Index
References in bold italic refer to books/works
Aaron, prophet
393
ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī
31
al-Nābulusī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī
ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Ghijduwānī
31
ʿAbdallāh al-Anṣārī
141
ʿAbdallāh al-Būsnawī
62
ʿAbdallāh al-Mahdī
256
ʿAbdallāh b. Muḥammad
267
ʿAbdallāh b. Munāzil
97
ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ
171
ʿAbdallāh b. ʿUmar
167
ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Damāwandī
294
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Nāṣir
257
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Thaʿālibī
153
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī
317
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Kāshānī
155, 288–289, 319
ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Shaʿrānī
102, 153
ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Warrāq
117
ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd
131, 133, 148
Abraham, prophet
178, 238, 278, 381, 393
Absolute non-Being (al-ʿadam al-muṭlaq)
60
abstention
7, 117, 166, 171–172, 174–176, 179, 181–185
Abū Bakr al-Bayhaqī
166
Abū Bakr al-Kalābādhī
79
Abū Bakr al-Mayūrqī
258
Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq
267
Abū Bakr al-Wāsiṭī
94, 212
Abū Bakr Sirāj ad-Dīn. see Lings, Martin
Abū Ḥanīfa
212
Abū Isḥāq al-Aṣbaḥī
223
Abū l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
367
Abū l-Ḥasan al-Daylamī
316
Abū l-Ḥasan al-Nūrī
135
Abū l-Ḥasan al-Shādhilī
260
Abū l-Ḥasan al-Sirjānī
93
Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-Kharaqānī
31
Abū l-Majd Sanāʾī
74
Abū l-Najīb al-Suhrawardī
83
Abū l-Qāsim al-ʿĀrif
383
Abū l-Qāsim Maslama al-Qurṭubī
236
Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Mursī
260
Abū Naṣr al-Tammār
117
Abū Qilāba ʿAbdallāh b. Zayd al-Jurmī
119
Abū Saʿīd al-Kharrāz
19, 173
Abū Saʿīd b. Abī l-Khayr
132
Abū Yazīd al-Basṭāmī
141, 183
Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī
157
Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Shīʿī
256
Abū ʿUbayda b. Ḥudhayfa
147
Active Intellect
235, 282, 284, 311
Ādāb al-ʿibādāt (Rules of Conduct for Acts of Worship)
174
ādāb (Sufi)
79, 83
Adam, prophet
20, 22–23, 26–29, 34, 49, 52–59, 61–62, 70–73, 76–80, 83, 97, 103–104, 180, 215, 235, 237–240, 242, 246, 251, 286, 288, 357, 387, 392–393
as microcosm
28–29, 55
as representative/vice-regent (khalīfa) of God in this world
56, 237
form (ṣūra) of
27, 53–54, 237
knowledge of names
53–54, 288
ʿadhāb al-qabr (“torments of the grave”)
122–123, 365, 367
afterlife
4, 7, 24, 51, 78, 109–110, 117, 125, 142–143, 149, 158, 175–176, 250, 366, 372, 374
help of living to the dead
118–120
interaction between living and dead
111–121
physical interactions
121–122
location of the dead
110–111
reality (ḥaqīqa) of
7
rewards in the
114–117
Aḥmad al-Aḥsāʾī
295
Aḥmad al-Badawī
252
Aḥmad-i Jām
135
Aḥmadiyya movement
220
Aḥmad (prophet Muhammad)
169
Aḥmad Sirhindī
31, 395
Ahriman
4
Akbarian school
2, 9, 190, 194–196, 199–200, 316–322, 353, 358–359
al-ākhira. see otherworld
Akkach, Samer
2, 209
ʿālam. see world
ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla al-Simnānī
101
Alexander the Great (Dhū l-Qarnayn)
22
Alexandrin, Lisa
261
Alfonso I of Coimbra
259
ʿAlī al-Jurjānī
283
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib
33, 39, 258, 280, 307
ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn
293
ʿAlī b. al-Muwaffaq
117
alienation from the world
168–170
Allāh. see (beautiful) names of God
all-encompassing rank of human being (al-martaba al-jāmiʿa)
360
All-Mercifulness (raḥmāniyya)
355
Almohads
258–260
Almoravids
257–259
amr-kalima theory
308, 311
Anas b. Mālik
116
angels
5–6, 20, 27–28, 32–36, 48, 52–54, 62, 68–77, 82, 84, 123, 138, 142, 195, 236, 238, 242, 268, 284, 286, 292, 315, 319–320, 334–336, 369, 372–373, 379–380, 386, 388, 393
as models for Sufis
70–71
guardian angels of hell
69
human superiority to
35, 70–71
interactions with
34–35
revelatory role of
34
animals and plants
68, 77, 81–82, 84–85
as food
82–83
as proof of God’s omnipotence
82
human authority over
83
al-Anṣārī al-Harawī
83, 176
Ansari, Sarah
254
Antichrist (al-Dajjāl)
22, 255, 264
Antiochean tradition
5
Apollonyus of Tyana
236
al-Aqṣā mosque
206, 212, 220
Arabic alphabet
36–37
ʿArāʾis al-bayān fī ḥaqāʾiq al-Qurʾān
18
archetypal human being (al-insān al-kullī)
236, 240
Ardabīl
217
Aristotle
89, 235, 281–282, 284, 294, 303, 305–306, 308, 321, 333
Arjomand, Saïd Amir
17
ascension of the spirits (miʿrāj al-arwāḥ)
392
asceticism (al-zuhd)
7, 69, 105, 165–167, 170, 172–173, 177, 179, 182–184
as riyāḍat al-nafs
176–179
etymology and semantics
165–166
extreme forms of
170–171
in (works of) Islamic mysticism
173–177
moderate forms of
171–172
relinquishing of
182–184
al-Ashʿarī
132
Ashʿarī-Māturīdī theology (kalām)
7
al-ʿAṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm
2, 24, 110, 121, 141, 151, 377, 381
Avestan teachings
4
Avicenna. see Ibn Sīnā
ʿAwārif al-maʿārif
31, 176, 182–183
ʿAwf b. Mālik
118
Awḥad al-Dīn Ḥāmid al-Kirmānī
139
āyāt Allāh. see divine signs
ʿAyn al-Quḍāt al-Hamadānī
22–23, 156, 199
ʿaynāʾ
116
al-azaliyya (pre-existence)
20
Azrael (angel)
54
Baghdad
24, 57, 73, 94, 102, 134–135, 150, 178, 205, 246, 279
Bahāʾī movement
322
Baḥīrā, monk
169
Bakr b. ʿAbdallāh al-Muzanī
148
Bamba, Ahmadou
217
Barelwi movement
221
Bar Hebraeus
5
al-barzakh (barrier/isthmus)
4–5, 9, 15, 20, 29–33, 60, 110, 283, 285, 289, 295, 352, 368
bāṭin. see esoteric
battle for Mecca
22
Bāyazīd. see al-Bisṭāmī, Abū Yazīd
beardless boys (gazing at, al-naẓar ilā l-murd)
138
beauty
53–54, 57, 59, 79, 116, 130, 133, 138–139, 146, 154, 191–192, 243, 300, 316–317, 335–336, 353, 355–356, 386–388, 393
being. see existence
birthday of the Prophet (mawlid al-nabī)
252
Bishr al-Ḥāfī
30, 117
Bishr b. al-Barāʾ b. Maʿrūr
121
al-Bisṭāmī,ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
264
al-Bisṭāmī, Abū Yazīd
31, 35, 76, 95, 130, 134, 150, 381
blessing (baraka)
8, 100, 103, 251, 262, 307
bodily rewards and chastisements
365
Bokar, Tierno
198
Book of Revelation
18, 192, 255
Böwering, Gerhard
22
Breath of the Compassionate (nafas al-raḥmān)
62
Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ)
4, 51, 157, 240, 245, 308, 311
Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ
bridge of judgment (ṣirāṭ)
4
al-Budūr al-sāfira (The Shining Full Moons)
139, 154
al-Bukhārī
222
Bundahishn
4
al-Būnī, Aḥmad
36–37, 259–260
al-Burhānpūrī, Muḥammad b. Faḍl Allāh
359
Cairo sultanate
252–253, 264
Casewit, Yousef
28, 257
celibacy
170–171
center of the world
8
chastisement (ʿadhāb)
122, 365–367, 373
of the grave (ʿadhāb al-qabr)
4, 367
cherubim (karūbiyyūn)
335–336
Chittick, William
32, 240
Christ, nature of
279–280
Chuang-Tzu
85
cloud (ʿamāʾ)
49
Collins, John
255
communication with the deceased
30–32
composition (tarkīb)
338
compulsory return (al-rujūʿ al-iḍṭirārī)
15, 141
conceptualization of the universe
2–3, 6
as a bridge
2
as a caravanserai
2–3
as a replica of the human
4
as a tent
5
as “God’s light”
2
holistic
2
Platonism
5–6
(internecine) conflicts in early Islam
17
consumerism
201
contemptus ultramundi
30
contraction (qabḍ)
195
Cook, David
17
cosmic axis
212–213
cosmogony
6, 13, 47–48, 63, 207, 209, 212, 322, 365
at the Kaʿba
209–214
creation as an unceasing sexual union
55
myths
6, 47, 53, 64
Adam and Eve
54, 56, 72, 76–77, 79–80, 286
fall of Adam
56
genesis of the human being
52–54
genesis of the world
48–52
creation in six days
48–49
Neoplatonic influence
51
hidden treasure
61–62
Most Beautiful Names
63–64
Muḥammadan Reality
58–61, 241
Primordial Covenant
56–58
cosmological centres
205, 207–208, 214, 216, 219
ranking of
206–209
cosmology
1–6, 9, 16, 26, 37, 47, 68–70, 74, 76–77, 81, 84–85, 99, 140, 146, 155, 179, 190, 209, 224, 240, 243, 257, 269, 277, 295–296, 301, 303–304, 306, 309–310, 312–313, 315–321, 332, 365, 379, 383
as a discourse
3
as a spatial telos for human existence
2
degrees of proximity to God
8
hierarchy of God’s friends (saints)
8
phantastic-rational
5
Qurʾānic
4–5
Sufi
9–10
hierarchy
6
thought
in the formative period of Islam
5
biblical-Qurʾānic model
5
Greek philosophical-scientific tradition
5
Late Antique Christian
5
Zoroastrian
4
covenant between God and humankind
6, 19, 20, 23–26, 56, 57, 58, 80, 97–98, 267
creation
compassion for and charity towards
198–201
contemplation of
191–194
divine wisdom of
190–191
glorifying God
195–196
Critique of Pure Reason
296
curtailing the renunciant’s hope (qiṣar al-amal)
7
cycles of determination (dawāʾir al-taqdīr)
259
al-Dabbāgh
154
Dalāʾil al-khayrāt (The Guide toward Good Deeds)
238
al-Damīrī
74–76, 83
al-Dārānī, Abū Sulaymān
93, 130, 148
dargāh (tomb-shrine)
253–254
Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī
75, 289
Dāwūd al-Ṭāʾī
148
al-Daylamī, Abū l-Ḥasan
316
Day of Alast (yawm alast). see Day of the Covenant (yawm al-mīthāq)
Day of Resurrection (yawm al-qiyāma)
23, 72, 81, 83, 90–91, 97, 110, 148, 196
Day of the Covenant (yawm al-mīthāq)
19–20, 23–26, 30, 56–57, 97-98
death before death
7, 15
death, finality of
111–112
debts, unpaid after death
118–119
Democritus
4, 89, 234
Descartes
295
al-Dhahab al-ibrīz (The Pure Gold)
154
dhawq (tasting)
16
dhikr
27, 34, 70, 85, 97–99, 252, 390
Dhū l-Nūn al-Miṣrī
22, 24, 30, 99, 138, 321
diagrams
20
divine essence (al-dhāt al-ilāhiyya)
47, 51, 56, 243, 266, 281, 291, 294, 355
divine signs (āyāt)
7, 79, 191, 197, 207, 308
divinity (ulūhiyya)
8, 35, 64, 85, 101, 263, 266, 279–281, 285, 287, 289, 294, 309, 311–312, 317, 319, 355, 383–384, 386, 388, 393, 395
D̲j̲ird̲j̲īr
155
dome of the earth
210-211
Dome of the Rock
220
double creation theory
5
dreams
4, 30–32, 111, 113, 117–118, 124, 141, 239, 255, 366, 370, 373–374, 381
drunkenness (sukr)
95
Druze theosophy
312
al-dunyā. see world
Dust-Cloud (habāʾ)
52
East, symbolism
100–101
Eaton, Charles Hasan le Gai
199
Ebstein, Michael
240, 257, 259
ecstasy (wajd)
21, 95, 314, 377, 387
ecstatic utterances (shaṭḥ)
134
ego (nafs)
73
Elad, Amikam
221
Eliade, Mircea
205, 208
Elias (Ilyās), prophet
22
El-Saleh, Soubhi
142
emanation (fayḍ)
5, 48, 51, 70, 190, 234–235, 281–282, 287, 299–307, 310–311, 313–314, 316–317, 319–320, 322, 365
al-fayḍ al-aqdas (the holiest emanation)
319
beginnings and crystallization
306–313
definition in Islamic context
301–302
al-Ghazālī on
313–321
schemes in Islamic mysticism
302–305
enantiodromia
18–19, 25
Enoch corpus
255
environmentalism, Sufi
8, 200–201
Ephrem the Syrian
5
eschatology
4, 6, 13, 15–16, 19, 21, 26–27, 29, 39, 47, 76, 78, 117, 125–126, 133, 139, 141–143, 147, 153, 156, 158, 250, 255, 268, 373
apocalyptic
16–18, 20–26, 29, 33–38, 40, 250–251, 255–256, 260, 265–267, 269
chastisements for sinners
118
snakes
123–124
transformation of people into animals
124–125
edifying
113–118
Zoroastrian
4
esoteric (bāṭin
) 16, 70, 103–104, 198, 238, 244, 257, 277, 291, 294–295, 314, 359, 382, 393
estimation (wahm)
136
Eve (Ḥawwāʾ)
54–56, 77
Ewert, Christian
220
exile
99, 168
existence (wujūd)
2, 8, 47, 50, 60, 95, 136, 207, 287, 295, 306, 332, 337, 350, 352–356, 358–359, 373
Absolute Being (al-wujūd al-muṭlaq)
60
circle of Being (dāʾirat al-wujūd)
47
gradation of being (tashkīk al-wujūd)
295
levels of being (marātib al-wujūd)
8–9, 344
al-Burhānpūrī on
358–360
al-Jazāʾirī on
358
al-Jīlī on
353–358
al-Nābulusī on
361
al-Qūnawī on
341–353
Ibn al-ʿArabī on
332–340
‘Real Existence’ (al-wujūd al-muḥaqqaq)
373
exoteric (ẓāhir)
9, 285, 291, 308, 340, 352, 382
expansion (basṭ)
195
face of God
98, 117, 158, 200
Faḍāʾil al-Quds (The Merits of Jerusalem)
212
al-Fanārī, Muḥammad b. Ḥamza
155
al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr
55, 235, 245, 281–282, 284, 287, 306
al-Farghānī, Saʿīd al-Dīn
319, 359
Fāris al-Baghdādī
35
fasting
116, 170–171, 175, 178–179, 390
Fāṭima
237, 280
Fāṭimids
257, 314
fayḍ. see emanation
al-Faytūrī, Muḥammad
221
finality of death
125–126
fire of hell
118, 148, 150–152, 180
First Intellect
47, 51–52, 55, 60, 234, 241, 243–244, 290, 292, 318, 333, 336–337, 342, 346, 356
five divine presences (al-ḥaḍarāt al-ilāhiyya al-khams)
190, 289
Fleischer, Cornell
265
footstool (kursī)
52, 61, 140, 304, 308–309, 379
forgetfulness (nisyān)
57
friends of God (awliyāʾ). see saints
al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ
166
Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (Bezels of Wisdom)
34, 75, 240–241, 243, 287
al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiya (The Meccan Openings)
140, 152, 183, 241, 288, 334, 390
future eternity (abad)
97
Gabriel (Jibrīl, angel)
34–35, 54, 69, 170, 342, 394
Garden of Actions (jannat al-aʿmāl)
141
Garden of Divine Election (jannat ikhtiṣāṣ ilāhī)
141
Garden (of Eden)
26–29
Garden of Inheritance (jannat mīrāth)
141
generosity (jūd)
50
Genesis
5, 48–49, 51–52, 63, 77, 235, 344
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid
50, 71, 74, 79, 82, 89, 110, 126, 134–135, 140, 149, 156, 191, 239, 251, 257–258, 283, 306
on chastisements of the grave (ʿadhāb al-qabr)
367
on hierarchy of worlds
283–285
ghazal (poetry)
21
Ghāyat al-ḥakīm (Aim of the Sage)
236
al-Ghunya li-ṭālib ṭarīq al-Ḥaqq
102
God’s command (amr) and word (kalima), theory of
303–304
God’s Essence and Attributes
288, 311
God’s Throne (ʿarsh)
5, 52, 210, 304, 334, 345
Goldziher, Ignaz
221
gratitude (shukr)
79, 84, 166
grave diggers
123–124
grave, visiting. see ziyāra
great man (al-insān al-kabīr)
242
gross (kathīf)
361
Grunebaum, Gustave von
221
Guenon, René
268
Gwāliorī, Muḥammad Ghawth
395
Habibis, Daphne
268
ḥadīth, apocalyptic
17
al-Ḥaḍra al-unsiyya fī l-riḥla al-qudsiyya
253
Ḥāfiẓ-i Shīrāzī
21
hagiology (walāya)
236
ḥajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
215
al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī
38, 104, 173, 179, 238, 261
al-Ḥallāj
8, 15, 17–18, 26–27, 35, 37, 74, 76, 101, 218, 238, 246, 280–282, 287, 301, 310, 321
on Nāsūt and Lāhūt
280–281
ḥamīm (water of hell)
151
Ḥamza Fanṣūrī
194
al-Ḥaqqānī, Mehmet (Muḥammad) Nāẓim ʿĀdil al-Qubruṣī
268
Ḥaram al-Sharīf
220, 222
al-Harawī
83, 176, 371
al-Ḥarrālī
260
al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī
2, 83, 114, 122, 131, 147, 223
Ḥaydar
265–266
heavenly ascent (al-miʿrāj)
9, 20, 34
of Abū Yazīd al-Bisṭāmī
381–385
of Ibn al-ʿArabī
390–395
of Rūzbihān al-Baqlī
385–389
of Sufis
35–36
of the Prophet Muhammad
377–381
Hekhalot Zutrati
390
Hell
7, 15, 18, 29–30, 32–33, 50, 69, 74, 78, 82, 109, 114, 117–118, 122–123, 130–132, 134–135, 139–142, 146–159, 179–180, 241, 335, 341, 343, 371, 374
compartments for specific classes of sinners
152–153
dismissal of
149–152
fear of
147–149
freezing cold in
154
inner
156–158
reality of
158
topography of
152–155
help (ghawth)
242, 395
renunciation of
7
Sufi understandings of
7
Hermansen, Marcia
268
Hermetics
234
hidden. see esoteric (bāṭin)
hidden Imam
265
hidden treasure
7–8, 21, 54, 61–62, 75, 348
hierarchies
3
hierarchy of worlds and levels of existence
in modern esoteric Shīʿsm
294–295
in pre-Safavid Shīʿism
290–291
in the Safavid Renaissance
291–294
High Council (al-malāʾ al-aʿlā)
5
hijra
99
Ḥikmat al-ishrāq (Philosophy of Illumination)
286
Hodgson, Marshall
1
the hour (al-sāʿa) (final, eschatological)
7, 90
houris (ḥūr ʿīn)
116, 131–132, 134
al-Hujwīrī, ʿAlī b. ʿUthmān
30, 38, 79, 93, 135, 156, 381
human beings
3, 8–10, 32, 49–50, 56, 58–59, 68–70, 74–78, 80–82, 84–85, 125, 180, 189, 192, 197, 200–201, 234, 241–242, 245–246, 277–278, 295, 307, 315, 335, 338–339, 350, 353, 357, 366, 372, 374, 381
and free will
79
as khalīfat Allāh fī l-arḍ (vicegerent of God upon the earth)
199–201
divine image of
235
love between God and. see Rūmī, Jalāl al-Dīn
microcosm
4, 6, 20, 27–29, 32, 55, 64, 80, 197, 234, 236–238, 240–241, 243–245, 318
repentance (tawba) of
80
humanity
16, 18–19, 21–25, 27, 29, 35, 40, 68, 78, 84–85, 90, 97, 101, 197–200, 234, 236, 251, 262, 268, 280–281, 285, 287, 338, 343, 360, 385, 390, 394
contrasting qualities of
25
role in cosmos
21
human maturity
54
human nature
8, 77, 81, 184, 199, 234, 245, 279–280, 288
Hūrqalyā
287, 295
Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī
124
Iblīs
26–27, 34, 54, 68, 70–74, 76, 78–80, 155, 177
as an angel or jinnī
72–73
provenance of
73
Ibn ʿAbbās
60, 77, 238, 380, 383, 391, 394, 396
Ibn Abī Jamra
395
Ibn Abī Jumhūr al-Aḥsāʾī
290, 321
Ibn Abī l-Dunyā
110–112, 114, 116, 119–121, 123–124, 130, 167, 172
Ibn Abī Wāṭīl
264
Ibn ʿAjība
90, 101
Ibn al-ʿArabī
2, 8–9, 20, 24–25, 28–34, 36–38, 47–56, 60–64, 70, 75, 80, 85, 91, 96, 100, 103–104, 137, 140–143, 152–159, 183, 189–190, 193, 196, 198, 206–207, 210, 214, 223–224, 237, 240–243, 246–247, 250, 257, 259–265, 282, 287–290, 302–321, 332–340, 344, 357–358, 362, 365, 372–374, 377, 390–395
and the hierarchy of worlds
287–290
on God’s command
303
on imagination
372–374
on levels of being
332–340
on the Mahdī
259–262
on the relationship between God and the world
194
on the universal intellect
308
Ibn al-ʿArīf
258, 306
Ibn ʿAṭāʾ
101
Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh al-Iskandarī
156, 260
Ibn Barrajān
28, 159, 193, 257–258, 260, 306, 308–309, 314
Ibn al-Faqīh al-Hamadhānī
212
Ibn al-Fāriḍ
57, 317
Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad
69, 98, 113, 167, 235, 237
Ibn Ḥazm
30, 257
Ibn Ḥirzihim
259
Ibn Isḥāq
212
Ibn al-Jawzī
113, 150, 171
Ibn Kammūna
369–370, 372
Ibn Khafīf
388
Ibn Khaldūn
250, 263
on Mahdism
263–264
Ibn al-Kharrāṭ
150, 153
Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram
278
Ibn Masarra
28, 36, 257, 259, 303, 306, 308–309
Ibn al-Mubārak
131, 166–167
Ibn Qasī
159, 257, 259, 306, 308–309, 312, 314, 318
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
110
Ibn Sabʿīn
260
Ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī
306
Ibn Sīnā
70, 89, 142, 156–158, 281–282, 287, 306, 365–368
on resurrection
366–367
Ibn Sīrīn
113
Ibn Tūmart, Mahdi
219, 257–258
Ibn ʿUmar
105
Ibn al-Zayyāt, Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad
253
İbrahim Hakkı
214
Identity, religious
3
Idrīs, prophet
393
Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn (Revival of the Religious Sciences)
71, 134, 149, 191, 239, 257, 283, 313
Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ. see Brethren of Purity
ilhām (inspiration)
16
ʿIlliyūn
293–294, 396
ʿilm ladunnī (imparted knowledge)
16
imagination (al-khayāl)
9, 32, 136, 339–340
immutable essences (al-aʿyān al-thābita)
362
indeterminacy (lā taʿayyun)
360
indwelling (ḥulūl)
281
Inshāʾ al-dawāʾir
37
institutionalization of religious authority
17
intellect (al-ʿaql)
136, 157, 193, 282, 307
intelligible man
234–235
intelligibles (maʿqūlāt)
366
invocation and remembrance of God
98
Iqbal, Muhammad
158, 246
ʿIrāqī, Fakhr al-Dīn
192, 317
ʿĪsā Nūr al-Dīn. see Schuon, Frithjof
Isfahan
205
Isḥāq Khuttalānī
265
al-Ishārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt (Intimations and Admonitions)
366
Ishrāq (Illumination), school of
286–287
Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbdallāh al-Ruʿaynī
257
Ismāʿīlī influence on Sunnism
257
Ismāʿīlī Neoplatonic tradition
308–309
iṭlāq (absoluteness)
351
Jābalqā
287
Jabal Qadīr
267
Jābarṣā
287
jabarūt (realm of divine omnipotence)
8, 33, 57, 136, 277–278, 281–283, 285–287, 289–292, 294–295, 379, 383, 396
Jābir b. Ḥayyān
236, 244
Jābir b. Yazīd al-Juʿfī
280
Jacob of Edessa
5
Jacob of Sarug
5
jafr
36–37, 258, 264–265
al-Jafr al-jāmiʿ (The Comprehensive Prognosticon)
258
al-jāhiliyya
74
Jāmi, Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
194
al-Jandī, Muʾayyid al-Dīn
319
Janson, Marloes
217
al-Jazāʾirī, ʿAbd al-Qādir
100, 358
on levels of being
358
al-Jazūlī, Muḥammad
238
Jerusalem
8, 81, 99, 205–207, 212, 219–222, 224–225, 254, 258, 377, 379, 392
replication of
219–222
Jesus (ʿĪsā), prophet
31, 55, 262, 392
jihād
115, 131
against the Byzantines
131
al-Jīlānī, ʿAbd al-Qādir
38, 56–57, 62, 102, 238, 285, 291
al-Jīlī, ʿAbd al-Karīm
139, 155, 243, 290, 320, 353
on levels of being
353–358
jinn
6, 8, 18, 52, 62, 68–69, 73–77, 84, 154, 338, 369, 371
and poetic inspiration
76
in Sufi literature
75–76
in the pre-Islamic era
74
John Climacus
168
John of Patmos
18
Johns, Anthony
359
Joseph, prophet
154, 393
Judgement Day
7, 69, 78, 82, 84, 90, 98, 335
al-Junayd, Abū l-Qāsim
17, 24–26, 30, 39, 58, 75, 94, 96, 105, 134, 173, 177, 259, 282, 382–383
al-Jurjānī
244
Kaʿba
71, 100, 135, 206–207, 209–219, 221–225, 262
and cosmogony
209–214
substitutes for
216–218
Kabbalah
37, 310, 312–313, 319–320
Kabbānī, Muḥammad Hishām
379
Kairouan
220
al-Kalābādhī
24, 79, 84, 92, 94, 99, 138, 151, 176, 182
Kalīla wa-Dimna
82
kalima (word). see logos
Kant
296
Karbalāʾ
124
al-Kāshānī, Muḥsin al-Fayḍ
155, 280, 293–294, 319
Kashf al-asrār (The Unveiling of Secrets)
385
Kashf al-maḥjūb
30, 93
Kashf. see unveiling
al-Kattānī, Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar
220
al-Kawākib al-sayyāra fī tartīb al-ziyāra fī l-Qarāfatayn al-kubrā wa-l-ṣughrā
253
Kayhan, Ahmet
140
Khalil, Mohammad Hassan
155
Khalʿ al-naʿlayn
264
Khān, Aḥmad Raẓā
221
Khatm al-awliyāʾ
104, 261
Khawāmīs
133
Khayr al-Nassāj
34
al-Khiḍr
22, 34, 38, 265
Khushaysh b. Aṣram
132
Khūzistān
266
Khwājas of Khurasan
217
Khwāja ʿAbd Allāh Anṣārī
23
al-Kindī
301, 305
King, David
222
al-Kirmānī, Ḥamīd al-Dīn
319
kiswa (robe of the Kaʿba)
215
Kitāb al-bayāḍ wa-l-sawād
93
Kitāb al-dawāʾir al-wahmiyya (The Book of the Imaginary Circles)
306
Kitāb al-fanāʾ
24
Kitāb al-isrāʾ (The Book of the Night Journey)
390–394
Kitāb al-lumaʿ
176
Kitāb al-maḍnūn bihi ʿalā ghayr ahlihi (The Book That Should Be Kept from Unfit People)
367
Kitāb al-manām (Book of Dreams)
111
Kitāb al-mawāqif (Book of Spiritual Waystations)
358
Kitāb al-mīthāq
24
Kitāb al-najāt (The Book of Salvation)
366
Kitāb al-shifāʾ (Book of Healing)
238
Kitāb al-taʿrīfāt (Book of Definitions)
244, 283
Kitāb al-tawahhum (The Book of Envisioning)
134, 148
Kitāb al-ṭawāsīn
238
Kitāb al-taʿarruf li-madhhab ahl al-taṣawwuf
182
Kitāb marātib al-wujūd
353
Kitāb ʿaṭf al-alif al-maʾlūf ʿalā l-lām al-maʿṭūf (The Book on the Inclining of the Familiar [Letter] Alif towards the Conjoined [Letter] Lām)
316-317
knowledge
2–3, 6, 9–10, 16–18, 20, 27, 34, 36–37, 39–40, 49, 53–54, 62–63, 68, 70–71, 74, 77, 79–84, 89, 100, 102–103, 111, 118, 136–137, 139, 141–142, 149, 151, 153, 171, 178, 184, 190, 192–195, 198, 212, 235, 239, 241, 243–245, 258, 261, 264, 269, 278, 282, 289, 303–305, 307, 309, 312–313, 315–316, 318–319, 321, 340, 346, 352–355, 360, 367–368, 373, 383, 386, 389
ʿilm
9, 16, 20, 36–37, 132, 136, 141, 184, 244, 264, 303, 368
maʿrifa
6, 62, 136, 178, 184
knowledge of externals (ʿilm al-ẓāhir)
9
knowledge of the inner meaning of reality (ʿilm al-bāṭin)
9
known things (maʿlūmāt)
60
Konya
317
kraton of Yogyakarta
218
Kudus
220
Kugle, Scott
251
The Ladder of Divine Ascent
168, 173
al-lāhūt (realm of divinity)
8, 57, 277–281, 285, 287–288, 290, 294
al-Lamaṭī
154
Lao-Tzu
85
Last Day (al-yawm al-ākhir)
90
al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ (the preserved tablet)
51, 283–284, 304, 395
Lawson, Todd
18–20, 26
lettrism. see science of letters of names (ʿilm al-ḥurūf wa-l-asmāʾ)
Light Verse (Q 24:35)
22–23
Lings, Martin
199
Lisān al-ʿArab
278
Liu Chih
194
logos
305
Long, Charles
1
Lote Tree
34, 333, 335, 342–343, 378–380, 387, 394, 396
love, divine
197
love of God (al-maḥabba li-llāh)
174–175
love-play with witnesses (shāhid-bāzī)
139
Luthfi, Habib Muhammad
255
macrocosm-microcosm analogy
4, 6, 8, 28–29, 197–198, 234–247, 251
Arabic Hermetic literature on
236
social dimensions in Sufism
245–247
sainthood
246
the umma
246
Mafātīḥ al-ghayb (The Keys of the Unseen)
292
mahdī
90, 246, 250, 255–269, 295
mahdism
250, 255–257, 260, 263–264, 269
and critiques of Sufism
263–264
definition and origin
255–256
in the early modern periods
264–269
in the Islamic West
256–259
Maḥmūd Shabistarī
192, 317
Majdūd Sanāʾī
377
Majnūn Layla
76
al-Makkī, Abū Ṭālib
71, 79, 132, 134, 190–191, 283
al-malakūt (the angelic realm)
8, 15, 20, 25, 33, 36, 49, 136, 239, 277–279, 281–295, 379, 383, 386–387, 389, 396
in pre- and early Islam
277–279
Mālik (angel)
69
Malikov, Azim
217
Mamluk Empire
219
Manāhij al-ʿārifīn
103, 105
mappa mundi
210
Maqāṣid al-falāsifa (The Intentions of the Philosophers)
367
Marcus Aurelius
168
martyrs (shuhadāʾ)
17, 114–116
master (ḥākim)
136
Master of the Kingdom (mālik al-mulk)
278
mastery of time
96
Masʾalat bayān laṭāʾif al-miʿrāj
35
Mathnawī
70
matrix mundi
212
mawlid
102, 252
al-Maybudī, Abū l-Faḍl Rashīd al-Dīn
57, 132, 378
Mayeur-Jaouen, Catherine
215, 252–253
Maʿārij al-quds fī madārij maʿrifat al-nafs (The Stairways to Holiness in/concerning the Paths of Self-knowledge)
316
Maʿrūf al-Karkhī
30, 117
Mecca
8, 22, 71, 81, 99–100, 124, 205–208, 210–211, 214–223, 225, 377, 379
as cosmological centre
205–208
replications of
214
sanctuary (ḥaram) of
8
umm al-qurā (the mother of towns)
210–211
Medina
99, 205–206, 221–222
Melchert, Christopher
147
mercy (raḥma)
38, 48–50, 54, 56, 62, 78–79, 82, 84, 132, 135, 140, 146, 150, 154–155, 158, 175, 182, 191, 241, 284, 307, 310, 349, 366, 393
Merv
205
Mevlānā ʿĪsā
265
Michael (angel)
34, 54
Miftāḥ al-jafr al-jāmiʿ (Key to the Comprehensive Prognostication)
264
Miftāḥ ghayb al-jamʿ (The Key to the Non-manifest Aspect of Synthesis)
344
Mīr Dāmād
291
Mishkāt al-anwār (The Niche of Lights)
314–316
monasticism
Christian
168–170, 179
Islamic ban of
171
monism
2, 315
Moses, prophet
39, 101, 393
Muḥammad Aḥmad b. ʿAbdallāh
267
Muḥammadan Light (nūr Muḥammadī)
6, 22–23, 26, 59-60, 103, 237–238, 280
Muḥammad al-Mahdī
295
Muḥammadan Reality (ḥaqīqa Muḥammadiyya)
6, 29, 47, 58–59, 61–62, 64, 103–104, 241–243, 360, 394
Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb
267
Muḥammad Lāhījī
317
Muḥammad, Prophet
6, 19, 34, 39, 47, 58, 64, 73–74, 81, 83, 99, 116, 130–131, 138, 171, 237–239, 242, 290, 352, 381, 385, 388
as a Perfect Man
29, 290
as the “Seal of the Prophets”
103
pre-existence of
237–238
prototype of mankind
22
Muḥammad ʿAlī Pasha
267
al-Muḥāsibī, al-Ḥārith b. Asad
94, 134, 148, 156, 173, 178, 314
mujaddid (renewer [of religion])
246, 256
mujāhada (combat), with the nafs
177–178
Mukhtaṣar al-buldān (The Abridged Book of Countries)
212
al-mulk (dominion)
8, 281–285, 287, 289, 291–295
in pre- and early Islam
277–279
Mullā Ṣadrā
155, 196, 292, 295, 321, 371–372
Munkar and Nakīr
123
al-Muqaddima
263
Muqātil b. Sulaymān
170, 211–212
Murad, Abdal Hakim
26
Murra al-Hamadānī
114
Mūsā al-Kāẓim
280
al-Muʿizz
314
Muṣībatnāmah (Book of Affliction)
151
al-Nābulusī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī
139, 221, 253, 359, 361
on levels of being
361–362
Nafas al-raḥmān
311
al-nafs (lower self)
15, 27, 71, 73, 76, 79, 174, 176, 179
and asceticism
177–179
physiology and cosmology of
179–182
Names and Attributes of God
20, 47, 355
(beautiful) names of God (al-asmāʾ al-ḥusnā)
20, 27, 51, 53, 63–64, 195, 288, 290, 304, 309–310
Able/Powerful (Qādir)
63
Alive (al-Ḥayy)
196
al-Jabbār
278, 294
Allāh
47, 64, 192, 199, 279, 282, 291
All-Knower (ʿAlīm)
63
Creator (Khāliq)
63
Desirer/Purposer (Murīd)
63
Forgiver (al-Ghafūr)
53
Lord (Rabb)
64
al-Malik
277–278
al-Raḥīm
291
al-Raḥmān
291
Speaker (Mutakallim)
64
Willer (Murīd)
63
Naqshband, Bahāʾ al-Dīn
31
Narsai of Nisibis
5
al-Nasafī, ʿAzīz al-Dīn
135, 141, 157, 192, 243, 318
Nāṣir-i Khusraw
316
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein
199
al-nāsūt (realm of human nature)
8, 277–281, 285, 287–288, 290, 293
nature
51
Sufi concept of
189–190
Neoplatonism
10, 280, 299–300, 305–306, 313–315, 317, 343
Neuwirth, Angelika
18, 20, 208
Newton
295
Niasse, Ibrāhīm
199
al-Niffarī
150
Niyazov, Saparmurat
216
non-duality (aḥadiyya)
352, 355
non-time
20, 267
Northbourne, Lord
200
number
twenty-eight
52
six
48–49
jafr
Nūrbakhsh, Muḥammad
265–267
Ohlander, Erik
26
Ohrmazd
4
oneness of being (waḥdat al-wujūd)
190, 194, 287
oneness (waḥdāniyya)
352
oneness (wāḥidiyya)
243, 290, 352, 355, 360–361
organic farming
200
orientation of prayer
99–100
Origen of Alexandria
5
original sin
78
otherworld (al-ākhira)
1, 9, 15, 110, 126, 130, 139, 153, 166, 172, 284
otherworldly journey
6, 377–381, 384
Özak, Muzaffer
379
Palacios, Asín
300
Papas, Alexandre
3
Paradise
7, 15–16, 18–20, 26, 29–30, 32–33, 50, 56–57, 75–78, 82, 109, 113–117, 119, 121–122, 124, 130–143, 146–158, 172, 174–175, 183, 221, 241, 261, 334, 341, 343, 374, 379, 387–388
as a distraction/obstacle
133–135
conceptualizations of
139–142
entry into
114
inner
135–137
longing for
130–131
on earth
131–133, 137–139
wine of
131
parallel universe
4
past eternity (azal)
97
path (ṭarīqa)
16, 103, 285, 291
pen (al-qalam)
51, 304, 333
perfect man (al-insān al-kāmil)
8, 29, 38, 47, 135, 157, 236–237, 242–243, 246–247, 282, 288, 294, 304, 312, 344, 353
in early Shīʿism
237
pilgrimage guides (kutub al-ziyāra)
253
places of manifestation (maẓāhir)
8
Plato
234, 245, 282–284, 287, 299
pleasure (ladhdha)
373
Plotinus
234, 281, 299, 301, 303, 305
pole (quṭb)
38, 96, 223, 242, 245–246, 263, 265, 294, 312, 371, 393
Potiphar’s wife
154
power
1, 3, 37, 49, 51, 54, 74, 136–137, 154, 246, 256–257, 269, 309, 378–379
God’s/Divine
8, 82, 89, 98, 138, 280, 292, 303, 305, 307, 312
as a factor of religious space and time
3
of saints (awliyāʾ Allāh)
16, 22, 252, 254
prayer
34, 75, 83, 99–100, 114, 123, 153, 196, 209, 239, 252, 254, 378, 386, 388
for the Prophet (al-ṣalāt ʿalā l-nabī)
239
invocatory (duʿāʾ)
252
for the dead
119–120
pre-existence (al-azaliyya)
22
presences (ḥaḍarāt)
62, 289, 318, 344
present moment (waqt)
7
preserved tablet. see al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ
prima materia
22
primordial man (insān qadīm)
235
Proclus
311
prophetology, Muḥammadan
236
Ptolemy
333
punishment. see chastisement
Pythagoras
234
Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ
238
Qadian
220
Qarāfa cemeteries
253
Qarmaṭism
17–18
qiṣar al-amal (curtailing of hopes)
166–167, 172
qubūl-istiʿdād
320
al-Qummī, Qāḍī Saʿīd
294
al-Qūnawī, Ṣadr al-Dīn
32, 243, 266, 289, 317–319, 338–339, 359
on levels of being
341–353
al-Qurṭubī
112, 133, 153–154
Qurʾān
4–5, 10, 16, 18–20, 22–23, 25–26, 34, 39–40, 48, 52–53, 56, 68–71, 73–85, 90, 103, 105, 109, 113–114, 116, 122, 130, 132, 142, 147, 154, 177, 190–193, 195, 206, 208, 236, 245, 250, 277–279, 283–284, 290, 292, 300, 308, 333, 365–366, 372, 377–380, 392, 395–396
apocalyptic aspect of
18, 20
bāṭin (esoteric meaning)
16
duality, opposition, and symmetry
18
Meccan chapters
18, 20
al-Qushayrī, Abū l-Qāsim
25, 34, 79, 82, 91–94, 98–99, 101, 137, 149, 156, 177, 183, 218, 259, 378, 380, 390
Qūt al-qulūb (The Nourishment of the Hearts)
283
quṭb. see pole
quṭb al-aqṭāb (pole of poles)
265
Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya (of Basra)
133, 198
Rabwah (Pakistan)
220
Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ (Epistles of the Brethren of Purity)
28, 240, 257, 259, 305–306, 314–315, 332, 335
Rashīd al-Dīn Maybudī. see Maybudī
al-Rāzī, Abū l-Futūḥ
378
al-Rāzī, Najm al-Dīn
142, 156, 377
al-Rāzī, Yaḥyā b. Muʿādh
132, 134, 138
al-Rāzī, Yūsuf b. al-Ḥusayn
94
reality of all realities (ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq)
58
realm of creation (ʿālam al-khalq)
189
realms of being
6, 9
reason. see intellect (al-ʿaql)
reconquest of Jerusalem
258
Reconquista
258
religion
1–3, 16, 71, 146, 169–171, 179, 200, 205, 235, 246, 256, 260, 262, 319, 340, 366
relinquishing of will
183–184
renouncing renunciation itself (al-zuhd fī l-zuhd)
7
renovation (frashegird)
4
renunciants (zuhhād)
130
resurrection
4, 7, 23, 29, 72, 78, 81, 83, 90–91, 97, 110, 115, 125, 139, 148, 196, 247, 284, 287, 295, 365–367, 371, 373–375
revelation of divine secrets
16
Risālat al-anwār (The Treatise of Lights)
390
Ritter, Hellmut
2, 151
riyāḍa (training) of the nafs
177–179
Rūmī, Jalāl al-Dīn
39–40, 49, 54, 58, 70, 138–140, 195–198, 218, 244, 317
Rūzbihān al-Baqlī
18, 49, 57, 135, 154, 316–317, 378, 381
The Sacred Mosque (in Mecca)
206
sacred space
3, 208, 216
Safavids
266, 291–294
Ṣafī al-Dīn Ardabīlī
266
Ṣāḥib al-naẓar (Person of the Rational/Philosophical Consideration [Gaze])
391
Said, Edward
300
sainthood (walāya)
22, 29, 37–38, 60, 62, 64, 66, 104, 236, 246, 250, 254, 259, 262, 291, 312, 385
saints (awliyāʾ)
6, 8, 10, 16, 21, 29–32, 34, 37–40, 57, 59, 96, 104, 137, 196, 201, 215, 218, 220, 223, 242, 245–246, 250–255, 260–265, 267–269, 312, 381, 390
baraka of
251
hierarchy of
38–39
mawlids of
252–254
veneration of
31, 251–255
power of
16, 22, 252, 254
tombs of
216-218, 251–253
Ṣalāt al-ṣughrā
238
sālikūn (pious wayfarers)
2–3, 136
Salmān al-Fārisī
169, 171
Samʿānī
53–54, 56, 61
Sarī al-Saqaṭī
30, 75, 177
al-Sarrāj, Abū Naṣr
76, 79, 92, 96, 176–177, 381–384
Satan (al-Shayṭān or Iblīs)
54, 72
Sayyid Muḥammad b. Falāḥ al-Mushaʿshaʿ
266
Ṣaʿb b. Juthāma
118
Saʿīd al-Dīn Farghānī
346
scales of good and bad deeds (mīzān)
4
school of Isfahan
321
school of Tehran
321
Schuon, Frithjof
193, 268, 379
science of letters of names (ʿilm al-ḥurūf wa-l-asmāʾ)
20, 36–37
seal of children (khatm al-awlād)
262–263
seal of the saints (khatm al-awliyāʾ)
261–262
second determination (taʿayyun thānī)
360
seeds (dharr)
59
sefīrōt
310
self-annihilation (fanāʾ)
24–25, 35, 76, 98, 384–386, 388
self-effacement
7
self-mortification
7
Sells, Michael
35
Seraphiel (angel)
54
seven heavens
5, 34, 48–49, 81, 140, 195, 333, 379, 391, 394, 396
seven layers of the earth
5
Shabistarī
192, 194–195
al-Shāfiʿī
93
Shāh Ismāʿīl
266
Shāh Niʿmatullāh
137
al-Shahrazūrī
365, 370–372
Shajarat al-kawn (The Tree of Existence)
391
Shālla (Morocco)
218
Shams al-āfāq fī ʿilm al-ḥurūf wa-l-awfāq (The Sun of the Horizons regarding the Science of Letters and Magic Squares)
264
Shams-i Tabrīzī
139, 198
Shaqīq al-Balkhī
130, 173–176, 184
Sharḥ al-talwīḥāt al-lawḥiyya wa-l-ʿarshiyya (Commentary on Intimations of the Preserved Tablet and of the Throne)
369
Shayegan, Daryush
21
Shaykh al-ishrāq. see al-Suhrawardī, Shihāb al-Dīn Yaḥyā
Shaykh Junayd
266
Shaykh Nāẓim
268–269
al-Shiblī, Abū Bakr
24, 95–96, 134, 149–150, 182
Shintoism
85
al-Shirbīnī
133
Shīʿī “extremism” (ghuluww)
266
shrine culture
21, 31, 37, 250–251, 253, 268
Sijjīn
153, 293–294
silsila (chain)
39, 102–103
Sīrat al-awliyāʾ
181–182
Sirr al-khalīqa (Book of Secrets of Creation)
236
six days (creation of the world)
5
Smith, Jonathan Z.
3
Smith, Margaret
178
sobriety (ṣaḥw)
95
space and time
2–3, 16, 110, 253
notions of
7
space-time continuum
1
“spatial turn” in the humanities
1
Sufi thought on
7
sphere of fixed stars or lunar mansions (manāzil)
52
sphere or the constellations (burūj)
52
spiritual audition (samāʿ)
99
spiritual ear (gūsh-i jān)
196
spiritual eye (cheshm-i jān)
196
spiritual progress
9
spiritual resolve (himmat)
136–137
spiritual reward
3
stages (manāzil) to transform the nafs
174–176
state of subsistence
24–25
state of the dead
32
states (aḥwāl)
16, 93-94, 96, 99, 166, 183
stations (maqāmāt)
16, 27, 80, 99, 166, 173, 176
struggle between goodness and evil
4
substantial continuity
112
subtle (laṭīf)
361
Sufi orders
31, 37, 39, 250–255, 268
Aḥmadiyya
252–253
Dhahabiyya
294
Ḥurūfiyya
217
Khalwatiyya
267
Kubrawiyya
216
Mouride
217
Naqshbandī-Ḥaqqānī
268–269
Naqshbandiyya
31, 216
Niʿmatullāhiyya
157–158
Nūrbakhshiyya
265
Qādiriyya
56, 102, 285
Ṣafawiyya
217, 266
Sammāniyya
267
Shaykhiyya
294
Suhrawardiyya
286
Tījāniyya
199
Yasawiyya
216
Sufism
anthropology
24–25
apocalyptic characteristics of
16–18
as an embodied and imaginative practice
18
classes of beings in
68
angels
69–71.
angels
animals and plants
81–84.
animals and plants
beyond monotheism
85
human beings
76–79.
human beings
jinn
74–76.
jinn
Satan (Iblīs) and devils
71–74
critiques of
263–264
topography
8
transmission from master to disciples
102–103
Sufyān al-Thawrī
113, 172
al-Suhrawardī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar
31, 183, 286
al-Suhrawardī, Shihāb al-Dīn Yaḥyā
70, 156, 176, 182, 286–287, 289, 316, 320–322, 372
on the afterworld
368
al-Sulamī, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
35, 79, 102, 105, 132, 149, 156, 378
Süleyman the Magnificent
265
Sulṭān Bāhū
197
supernatural beings
4
supreme isthmus (al-barzakh al-aʿlā)
60
al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn
38, 110, 139, 154
al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr
73
al-Tadbīrāt al-ilāhiyya (Divine Governance)
246
Tadhkirat al-awliyāʾ
24
al-Tādilī
260
Tafsīr al-Tustarī
70
Tahāfut al-falāsifa (The Incoherence/Precipitance of the Philosophers)
313
al-tajallī al-ilāhī (theophany)
16
Takeshita, Masataka
240
takhalluq
27, 29
talwīn al-aḥwāl (vicissitudes of the changing spiritual states)
96
Taoism
80, 85
tawḥīd (divine unicity)
19, 25–26, 47, 70–71, 90, 98, 105, 352, 382, 392
al-Tāʾiyya al-kubrā (The Poem Rhyming in the Letter Tāʾ)
317
taʿayyun (determination)
318–319, 351
temptation
72, 78–79, 83, 146, 394
al-Thaʿlabī
147
time. waqt
1–4, 7, 15–16, 19–21, 89–105, 250, 252–253, 261, 291–292, 348, 361
cause-effect relations in
89
corruption of
90
cyclic
102
Muslim view of
89–90
rituals
102
and space
20–21, 252–253, 291–292
Sufi views on
89–105
time-destiny (dahr)
89–90
Tinmal (Morocco)
219
al-Tirmidhī, al-Ḥakīm
104, 173, 179, 238, 261
tombs of saints
216–218, 251–253
Aḥmad Rifāʿī
217
Aḥmad Yasawī
216
Bahāʾ al-Dīn Naqshband
216
Faḍl Allāh Astarābādī
217
Habib Seunagan
218
Ḥakīm Atā
216
Najm al-Dīn Kubrā
216
Ṣafī al-Dīn
217
Sīdī Shāshkāl
218
Sunan Bayat
218
Ukasha-ata
217
Yūsuf Hamadhānī
216
ʿAlī b. al-Hītī
217
Touba (Senegal)
217
Traditionalism (perennial philosophy)
199–200
transmutation (tabaddul)
373
al-Tuḥfa al-mursala ilā rūḥ al-nabī (The Gift Addressed to the Spirit of the Prophet)
359
Turkistan
217
al-Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn
157, 352
al-Tustarī, Sahl
21–22, 57, 59, 70, 75, 79, 97, 131–132, 173, 237, 259, 321
Tweed, Thomas
2, 146
Twelfth Imam
256, 266, 295
Uḥud, battle of
115
ʿUmar Ibn al-Fāriḍ
317
Umm al-Dardāʾ
171
Umm ʿUbayda
217
unicity. see al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ
universe
2–7, 38, 53, 59, 68–71, 77, 84–85, 91, 101, 141, 189, 192, 194, 197, 199, 205–207, 214, 219–223, 225, 234–235, 237–238, 240–241, 243–245, 247, 278, 281, 283–284, 302–304, 307, 311, 318–320, 379, 383, 390, 396
the Unseen (Ghayb)
9, 15, 20, 100, 250, 277–279, 283–284, 288–289, 292, 339, 342, 344, 346, 355, 361
unveiling (kashf, mukāshafa)
16, 30, 63, 93, 137, 141–142, 159, 196, 200, 263, 368, 374
ʿurs (lit. “wedding”, celebration of a dead saint)
254–255
ʿUthmān b. Maẓʿūn
170
ʿUthmān b. Sawda
119
ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
116
Uthūlūjiyā Arisṭāṭālīs (Theology of Aristotle)
282, 305
Uways al-Qaranī
31
Uwaysī initiation
31
veil (ḥijāb)
192
veneration of the Prophet
6
verses of threat (āyāt al-waʿīd)
147
the Visible (Shahāda)
278–279
vision of God (ruʾya)
155
voluntary return to God (al-rujūʿ al-ikhtiyārī)
15, 26, 29, 141
voyage of origination (safar al-ibdāʿ)
48–49
waḥdat al-wujūd. see oneness of being
al-wajh al-khāṣṣ (the specific [Divine] face)
304
walāya. see sainthood
waqt (time)
91–97
Weltanschauung of the mystical mind
4
Werbner, Pnina
254
West, symbolism
100–101
Wine Ode (khamriyya)
57
wisdom (ḥikma)
6, 291
world (ʿālam)
9, 15, 27, 33, 37, 100, 158, 189, 239, 245, 277, 282, 284, 287, 289, 292, 319, 337–339, 345–348, 351, 356–357, 360–361
of absolute exemplars (ʿālam al-mithāl al-muṭlaq)
347–348
of bodies (ʿālam al-ajsām)
360
of elements (ʿālam al-arkān)
339
of exemplars (ʿālam al-mithāl)
9, 158, 287, 289, 319, 345, 347–348, 351, 356–357, 360–361
of God (ʿālam al-mulk)
33
al-mulk
of imagination (ʿālam al-khayāl)
158, 338–339, 347, 356–357
of mystery (ʿālam al-ghayb)
100
of possible existence (ʿālam al-imkān)
356
of rapture (ʿālam al-haymān)
337
of spirits (ʿālam al-arwāḥ)
360
of subtle exemplars (ʿālam al-mithāl)
360
of the Unseen (ʿālam al-ghayb)
9, 15, 20
of witnessing (ʿālam al-shahāda)
9
world (lower, al-dunyā)
1, 9, 15, 78, 126, 130, 152, 166, 172, 176, 205, 210, 284, 339
wujūd. see existence
ẓāhir. see exoteric
Zamzam
215, 217-218
Zaqqūm (the hell-tree)
151
Zarīrān
217
al-Zayyāt, al-Walīd b. Ḥammād al-Ramlī
212
Zen
85
Zinda-pīr, Ḥażrat-i Shāh
254
ziyāra (pilgrimage to saints’ tombs)
215–218, 252–254
by women
252
Zubdat al-ḥaqāʾiq (The Quintessence of Realities)
243
ẓuhūr-tajallī theory
310, 315, 318–319