- 4.1Surname-i Vehbi, Procession of the guilds; in the foreground, the representatives of the jewellers and goldsmiths. 82
- 5.1Wedding photograph of Boghos Kaboulian and Rebecca Najarian, Agn/Eğin, ca. 1898 (Kaboulian coll., USA / Houshamadyan). 116
- 5.2Wedding photograph of Arshalous Kasabashian (born Shahabian) and Yervant Kasabashian, Shabin-Karahisar, 1908 (Kasabach and Getoor coll., Southfield, MI, USA / Houshamadyan). 117
- 5.3The post-mortem photograph of Mahdesi Avedis Toumajan, Gürün (Toumajan coll., Southfield, MI, USA / Houshamadyan). 118
- 5.4Armenian family from Agn/Eǧin (Jamgochian coll., USA / Houshamadyan). 120
- 5.5The Kurkjian family, ca. 1901, Eǧin/Agn or Erzincan/Yerznga (Gloria Korkoian coll., Dearborn, MI, USA / Houshamadyan). 122
- 5.6The Der Matossian family, Keghi, before 1912 (ODA/Americas/Gloria Korkoian coll., Dearborn, MI, USA / Houshamadyan). 124
- 11.1The letter nūn may take many different shapes depending on the letter that follows. Figure taken from “Text Layout Requirements for the Arabic Script.” W3C Editor’s Draft 03 August 2017, https://w3c.github.io/alreq/. 249
- 11.2Nazar talisman, to ward off the Evil Eye, Turkey 2012. Blue glass, golden glitter, and plastic pearls, with printed motive showing the Kaʿba. 250
- 11.3Shop window in Istanbul 2012 with oversized “Muḥammad” lettering in an especially twisted ligature. 251
- 11.4Silver dirham dated 208/823-24. Photograph by Pernille Klemp for The David Collection, Copenhagen, Inv.No C 32. 253
- 11.5Beirut 2017 255
- 11.6On the fence surrounding the building site for the new Bauhaus Museum, to open in 2018, the slogan “Bauhaus Museum in the city of Dessau” is rendered in various languages. The Arabic version shows the three most common mistakes that word processing programmes cause: Writing is from left to right instead of right to left, letters are reversed, and all are unconnected. 256
- 11.7Programming Language qalb (“heart,” a recursive acronym for lugha barmaja) with the implementation of the Fibonacci sequence algorithm, which is frequently used in demonstrations of new programming languages. 257
- 11.8Dervish’s staff, Iran, 18th-19th century. Photograph by Pernille Klemp for the David Collection, Copenhagen, Inv.No 15/1994. 258
- 11.9In the shop of the Great Mosque of Xi’an, China, this calligraphy was displayed for sale in 2015. It shows a vase full of flowers that is formed out of words. The centre section of the vase reads raḥmat Allāh (God’s Mercy). 259
- 11.10A Turkish restaurant in Berlin uses the basmalah in the shape of a tulip as a neon-lit shop sign. 260
- 11.11In this Bektashi Ṣūfī paper silhouette (1280/1863–64), cut with a sharp knife rather than scissors, ʿAlī is personified as a lion. 261
- 22.1Arrival. Illustration by Anton Jones, 2018. 442
- 22.2Crossing. Illustration by Anton Jones, 2018. 457
- 22.3Detention. Illustration by Anton Jones, 2018. 463