Contents
1
1.1
The European Union as a Case of Special Interestâ5
1.2
Research Designâ6
1.3
The Organisation of the Bookâ10
2
Conceptual Framework: Diplomacy, Alienation and Ideal Typesâ11
2.1
Towards a Contingent Notion of Diplomacyâ12
2.1.1
The English Schoolâ14
2.1.2
The Limitations of Doctrinal Approachesâ16
2.1.3
Alienation and Diplomacyâ18
2.1.4
A Contingent Definition of Diplomacyâ19
2.2
A Social Constructivist Ontology of Diplomacyâ20
2.2.1
Social Structuresâ20
2.2.2
The Role of Diplomacy in the International Systemâ23
2.2.3
Conceptualising the Diplomacy of Individual Actorsâ24
2.2.4
Diplomacy as a Structured Discursive Totalityâ25
2.2.5
Layers of Diplomacyâ28
2.3
Westphalian Diplomacy: An Ideal Typeâ32
2.3.1
Westphalian Diplomatic Identities, Ideas and Meta-practicesâ33
2.3.2
Westphalian Diplomatic Practiceâ38
2.4
Antidiplomacy: An Ideal Typeâ43
2.4.1
Antidiplomatic Identities, Ideas and Meta-practicesâ44
2.4.2
Antidiplomatic Practicesâ48
2.5
Ideal Types and the Analysis of the Social Structure, Practices and Meta-practices of EU Diplomacyâ51
3
The Organisation of the EU as a Diplomatic Actorâ53
3.1
The Historical Evolution of the EU as a Diplomatic Actorâ53
3.2
The Internal Setup of the EU as a Diplomatic Actor after Lisbonâ62
3.2.1
The European Council and Its Permanent Presidentâ64
3.2.2
The Council of the European Unionâ66
3.2.3
The Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the Commissionâ67
3.2.4
3.3
Division of Labour in Brussels and the Challenge of Coherenceâ71
3.4
Conclusion: A Complex Network Organisationâ77
4
The EU in Bilateral Diplomatic Relationsâ79
4.1
The EU as a Receiver of Diplomatic Missionsâ79
4.2
The Permanent Representation of the EU in Third Statesâ81
4.2.1
The EU Delegationsâ82
4.2.2
The Role of the Diplomatic Missions of the Member Statesâ93
4.3
EU Special Representativesâ99
4.4
Coordination in the Network of EU Diplomatic Representationsâ101
4.5
Conclusionâ107
5
The Participation of the EU in International Organisationsâ109
5.1
The Participation of the EU in International Organisations: General Aspectsâ111
5.2
The United Nationsâ116
5.2.1
Status of the EUâ118
5.2.2
Forms of Representationâ119
5.2.3
Coordination Practicesâ120
5.2.4
The UN Security Councilâ122
5.2.5
The FAOâ123
5.3
The World Trade Organizationâ126
5.3.1
Status of the EUâ126
5.3.2
Forms of Representationâ128
5.3.3
Coordination Practicesâ129
5.4
The International Monetary Fundâ131
5.4.1
Status of the EUâ131
5.4.2
Forms of Representationâ131
5.4.3
Coordination Practicesâ133
5.5
The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)â134
5.5.1
Status of the EUâ135
5.5.2
Forms of Representationâ135
5.5.3
Coordination Practicesâ136
5.6
6
EU Diplomatic Meta-practices: Institutionalisation, Legalisation and Regionalisationâ140
6.1
Evolution of the EUâs International Legal Personality and Its Competences to Conclude International Agreementsâ143
6.2
EU Agreements: General Aspectsâ148
6.2.1
Cooperation Agreementsâ152
6.2.2
Association Agreementsâ154
6.2.3
Technical and Partial Agreementsâ156
6.3
Regionalisation: The Structure of the EUâs Relationships with Other Regionsâ157
6.3.1
Africa and the ACP Statesâ158
6.3.2
Asiaâ163
6.3.3
Latin Americaâ166
6.3.4
The European Economic Areaâ172
6.3.5
The European Neighbourhood Policyâ174
6.4
Conclusion: EU Diplomatic Meta-practices between Transformative Effects and Isomorphic Pressures on the EU to Adaptâ187
7
Social Structures of EU Diplomacyâ191
7.1
The International Identity of the European Union as a Diplomatic Actorâ192
7.1.1
The Dominant Antidiplomatic EU Identityâ193
7.1.2
The Minority Construction of EU Diplomatic Identity Based on the Westphalian Ideal Typeâ199
7.2
The Causal Ideas in EU Diplomacyâ202
7.3
Strategic Objectives of EU Diplomacyâ209
7.4
Conclusionâ213
8
Conclusions and Perspectivesâ215
8.1
Main Characteristics of European Union Diplomacyâ215
8.1.1
EU Diplomatic Practicesâ215
8.1.2
EU Diplomatic Meta-practices: Institutionalisation, Legalisation and Regionalisationâ217
8.1.3
The Antidiplomatic Social Structures of EU Diplomacyâ219
8.2
What Diplomatic Theory Reveals about the EU: The Structural Antidiplomacy of the European Union as an Inherently Unstable
8.3
What the EU Case Reveals about Diplomacy: Ideal Types and the Pluralisation of Diplomacyâ230
8.3.1
The Case of EU Diplomacy and the Construction of a Typology of Diplomaciesâ230
8.3.2
The Systemic Impact of the EUâs Structural Antidiplomacyâ233
Annex 1: Ideal Type Social Structures of Diplomacyâ238
Annex 2: Ideal Type Diplomatic Meta-practicesâ239
Annex 3: Ideal Type Diplomatic Practicesâ240
Bibliographyâ241
Indexâ263