1 The Virgin and Child, by Basawan, ca. 1590 (album page ca. 1610). Mughal India. Edwin Binney 3rd Collection, The San Diego Museum of Art, 1990.293 XXII
2 Map of the Mughal empire 1526–1707 5
3 Jahangir, and Jesus, by Hashim above and by Abu’l Hasan below, ca 1618–20, ca. 1610–15, Mughal India. Chester Beatty Library, acc.# 07A.12 8
4 The Builders, wall painting from Qusayr Amra, Jordan, early 8th century. Umayyad period 14
5 Fox Disguised as a Dervish, fol. 41v from the Rawda al-Ushshaq (Garden of Lovers) of Arifi, ca. 1560, Ottoman. Harvard Art Museums 1985.216.41 16
6 Canteen, mid-13th century, Syria or Northern Iraq. Freer Gallery of Art. F1941.10 17
7 The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad, Jami al-Tawarikh (World History) by Rashid al-Din, ca. 1314, Tabriz, Ilkhanid period. Edinburgh University Library (Arab ms. 20) 17
8 The Christians of Najran Recognize the Prophet, Anthology made for Iskandar Sultan, fols. 265v–266r, 1411, Shiraz, Timurid period. Lisbon, Gulbenkian Museum, Ms. L.A. 161, fols. 265v–266r 19
9 Mary and the Infant Jesus, fol. 32v from the Falnama (Book of Omens), ca. 1570–80, Ottoman or Safavid. Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, H.1703, f.32b 21
10 Self-Portrait of Mir Sayyid Ali, 1555–1556, Mughal India. Los Angeles County Museum M.90.141.1 23
11 Religious Debates at the Ibadat khana, by Narsingh, from the Akbarnama, ca.1600–03, Mughal India. Chester Beatty Library, acc.# In 03.263 30
12 Virgin and Child, by Ghulam, ca. 1600, made for Prince Salim (inscription), Mughal India. British Museum, 1942,0124,0.2 52
13 Double title pages from the Polyglot Bible: Pietas Regia (left) and The Various Ways God Spoke to the Fathers (right), printed by Christophe Plantin, 1569–72, Antwerp. Andover-Harvard Theological Library, R.B.R. port. 303 1569 53
14 The Spy Zambur Brings Mahiya to Tawariq, where they meet Ustad Khatun, attributed to Kesav Das and Mah Muhammad, Hamzanama (Adventures of Hamza), ca. 1570, Mughal India. Metropolitan Museum of Art 23.264.1 55
15 Madonna and Child (“Madonna del Popolo”), icon, probably 13th century, church of Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome 57
16 Madonna del Popolo, print made by Giovanni Battista de’ Cavalieri, 1560–1600 57
17 Salus Populi Romani, icon, church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome 59
18 The Madonna of Saint Luke Surrounded by Angels, ca. 1600, Mughal, St Petersburg Album, fol. 87r. St. Petersburg, Oriental Institute, folio 87 recto 61
19 Saint John the Evangelist after Dürer, by Abu’l Hasan, 1600–1, probably Allahabad. Mughal India. Ashmolean Museum EA1978.2597 71
20 Seated Youth, by Abu’l Hasan, early 17th century, Mughal India. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.16 74
21 Camel Fight, ascribed to Bihzad. Herat, 1540s. Muraqqa’-i Gulshan, MS. 1668. Golestan Palace Library, Tehran 78
22 Camel Fight, by Nanha, 1608, Mughal India. Muraqqa’-i Gulshan, MS. 1668. Golestan Palace Library, Tehran 78
23 Camel Fight, by Abd al-Samad, ca. 1585–90, Mughal India. Private collection 79
24 The Building of the Castle of Khawarnaq, by Sahifa Banu, after Or. 6810, fol. 154v, early 17th century, Mughal India. Indo-Persian album, MS. 1654, Golestan Palace Library, Tehran 82
25 The Building of the Castle of Khawarnaq, fol. 154v, Khamsa of Nizami made for Amir Ali Farsi Barlas, 1494–95, Timurid Herat. London, British Library, Or. 6810, fol. 154v 83
26 Saint Cecilia, by Nini, first half 17th century, Mughal India. Victoria & Albert Museum, acc. # IM.139A-192 86
27 Death of St. Cecilia, by Jerome Wierix, before 1619, after Francesco Vanni, Antwerp. Metropolitan Museum of Art 2012.136.700 87
28 Seated European Nude Man, attributed to Ruqaya Banu, after Engraving by Jan Sadeler, early 17th century or ca. 1630, Mughal India. Chester Beatty Library, number: 11A.3 92
29 Adam and Eve After the Fall. Engraving by Jan Sadeler, after Crispin van den Broeck, 1585, Antwerp. New York Public Library, Spencer Collection, no. S.Coll.Neth 1585 93
30 Babur and his Warriors Visiting the Hindu Temple Gurh Kattri (Kūr Katrī) in Bigram, by Kesu Khurd, fol. 320v from the Baburnama, ca. 1590–93. The British Library, Or. 3714, f. 320v 95
31 Alakh yoga posture, a folio from the Bahr al-hayat (Ocean of Life) by Muhammad Ghawth Gwaliyari, 1600–1604, Allahabad. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, acc.# In 16.17a 96
32 Composite Page, with painting by Roqieh Banu and Ahmad the painter, folio from the Gulshan album, early 17th century. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. Golestan Palace Library, Tehran, MS. 1663 100
33 Crucifixion, from the Engraved Passion series, by Albrecht Dürer, 1511. London, British Museum, E,2.53 102
34 Five Holy Men, attributed to Govardhan, a folio from the St Petersburg Album, ca. 1615–25, Mughal India. Museum of Islamic Art, Doha 105
35 Illustrated Borders with Figural Motifs After Albrecht Dürer and Heinrich Aldegrever, folio 5r, Jahangir’s album, 1608–18, Mughal India. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung, Libr. Pict. A117, fol. 5r 108
36 A Composite Arrangement of a European Print and Persian Drawings, folio from the Gulshan album, 15th century—ca. 1610. Chester Beatty library, Dublin, acc. #: CBL In 47.12 114
37 A Composite Arrangement of a Mughal Painting and European Prints, folio from the Gulshan album, early 17th century. Golestan Palace Library, Tehran, MS. 1663 116
38 A Composite Arrangement of a Mughal Painting and European Prints, folio from the Gulshan album, early 17th century. Golestan Palace Library, Tehran, MS. 1663, no.94 117
39 Misero (The Beggar), from the Tarrochi Cards of Mantegna. After the engraving by Hans Ladenspelder, German, 1530–1561 123
40 Darbar of Jahangir, by Abu’l Hasan, ca. 1615, album folio, right side of a double-page composition (fig. 41), Mughal India. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., F1946.28 126
40a Detail: Darbar of Jahangir, by Abu’l Hasan, ca. 1615, album folio, right side of a double-page composition (fig. 41), Mughal India. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., F1946.28 127
41 Saʿdī Presents a Book of his Poems, by Abu’l Hasan, ca. 1615, album folio, left side of a double-page composition (fig. 40), Mughal India. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, W668 f 37a 128
42 Queen Elizabeth I (“The Ditchley portrait”), by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, ca. 1592. National Portrait Gallery, London, NPG 2561 130
43 Jahangir Holding a Globe, by Bichitr, ca. 1614–18, perhaps Ajmer, Mughal India. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin CBL In 07A.5 131
44 Celestial globe, made by Muhammad ibn Mahmud ibn ʿAli al-Tabari al-asturlabi (‘the astrolabist’), possibly from Maragha, north-west Iran, 1285–86. Nasser Khalili Collection, SCI 21 133
45 Plato (Aflatun) Charming the Wild Animals by his Music, by Madhu Khanazad, fol. 298r from the Khamsa of Nizami, Lahore, 1593–95, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 298r 136
45a Detail: Plato (Aflatun) Charming the Wild Animals by his Music, by Madhu Khanazad, fol. 298r from the Khamsa of Nizami, Lahore, 1593–95, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 298r 140
45b Detail: Plato (Aflatun) Charming the Wild Animals by his Music, by Madhu Khanazad, fol. 298r from the Khamsa of Nizami, Lahore, 1593–95, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 298r 143
45c Detail: Plato (Aflatun) Charming the Wild Animals by his Music, by Madhu Khanazad, fol. 298r from the Khamsa of Nizami, Lahore, 1593–95, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 298r 144
46 Illustrated borders with figural motifs, folio 1r, Jahangir’s album, 1608–18, Mughal India. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung, Libr. Pict. A117, fol. 1r 148
46a Detail: Illustrated borders with figural motifs, folio 1r, Jahangir’s album, 1608–18, Mughal India. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung, Libr. Pict. A117, fol. 1r 149
47 Majnun is Visited in the Wilderness by his Father, by Laʿl, fol. 100v from the Khamsa (Quintet) by Amir Khusraw Dihlavi, 1597–1598, probably Lahore, Mughal India. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, W.624.100B 154
47a Detail: Majnun is Visited in the Wilderness by his Father, by Laʿl, fol. 100v from the Khamsa (Quintet) by Amir Khusraw Dihlavi, 1597–1598, probably Lahore, Mughal India. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, W.624.100B 155
48 A European Man, ca. 1610–20, Mughal India. Victoria & Albert Museum, acc. # IM.386–1914 156
49 A Sinner’s Passionate Plea to God, fol. 75v from a Kulliyat (collection of poetry) by Saʿdī, Mughal, ca. 1604. The Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, AKM00284 158
49a Detail: A Sinner’s Passionate Plea to God, fol. 75v from a Kulliyat (collection of poetry) by Saʿdī, Mughal, ca. 1604. The Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, AKM00284 159
50 Detial: Mariyah and the Would-be Alchemist, by Sanvala, fol. 294r from the Khamsa of Nizami, Lahore, 1593–95, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 294r 162
51 Gate from the Akbar period, Red Fort, Agra, Mughal India 163
52 Jahangiri Mahal, Red Fort, Agra, ca. 1560–70, Mughal India 163
53 Aerial view of the Miriam house, Sonahra Makan, Fatehpur Sikri, 1569–1574, Mughal India 164
54 Diwan-i Khas, detail of sandstone carving, Fatehpur Sikri, 1569–1574, Mughal India 165
55 Detail: Majnun Answers his Father, by Nand Gwaliori, fol. 153v from the Khamsa of Nizami, Lahore, 1593–95, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 153v 166
56 The young man of Baghdad joins the Hashimi’s boat as a sailor to find his slave-girl on board, folio from Tales of a Parrot (Tuti-nama): Forty-eighth night, ca. 1560, Mughal India. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. A. Dean Perry 1962.279.307.a 167
57 Umar Walks around Fulad Castle, Meets a Foot Soldier and Kicks Him to the Ground, folio from a Hamzanama (Adventures of Hamza), ca. 1570, Mughal India. Metropolitan museum of art, 23.264.2 168
58 The Monkey and the Tortoise, fol. 206r from the Anvar-i Suhayli (Lights of Canopus) by Kashifi, ca. 1570–80, Mughal India. SOAS, Ms. 10102, fol. 206r 169
59 Marriage of Zanib, by Basawan, fol. 153r from the Khamsa of Nizami, ca. 1584–86, Mughal India. Keir collection of Islamic Art, K.1.2014. 153r 170
60 In Praise of the Simple Life, fol. 316v from a Divan of Anvari, 1588, Mughal India. Harvard Art Museums, 1960.117.316 172
61 The Fish Outwits the Fisherman, fol. 61 from the Iyar-i Danish, Lahore, 1596–97, Mughal India. Varanasi, Bharat Kala Bhavan, Ms. 9069 176
61a Detail: The Fish Outwits the Fisherman, fol. 61 from the Iyar-i Danish, Lahore, 1596–97, Mughal India. Varanasi, Bharat Kala Bhavan, Ms. 9069 177
62 Alexander is Lowered into the Sea, folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusraw Dihlavi, 1597–98, Mughal India. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 13.228.27 178
62a Detail: Alexander is Lowered into the Sea, folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusraw Dihlavi, 1597–98, Mughal India. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 13.228.27 179
63 A Muslim Pilgrim Learns a Lesson in Piety from a Brahman, folio from a Khamsa of Amir Khusraw Dihlavi, Lahore, 1597–98, Mughal India. Metropolitan Museum of Art 13.228.29 182
63a Detail: A Muslim Pilgrim Learns a Lesson in Piety from a Brahman, folio from a Khamsa of Amir Khusraw Dihlavi, Lahore, 1597–98, Mughal India. Metropolitan Museum of Art 13.228.29 183
64 Detail: Majnun Mourns his Father’s Death, by Manohar, fol. 132r from the Khamsa (Quintet) by Nizami, 1593–95, Lahore, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 132r 184
65 Detail: Sultan Sanjar and the Old Woman, by Laʿl, fol. 15v from the Khamsa (Quintet) by Nizami, 1593–95, Lahore, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 15v 185
66 Detail: The King Carried Away by a Giant Bird, by Dharamdas, fol. 195r from the Khamsa (Quintet) by Nizami, 1593–95, Lahore, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 195r 189
67 Detail: The Sage who was Attacked by a Drunken Man, fol. 57r from a Kulliyat (collection of poetry) by Saʿdī, ca. 1604, Mughal India. The Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, AKM00284 191
68 Detail: Men Disputing with Each Other in Loud Voice, folio from the Akhlaq-i Nasiri (Ethics of Nasiri), ca. 1590–95, Lahore, Mughal India.
The Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, AKM288 191
69 Simon Bening, Labors of the Months: May, fol. 6v from the Flemish
Book of Hours, Bruges, ca. 1540. München, StB, cod. lat. 23638, fol. 6v 194
70 Joachim Patinir, Rest on The Flight into Egypt, 1518–20, Belgium. Museo Nacional del Prado, inventory number P01611 195
71 Battle of Sarnal in Gujarat, by Laʿl and Babu Naqqash, folio from the Akbarnama, 1586–89, Mughal India. Victoria and Albert Museum, acc.# IS.2:106–1896 200
72 Royal Hunting Scene, fol.109v from a Divan of Hasan Dihlavi, 1602, Allahabad, Mughal India. Walters Art Museum, W.650 202
73 Rsyasrnga Travels to Ayodhya with Santa, by Govardhan, vol.1, fol. 22r, Ramayana of Valmiki,1597–1605. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.271.1–172 203
74 Allegorical Depiction of Celebrations for Akbar’s Circumcision at Khoja Seh Yaran. Attributed to Dust Muhammad, fol. 15r from Jahangir’s album, ca. 1550, Mughal India. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung, Libr. Pict. A117, fol. 15r 207
75 Jahangir and His Vizier, I’timad al-Daula, by Manohar, ca. 1615, recto folio from the Shah Jahan Album, Mughal India. Metropolitan Museum of Art 55.121.10.23 209
76 Ram Das Kachhwaha, attributed to Manohar, ca. 1590–95, Mughal India. Chester Beatty Library, number 11A.35 210
77 Raja Man Singh of Amber, album leaf, ca. 1590, Mughal India. Metropolitan Museum of Art 1982.174 211
78 Darbar of Jahangir, attributed to Manohar and to Abu’l Hasan, ca. 1620–24, Mughal India. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, accession number 14.654 212
78a Detail: Mahabat Khan. Darbar of Jahangir, attributed to Manohar and to Abu’l Hasan, ca. 1620–24, Mughal India. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, accession number 14.654 213
78b Detail: Father Corsi. Darbar of Jahangir, attributed to Manohar and to Abu’l Hasan, ca. 1620–24, Mughal India. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, accession number 14.654 214
78c Detail: Khawas Khan, Mahabat Khan and Asaf Khan. Darbar of Jahangir, attributed to Manohar and to Abu’l Hasan, ca. 1620–24, Mughal India. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, accession number 14.654 214
79 Akbar Lost in the Desert While Hunting Wild Asses, by Mohesh and Kesav, folio from the Akbarnama, ca. 1586–89, Mughal India. Victoria and Albert Museum, IS.2:84–1896 216
80 Akbar Rides the Mast Elephant Lakhna, probably in 1558, by Farrukh, Manohar and Anant, fol. 32v from the Akbarnama, ca. 1603–5, Mughal India. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, ms.3, fol. 32v 218
81 Colophon with Portraits of Artist Dawlat and Calligrapher Abd al-Rahim Haravi, by Dawlat, fol. 325v from the Khamsa (Quintet) by Nizami, 1593–95, Lahore, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 325v 220
81a Detail: Colophon with Portraits of Artist Dawlat and Calligrapher Abd al-Rahim Haravi, by Dawlat, fol. 325v from the Khamsa (Quintet) by Nizami, 1593–95, Lahore, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 325v 221
82 Detail: “The Princes who Painted a Self-portrait,” Told by the Russian Princess, by Jagannath, fol. 206r from the Khamsa (Quintet) by Nizami, 1593–95, Lahore, Mughal India. British Library Or. 12208, fol. 206r 223
83 Portrait of Shah ʿAbbas I of Persia, attributed to Bishan Das, ca. 1613–19, Mughal India. Opaque watercolor on paper. Image: 18.1 × 9.0 cm. British Museum # ME 1920.0917.0.13.2. 226
84 Akbar with Lion and Calf, a posthumous portrayal of Akbar at an old age, by Govardhan, ca. 1630, folio from the Shah Jahan album, Mughal India. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 55.121.10.22 228
85 Akbar Ordering the Slaughter of Animals to Cease in 1578, attributed to Miskina, folio from the Akbarnama, ca. 1590, Mughal India; pasted into the Johnson album. British Library J.8, 4 235
86 Portrait of Prince Danyal, by Manohar, ca. 1595, folio from the Shah Jahan Album, Mughal India. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 55.121.10.32 238
87 Portrait of Ibrahim ʿAdil Shah II of Bijapur, by Hashim, ca. 1620, folio from the Shah Jahan Album, Mughal India. Metropolitan Museum of Art 55.121.10.33 240
88 Ibrahim ʿAdil Shah II of Bijapur, ca. 1615, folio from an album, Bijapur, Deccan. British Museum 1937,0410,0.2 241
89 Jahangir Shoots the Head of Malik Ambar, by Abu’l Hasan, ca. 1616, probably Ajmer, folio from an album, Mughal India. Chester Beatty Library, 07A.15 246
90 Abdullah Khan Uzbek Hawking, by Abu’l Hasan, ca. 1618, Mughal India. Victoria and Albert Museum, IM.20–1925 250
91 Asaf Khan Wearing a Portrait Miniature, ca. 1615. The Chester Beatty Library, CBI In 45.2 252
92 A Woman Holding a Portrait of Emperor Jahangir, or Nur Jahan Holding a Portrait of Emperor Jahangir, attributed to Bishan Das, ca. 1627, Mughal India. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2013.325 254
93 Lady with a Portrait of Jahangir, ca. 1603, Mughal India. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, LTS1929.8.354 255
94 Jahangir Looking at a Portrait of his Father Akbar, by Abu’l Ḥasan and Hashim, ca. 1614, folio from an album, Mughal India. Musée du Louvre, OA3676b 256
95 Crispin de Passe, Portrait of King Philip II of Spain, 1598, from Effigies Regum ac Principum, Netherlandish. Library of Congress, The Hans P. Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake, rbdk d059 257
96 Jahangir Holding a Picture of the Virgin Mary, after 1614, folio from an album, Mughal India. National Museum, New Delhi, no. 58.58.31 259
97 Portrait of Sultan Mehmed II Smelling a Rose, attributed to Sinan Bey or Siblizade Ahmed, ca. 1480–81, Ottoman period. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Album H. 2153, fol. 10r 266
98 Portrait of Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara, ascribed to Bihzad, ca. 1500–1525, folio from an album, Herat, Central Asia. Harvard Art Museums, # 1958.59 267
99 Shah Abbas I Embracing One of his Pages, signed by Muhammad Qasim, 1627, Isfahan, Safavid period. Musée du Louvre, MAO494 268
100 Kamsa Receiving His Minister, folio from a Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord) circa 1640, India, Rajasthan, Kota. Los Angeles County Museum of Art (M.74.5.13) 269