lester B.
87
people-to-people initiatives
20, 49
Persson, Liza M.
40–41, 128
Pierce, Franklin
12
Poland
76
political and governmental structure
Justice and Development Party (AKP, Turkey); ministries of foreign affairs (MFAs)
across EU countries
7, 52, 58
autocracy/democracy conflicts
165, 166, 167, 168–169
Canada-Australia comparisons
5, 8, 85–86, 102
Catalonia
47
emerging powers
26, 179, 180–181
federated entities
132
Indonesia
174, 185, 189, 192, 197
MFAs’ role within
40, 63
Quebec
117, 123
Turkey
9, 143–146, 157–159, 165–170
politically-driven diplomacy decisions
37, 63, 75, 120
electoral motives
20, 38, 45, 49, 61, 103–104
party ideologies
102, 138, 142, 197
polylateralism
19
Potter, Evan
50–51, 83–84, 136
Pouliot, Vincent
108
propaganda
12–13, 15, 32, 37–38, 49, 126
public affairs
39–42, 45, 127–129
domestic outreach
public diplomacy
.
see budgetary constraints to public involvement; Canada-Australia comparisons, public involvement; European Union, public involvement in; goals of public diplomacy; integrative public diplomacy; intermestic interplay; new public diplomacy; relational diplomacy; traditional public diplomacy
public diplomacy, as Janus-faced
50–51, 83–84, 136
public diplomacy, evolutionary stages
11–13
integrative approach stage
11, 14–15, 55–56, 58
new diplomacy stage
11, 14–15, 16, 17–21
traditional diplomacy stage
11, 14, 15, 16
Public Diplomacy Council of Catalonia (previously Patronat Catalunya Món)
18
public diplomacy meanings
as concept
11, 21–28
as diplomatic practice
11, 12, 13, 22, 27
international dimension evolution
38–39
as multidisciplinary field of study
11, 13, 27
as term
11, 12, 13, 32, 42, 113, 125
Public Diplomacy ‘pilot’ Programme (Canada)
88
public diplomacy scholarship
16–17, 83–84
public involvement continuum
11, 20, 48, 56–58, 68–69, 176n17
consultation with the public; debate and exchange; information-messaging
Pujol, Jordi
130
Putin, Vladimir
188
Quebec, Canada
88, 91, 112–140
Canada; DC-IDP (direction des communications-information et diplomatie publique, Quebec); federated entities; Ministry of International Relations of Quebec (MIRQ)
Canada’s domestic outreach and
136–137
challenges
125–129, 139
consultation and
87, 124, 133, 140
cultural promotion
116–117, 121n19, 122
domestic public diplomacy
116, 123–125, 128, 129
fragmentation and
9, 116, 118, 127, 133
identity-based public diplomacy
116–123, 125–126, 129
information-messaging and
119–120, 127, 140
as inspiration for federated entities
132–138
institutionalized public diplomacy
116, 119–123, 132, 134, 135, 139
integrative public diplomacy and
9, 120, 140
public affairs and
127–129
Quiet Revolution
138
‘Working in Concert’ policy
115, 120–121, 124, 140
youth apprenticeship programs
118
Red Crescent Society (Kizilay)
162
Red Cross
162
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD-initiative)
200
“Reflex” initiative (Norway)
69–70
relational diplomacy
25, 41–42, 48, 49, 50, 175
debate and exchange; integrative public diplomacy; new public diplomacy
DC-IDP and
134, 139–140
information-messaging dominates over
134, 140
public networking
39, 113
religious culture
145, 147
Islam
interfaith dialogue
26, 190–191, 195, 201, 204
Report to the Government on Bureaucratic Reform (Indonesia)
202
Republican People’s Party (Turkey)
142
reputation management
22, 97–98, 101, 157, 172, 175
identity-based public diplomacy; nation branding
MFAs and
35–36
Reus-Smit, Christian
108
Rudd, Kevin
98, 100
Scotland
66, 72, 75
“Scotland’s Future: A National Conversation,”
75
Secretariat General of Information and Communication (Greece)
62
Šefčvič, Maroš
53
Seib, Philip
18, 155, 177, 180
Self-Government Act (Greenland)
72
Senate Office of International Relations (California)
130
Sending, Ole Jacob
108
separations and distinctions
.
see intermestic interplay
Shinzo Abe
188
Slovak Republic
77
Smith-Mundt Act (1948, US)
46
Snow, Nancy
126
social media
.
see digital communication and social media
Société Générale
178
societization of diplomatic practice
34
soft power
hard power
Asian countries
25
defined
16
emerging powers
177, 178–181
federated entities
130
hardening edge of
180, 199
Indonesia
199, 209
Nye coins term
16–17, 177
scholarship
16–17, 176–177, 180
Turkey
150, 156, 157–158, 159, 160–162, 165–166
“Soft Power and Public Diplomacy in Turkey” (Kalin)
156
Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Nye)
177
Southeast Asia
171
sovereignty
78, 88
Soviet Union
15, 16, 184
Spain
18, 63–64, 130
speakers’ programs
20, 42–44, 57, 81
debate and exchange
Canada
91, 92–93, 101
EU
63, 67, 69–70
Indonesia
195
“Spot On, Turkey Now” (Turkish cultural festival)
160
stakeholder consultation
.
see consultation with the public
stakeholder engagement
.
see debate and exchange
Stockholm Internet Forum
68
Strategic Plan of 2008–2011 (Quebec)
120–121
Strengthening Civil Society Development and Civil Society-Public Sector Dialogue in Turkey Project
164–165
Suharto
183, 184, 189, 192
Sukarno
183–184, 189, 192, 194
Sukma, Rizal
84, 174–175, 193–194
Sweden
68
Syrian refugees
162
“Take Part!” web portal (EU)
68
Taksim Square protests (Turkey)
166
technology, communications advancements and
17, 24, 27, 45, 105
digital communication and social media
television, Turkish
160–161
terrorism
64, 167, 168, 190
Third Sector Foundation of Turkey (TUSEV)
164
total diplomacy concept
186
tourism
160, 161
traditional public diplomacy
13, 27, 33, 41n27
culture; information-messaging; integrative public diplomacy; new public diplomacy; reputation management
Australia
96, 100, 102
challenges to
17–18, 19, 39, 112–113, 175n16
constructivism and
107
culture and
16, 21
description of
7, 55
EU
17–18, 54, 63
as evolutionary stage in public diplomacy
11, 14, 15, 16
Indonesia
193, 200
information-messaging and
39–40, 55, 63, 92, 96, 120
integrative approach takes facets of
55–56, 80
MFAs and
100, 107
Quebec
120
scholarship
21, 22, 176
social media as ineffective fix
51, 105
transversal diplomacy themes
182, 198–201
Trudeau, Pierre
87
Tufts University
13
Turkey
26, 142–170
Islam, Turkey and; Justice and Development Party (AKP, Turkey)
autocracy/democracy conflicts
165–169
civil society sector
163–165
cultural promotion
145, 153, 156–161, 169–170
debate and exchange and
163–165, 167, 168
economic difficulties of
128, 142, 143–144, 148
economic growth in
26, 143–145, 150, 156, 158, 161
as emerging power
142, 143, 144, 150–158, 169
EU bid by
143, 144–145, 146–147, 158, 164, 169
foreign policy goals
9, 146–147, 149, 157
humanitarian aid
158, 161–162
journalism in
166, 167, 168–169
Kurdish people in
146, 153, 167–168
master narratives
150–158, 164, 165–168, 169–170
MFA
146, 159, 160
Office of Public Diplomacy
156–157, 163
political climate in
142–143, 145–146
public diplomacy goals
146–149, 157, 159, 164–165, 169
religious identity of
145, 147
soft power
150, 156, 157–158, 159, 160–162, 165–166
third-sector public diplomacy initiatives
164–165
“Turkey as an Emerging Power” (Erdogan)
150
Turkish Cooperation and Development Agency (TIKA)
161–162
Twitter
.
see digital communication and social media
UNESCO
117
United Nations Climate Change Conference
117
United States
13, 46, 149
Indonesia and
173, 184
views on Kurdish conflict
167, 168
United States Information Agency (USIA)
16
Unit for Europe Information and Civic Information (Finland)
74
Vienna Convention of 18 April 1961
,
13
whole-of-government diplomacy
15, 24, 44, 177, 198
in Belgium
60
in Canada and Australia, compared
93, 95, 101, 110
in EU
60, 63, 75
in Indonesia
200, 202, 204
Widjajanto, Andi
188
Widodo, Joko (Jokowi)
174, 187–188, 193–194, 199–200, 207
Indonesia
critiques
197–198
as “the people’s president,”
191, 198
success of
197, 205
Wiener Festwochen (Vienna Festival)
160
Wilson, Ross
145
Wiseman, Geoffrey
107
Woolcott, Richard
94
Workers Party (PKK)
142
‘Working in Concert’ (Quebec international policy)
115, 120–121, 124, 140
world wars, public diplomacy origins and
12–13, 15
Xi Jinping
188
“Your Scotland, Your Referendum” consultation
72
“Your Voice in Europe,”
71
Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang
172, 184, 188, 199–200, 204–205
Yunus Emre Foundation
159–160
Zaharna, Rhonda
46