Tables
1 Distribution of third person singular pronoun forms produced by six Virgin Islanders 45
2 Percent of pronoun forms produced by six Virgin Islanders 46
3 Variation in orthography and pronunciation of [gemde] from Sabino and Pitts 2016 63
4 Variation in meaning of [gemde] from Sabino and Pitts 2016 64
5 Syntagmatic ‘above, on’ sequences produced by Mr. Joshua 67
6 Syntagmatic ‘above, on’ sequences produced by Mrs. Stevens 68
7 Distributions for World English or World Englishes in the Corpus of Global Web-Based English: 1.9 billion words from speakers in 20 countries (Davies 2013) 79
8 Competing constructions for the entity/entities perceived as historically and/or structurally related to language use in the British colonial empire in the LLBA database in 2012 and 2017 80
9 Number of cumulative responses in the Language Variation furniture-terms surveys 85
10 Alabamians’ conventionalization of four furniture terms in the 2015 data set 86
11 Alabamians’ conventionalization of four furniture terms in the 2016 data set 87
12 Distribution of third person singular pronoun forms produced by six Virgin Islanders 88
13 Segments preceding abobo ~ abo ~ bo 93
14 Collocates that precede two or more forms of abobo ~ abo ~ bo 94
15 Frequency of use of [æ, a, ə, ʌ, ai, e] and multiple negation in a Detroit high school 105
16 Use of rhotacization, interdental pronunciation of dental sibilants, and full tone in Beijing 105
Figures
1 Citations for barbarous languages from the English Corpus using Google Books Ngram Viewer 23
2 Citations for native speaker and native writer from the English Corpus using Google Books Ngram Viewer 28
3 An F1/F2 plot of 142 vowels produced by Mrs. Stevens 48
4 Four alots, imaginary creatures created by Allie Brosh 49
5 Constructionally defined elements by Randall Munroe 54
6 Use of forms for ‘above, on’ by two Virgin Islanders 67
7 A coordination construction for encoding complex events 73
8 Comparison of conjunction use by Mrs. Stevens and Mr. Roberts 73
9 Furniture names for 
provided by Alabamians between 2013 and 2016 84
10 Furniture names for 
provided by Alabamians between 2013 and 2016 84
11 Distribution of third person singular pronoun forms produced by six Virgin Islanders 88
12 Conventionalization of [gemde] orthographic representations, pronunciations, and meanings 91
13 Asymmetric frequency distribution of variants of the NP + MODAL + have construction from The Corpus of Historical American English from Davies 2010– 92
14 Asymmetrical frequency distribution of words that precede variant forms of abobo ~ abo ~ bo 94
15 Asymmetric frequency distribution of words that occur after variant forms of abobo ~ abo ~ bo 95
16 Google Books Ngram Viewer citations for conventionalization and vernacularization 101