Page numbers for figures are in italics.
ABC of Composition (Goutufa ABC)
,
48 –53
Académie française
,
50
,
240n44
Access to Urumqi (Ai Zhongxin)
,
174
,
182
Account of My Experiences in Painting (Tuhua jianwenzhi; Guo Ruoxu)
,
101
Aesthetic Education (Meiyu; journal)
,
26 –27
Ai Qing
,
169
Ai Zhongxin
,
127
,
174
,
182
,
209 –10
Aimeisheng xuehuaji
.
see Story of Aimeisheng’s Study of Painting, The
Alberti, Leon Battista
,
4
,
50
,
98
,
250n86
All-China Woodcut Circles Resistance Association
,
127
Andrews, Julia Frances
,
169 –70
Anhui Province
,
170
,
175
,
228 –29
Art and Illusion (Gombrich)
,
4
art pedagogy:
in Chinese school system
,
21
,
26 –27 54 –55
and the Communist regime
,
169
,
173
;
cun models in
,
107 –9
European modernism in
,
207
;
experimental art in
,
225 –27
in Japan
,
18
,
21
,
50
;
life-drawing classes in
,
4 –5
linear perspective in
,
54 –57
sketching from life in
,
19 –20 21
,
25
,
117
;
traditional
,
21
,
22
,
23
,
25
.
Shanghai Art Academy
Art World (Yilin; journal)
,
84
Attiret, Jean Denis
,
53
Autumn at West Lake (Liu Haisu)
,
74 –75 76
Autumn Moon over a Calm Lake (Qiu Di)
,
76 –78 77
Beijing Advanced Normal School (Beijing gaodeng shifan xuexiao)
,
86
,
87
Beijing Chinese Painting Research Society (Beijing Zhongguohua yanjiuhui)
,
170
Beijing gaodeng shifan xuexiao
.
see Beijing Advanced Normal School
Beijing Normal University
,
208
Beijing Painting Institute
,
186
,
262 –63n75
Beijing Zhongguohua yanjiuhui
.
see Beijing Chinese Painting Research Society
Binyon, Laurence
,
97
Bird’s-Eye View of Mount Emei (Zhang Daqian)
,
67
,
68
Blue Peak Overlooking a River (Chen Shuren)
,
60 –62 61
Bridge at Nani (Corot)
,
232
British art
,
43 –44 50
Brunelleschi, Filippo
,
4
Burghers of Calais, The (Rodin)
,
217
Cai Ruohong
,
169
,
170
,
172
,
264n102
Cai Weilian
,
207
Cai Yuanpei
,
22 –23 27
,
29
,
62
,
84
,
85
Fishermen’s Calamity, The (Guan Shanyue)
,
124 –26
Camel Bells beyond the Great Wall (Guan Shanyue)
,
143 –46 144
Canal Construction (Qian Songyan)
,
200 –202 201
Cartoon Propaganda Unit
,
151
Cassagne, Armand
,
55
,
58
,
59
Central Academy of Fine Arts (Beijing)
,
208
,
223
,
225
Chang Shuhong
,
141
Chen Baoyi
,
17
,
18 –19 73
,
74
,
76
,
237 –38n4 238n11
Chen Duxiu
,
22
,
84
Chen Jiru
,
102 –3
Chen Shizeng
,
86 –87
Chen Shufeng
,
143
Chen Shuren
,
19
,
45
,
60 –62 64
,
118
,
123
,
137
Chen Wanli
,
45
Chen Xiaodie
,
70 –71
Chen Yingmei
,
53
Chengdu
,
116
China Academy of Art (Zhongguo meishu xueyuan)
,
223
,
224
,
225
,
228
China as It Is: A Comprehensive Album (Zhongguo jingxiang)
,
37
Chinese Art College (Zhonghua yishu daxue)
,
32
Chinese Artists Association
,
169
,
170
,
190
,
193
,
208
,
263n89
Chinese Association for Aesthetic Education (Zhongguo meiyu hui)
,
26
,
240n50
Chinese Communist Party:
artists under the rule of
,
8
,
165 –66 168 –69 193 –94 254n7
;
distrust of intellectuals and cultural workers
,
10
;
important sites in history of
,
204
,
216
.
Nationalist government
Chinese Painting Society (Zhongguo huahui)
,
89
“Chinese Painting Will Emit Radiating Splendor“ (Guan Songfang)
,
187
Chinese Travel Agency (Zhongguo lüxingshe)
,
37
Chongqing
,
116
,
142
,
197
,
204
Chu The-Chun
.
see Zhu Dequn
Citizens Lack Creativity (Zhang Yuguang)
,
7
“Comments from Painting Theories that Are Crimes“ (Yu Jianhua)
,
92
Commercial Press
,
36
,
57
,
90
Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries
,
193
Complete History of Chinese Painting Studies (Zhongguo huaxue quanshi; Zheng Wuchang)
,
90
conceptualism
,
221
Construction at a Mine (Zhang Wenjun)
,
205
,
206
“Convenient Method for Open-Air Painting,“ 47
Copying “The Orchid Pavilion Preface“ a Thousand Times (Qiu Zhijie)
,
222 –23
Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille
,
59
,
211
,
232
Critiques of Famous Painters of the Song Dynasty (Songchao minghuaping; Liu Daochun)
,
101
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (film)
,
229
Cultural Revolution
,
166
,
207
,
249n74
cun models:
in art historiography
,
101 –2 250 –51n95
and geological features
,
39
,
85
,
103 –8 113 –14
taxonomic approach to
,
108 –14 251n101
,
253n125
,
253n130
Current Events (Shishi xinbao; newspaper)
,
95
Dagongbao (newspaper)
,
140
Dazu rock carvings
,
218
Debord, Guy Louis
,
5
Deng Shi
,
247n10
De pictura (Alberti)
,
50
de Piles, Roger
,
50
Dianshizhai Pictorial
,
265n128
Ding Jianxing
,
238n8
Ding Lanxiang
,
147 –48
Ding Shiqing
,
198
,
264n99
Ding Song
,
19
Discussion of Painting (Xu hua; Wang Wei [415–43])
,
98
Discussions on Landscape (Shanshui lun; Wang Wei [701–61])
,
90 –91
Dong Qichang
,
101 –2 108
,
252nn108 –10
Dong Xiwen
,
145
,
166
,
181 –82 208
,
209
,
262n63
Dong Yuan
,
101
,
102
,
251n100
,
251n102
,
252n105
,
252n109
Dongnan lansheng
.
see Scenic Views of Southeast China
Dongnan University
,
95
Dragon King Pond of Lhasa, The (Wu Guanzhong)
,
217 –18 217
Du Jiutian
,
242n12
Dunhuang, Gansu
,
141
,
142
,
148
,
208
Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains (Huang Gongwang)
,
187 –88
Eastern Times (Shibao; newspaper)
,
20
école nationale supérieure des beaux-arts
,
207
“Effective Method for Open-Air Landscape Painting, An“ (Wang Yachen)
,
43
Egyptian art
,
4
Elephant’s Trunk Hill (Chen Shuren)
,
137 –38
Euclidean optics
.
see optical vision
Examination of Painting (Huajian; Tang Hou)
,
101
Examples of Methods of Composition (Goutufa shili; Chen Yingmei)
,
53
Exhibition Office of Ancient Artifacts (Guwu chenliesuo)
,
81
Ezhuang, Shandong
,
232
Famous Paintings in Modern China (Zhongguo xiandai minghua)
,
64
Fan Kuan
,
102
,
253n125
Feng Fasi
,
154
Feng Zikai:
book on composition
,
48 –53
and Cassagne’s treatise on perspective
,
56
;
experiences sketching from life
,
25 –26 240n48
;
and Li Shutong
,
20
,
25
;
on Mount Huang
,
65
;
and Shanghai Specialized Teachers College
,
240n49
;
on view-taking
,
46
Fengman Dam (Beijing Painting Institute)
,
186
“Fine Art Photography: To Friends Who Take Photographs“ (Feng Zikai)
,
51
Fine Arts (Meishu; journal):
discussion of ocular turn in
,
27
;
discussion of “poetic quality“ in
,
183
,
187
;
discussion of view-taking in
,
43
,
45
;
and the New Look of Mountains and Streams exhibition
,
194
;
review of Second National Exhibition of Art
,
174
;
Savrasov’s The Rooks Have Come Back in
,
183
,
184 –85
Wu Guanzhong on landscape painting in
,
209
,
216
;
Zhang Wenjun on his “experience of creation“ in
,
174
,
176
Foucault, Michel
,
5
Foujita, Tsuguharu
,
267n181
Fourth Cataract of the Five Cataracts in Zhuji, The (He Tianjian)
,
105 –7 106
Foziling Reservoir
,
175
,
176
,
261n41
French art
,
1
frescoes
,
50
Fu, Baoshi:
on artistic “transformation,“ 194
;
and Guan Shanyue
,
166
,
263n89
;
as head of Jiangsu Provincial Chinese Painting Institute
,
193
,
264n103
;
as leader of 1960 open-air painting tour
,
193
,
196
,
197
,
264n99
;
paintings
,
198 –200
translation of book by Takashima Hokkai
,
113 –14
Fujiwara, Simon
,
221
Gai Dashi
,
83
Galassi, Peter
,
47
Gansu Province
,
141
Gao Jianfu
,
117
,
119
,
123
,
124
,
254n10
,
255n14
Gazing at a Waterfall from Cliffs (He Tianjian)
,
109 –12 113
Ge Lu
,
183
Gerasimov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich
,
168
Gilpin, William
,
50
Gobi Desert
,
143 –45
Gombrich, Ernst
,
4
Gong Xian
,
87
,
108
Goutufa ABC
.
see ABC of Composition
Goutufa shili
.
see Examples of Methods of Composition
Great Leap Forward
,
176
,
196
Gu Jiegang
,
45
Gu Kaizhi
,
251n100
Guan Liang
,
211
Guan Shanyue
,
117 –64
background and training
,
117 –18
embrace of Communist regime
,
165 –67
exhibitions
,
126 –32 142 –43 174
;
The Fishermen’s Calamity and Sanzao Island
,
124 –26
paintings from the northwest borderland
,
143 –50
Retreat from the City
,
118 –24 130 –31
Ten Thousand Miles of the Li River
,
132 –40 256n59
;
travels
,
140 –50 166
,
263n89
;
wartime experiences and efforts
,
118 –19 150 –64
works depicting industrial sites
,
154
,
156 –64 174
Guan Songfang
,
166
,
186 –88 262 –63n75
Guan Tong
,
71
,
103
,
105
Guangxi Art Institute
,
128
Guangxi Clique
,
127
Guangxi Province
,
127
,
132
,
160
Guangxi Provincial Second Teachers School
,
33
Guangzhou
,
117
,
119
,
126
Guangzhou Art Academy
,
166
Guidebook to Watercolor Painting (Suisaiga no shiori; Ōshita TŌjirŌ)
,
44
Guilin, Guangxi
,
116
,
127
,
139
Guilin shanshui xieshengji
.
see Open-Air Paintings of the Mountains and Streams of Guilin
Guizhou Province
,
160
,
259n108
Guo Moruo
,
143
,
187
,
249n74
Guo Ruoxu
,
101
,
251n99
Guo Xi
,
64
,
92
,
96
,
123
guohua (national painting)
in art historiography
,
9
,
81 –82 88
,
90 –99
in art school curricula
,
24 –25 169
;
compared with Western-style painting
,
78 –79 93
;
Mount Huang in
,
65 –71 170
;
and “national reconstruction,“ 150 –64
“new guohua“ (xinguohua)
,
118
,
169
;
Northern school vs. Southern school of
,
102
,
252nn109 –10
and open-air painting
,
35
,
80
,
82 –89 168 –73 247n5
,
248n35
;
and the optical principle
,
57
,
60 –71 85
,
89 –99 104
;
and “poetic quality,“ 187 –88
socialist attitudes to
,
130
,
132
,
168 –73 178
,
188
,
194
,
260n18
.
cun models
;
landscape painting
Guohua Monthly (Guohua yuekan; journal)
,
88
,
89
,
92
Guoli Beijing meishu zhuanke xuexiao
.
see National Beijing Specialized Art School
Guoli yishuyuan
.
see National Art Academy
Guoli zhongyang daxue
.
see National Central University
Guwu chenliesuo
.
see Exhibition Office of Ancient Artifacts
Han Lichao
,
235 –36n8
Han Yu
,
137
Han Zhuo
,
251n101
Hang Chunxiao
,
170
Hangzhou
,
116
Hangzhou at Dusk (Maksimov)
,
213
,
214
Hangzhou National Academy of Art
.
see National Academy of Art
Harvest (Yu Ben)
,
191 –92 191
He Liangpu (He Lüzhi)
,
84
He Tianjian:
art works
,
106
,
109
,
110 –11 171
;
difficulty of access to art writings
,
81
;
and open-air painting
,
89
,
170
,
172
;
on the premodern masters
,
104
,
105
,
108
;
study of cun strokes
,
39
,
104 –7 253n120
,
253n125
Heilongjiang Province
,
190
Henan Province
,
196
,
232
Henri, Adrian
,
225
High into the Cloudy Sky (Huang Yanghui)
,
160
,
161
History of Chinese Art (translated into Chinese as Zhongguo meishushi; Ōmura Seigai)
,
90
History of Chinese Painting (Zhongguo huihua shi; Chen Shizeng)
,
90
History of Chinese Painting (Zhongguo huihuashi; Yu Jianhua)
,
114
History of Chinese Painting Studies (Zhongguo huihua xueshi; Qin Zhongwen)
,
90
Hongcun, Anhui
,
229 –30
“How to Appreciate Traditional-Style Painting“ (Ling Shuhua)
,
78
“How to Understand Chinese Painting“ (Zheng Wuchang)
,
64
Hu Peiheng:
book on landscape painting
,
109
;
and Communist regime
,
114
,
248n35
;
on cun models
,
103
,
253n130
;
membership in Research Society on Painting Methods
,
248n24
;
paintings
,
186
;
theory of open-air painting
,
82 –85 112
Hu Shi
,
24
Hu Yun
,
227
Hua Junwu
,
169
Hua Yan
,
143
Huafa yanjiuhui
.
see Research Society on Painting Methods
Huai River
,
175
,
176
Huajian
.
see Examination of Painting
Huang Binhong:
compilation of Meishu congshu
,
247n10
;
on cun models
,
107 –8 109
,
essay on Mount Huang
,
39
;
influence on Zhang Wenjun
,
180
;
and open-air painting
,
11
,
89
Huang Gongwang:
on cun models
,
252nn105
and
108
;
hometown
,
104 –5
later reception of art of
,
62
,
71
,
187 –88
and open-air painting
,
1
,
235n1
Huang Junbi
,
117
Huang Mingqian
,
196 –97 264n99
Huang Xinbo
,
128
,
130
Huang Xuchu
,
128
Huang Yanghui
,
127
,
154
,
160
,
259nn108 –10
Huang Yanpei
,
38
Huang Yongping
,
222
Huangshan hua jing
.
see Painterly Views of Mount Huang
Hua shanshui xu
.
see Introduction to Painting Landscape
Hubei Province
,
228
Hui Xiaotong
,
186
Hunan Province
,
216
Hushe
.
see Lake Society
impressionism
,
1
,
178
Inner Mongolia
,
141
Introduction to Landscape Painting (Shanshui rumen; Hu Peiheng)
,
85
,
109
Introduction to Painting Landscape (Hua shanshui xu; Zong Bing)
,
97
,
98
Ioganson, Boris
,
211
Iron Cavalry in Battle, The (Liang Yongtai)
,
147
,
147
Ishikawa KinichirŌ
,
48
,
50
Japanese art:
models for Chinese painters in
,
123
;
painting from life in
,
118
;
pedagogy
,
18
,
21
,
50
,
54 –55 239n24
;
perspective in
,
243 –44n43
terms related to
,
2
,
55
,
59
,
172
,
236n10
;
watercolor movement
,
43 –44 48
,
50
Jesuit missionaries
,
53
Jiang Danshu:
ignorance of Nian Xiyao’s Study of Vision
,
244n61
;
and open-air painting
,
11
;
paintings
,
68
,
70
;
on photography
,
58
;
textbook on perspective
,
56 –57 93
,
245n62
,
245n67
;
and Zheng Wuchang
,
62
Jiang Feng
,
169
,
260n18
Jiang Guandao
,
102
Jiang Jun
,
82
Jiang Weiqing
,
264n103
Jiangsu Provincial Chinese Painting Institute
,
176
,
193
,
200
,
264n101
Jiangsu Provincial Education Research Society (Jiangsusheng jiaoyuhui)
,
22
Jiangsu Provincial Teachers College
,
200
Jiangxi Province
,
216
,
229
Jieziyuan huazhuan
.
see Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Painting, The
Jilin Province
,
190
Jin Cheng
,
84
Jin Kaifan
,
84
Jing Hao
,
71
,
103
,
105
,
235n1
,
252n109
Jinggang Mountains
,
216
Jiuwang ribao (newspaper)
.
see National Salvation Daily
Jottings at the Garden of Torrents of Dreams (Mengxi bitan; Shen Gua)
,
91
Ju Lian
,
118
,
254n10
Juelanshe
,
75
Juran
,
102
,
251n100
,
252n109
Kats, A
.
,
83
King Yu’s Temple (Qian Songyan)
,
202 –4 203
Kuriyama, Shigehisa
,
98
Kuroda JūtarŌ
,
48
Laing, Ellen
,
182
Lake at Himalaya (Dong Xiwen)
,
209
Lake Society (Hushe)
,
84
Landscape (Yu Ben)
,
189
,
189
Landscape at West Lake (Chen Baoyi)
,
73
,
74
,
76
landscape painting:
Chinese vs. Western
,
78 –79 216
;
and composition
,
47 –53 87
,
90
,
180
;
as individual artistic expression
,
59
;
and linear perspective
,
60 –64 65
,
94 –99 180
,
243 –44n43
open-air painting and
,
1 –2 16
,
228 –33
poeticism in
,
262n71
;
socialist
,
174 –82 195
;
and “Three Distances“ theory
,
64
,
96
,
245n83
;
traditional “layers of mountains“ view
,
64
,
65
,
78
,
91
;
and the view-taking mode
,
41 –42 46
.
guohua (national painting)
Lanzhou, Gansu
,
141
,
148
Lao She
,
186
Lei Jiajun
,
33
Leonardo da Vinci
,
51
,
98
,
218
Levitan, Isaac
,
183
Li Chen
,
253n125
Li Cheng
,
91
,
123
Li Jingzhai
,
82
Li Keran
,
170
,
260n22
,
265 –66n137
Li Lincan
,
250 –51n95
Li Renren
,
128
Li Ruiqing
,
95
Li Shuoqin
,
178
,
179
,
261n51
Li Shutong
,
19 –20 25
,
56
,
71
,
238n15
Li Sixun (general)
,
102
,
252n109
Li Tang
,
102
,
105
,
252n109
,
253n125
Li Yansheng
,
127
,
128
,
255n26
Li Zhaodao
,
252n109
Li Zongjin
,
173
Liang Qichao
,
24
Liang Yongtai
,
147
,
258n92
Liangjiang Teachers School
,
56
Liangyou
.
see Young Companion
Lin Fengmian
,
72
,
116 –17 207
,
266n140
Lin Shu
,
82
Lin Wenzheng
,
207
Lin Yong
,
129
Ling Shuhua
,
78
Lingnan school
,
19
,
117 –18 122 –23 138
Linquan gaozhi
.
see Lofty Message of Forests and Streams
Li River
,
60 –62 64
,
132
,
136 –39
Liu Bingtang
,
143
,
145
Liu Bizhen
,
55
,
244n54
Liu Daochun
,
101
,
251n99
Liu Haisu:
establishment of Shanghai Art Academy
,
18
,
240n53
;
fascination with Western-style painting
,
16 –17
influence on art education
,
22
;
on open-air painting
,
35 –36
paintings
,
74 –75 76
,
78
,
266n140
;
and sketching from life
,
19
;
wartime activities
,
116
Liu Jie
,
232
Liu Songnian
,
105
,
252n109
Liu Yong
,
251n99
Liu Zijiu
,
175
Living China: A Pictorial Record, The (Zhongguo daguan; Wu Liande)
,
36 –37
Lofty Message of Forests and Streams (Linquan gaozhi; Guo Xi)
,
92
,
96
,
101
Looking for Resources for the Nation (Liu Zijiu)
,
175
Lü Cheng
,
22
Lü Fengzi
,
24
Lu, Peter (Lu Bodu), S. J
.
,
244n54
Lü Sibai
,
131
Lu Xun
,
255n26
Lu You
,
150
Luo Gongliu
,
168
,
210
Luo Ming
,
170
Luo Yin
,
260n22
Ma Guoxian
,
53
Ma Yuan
,
252n109
Macau
,
119
,
124
,
126
Maksimov, Konstantin M.:
on color
,
168
,
210 –11 266n156
;
on composition
,
176
,
178
;
as consultant to Central Academy of Fine Arts
,
168
;
Hangzhou at Dusk
,
213
,
214
;
and “poetic quality,“ 183
,
262n71
Mao Zedong
,
187
,
200
,
260n18
March, Benjamin
,
97
Massa, Nicolas
,
244n54
Matisse, Henri
,
211
Mei Jianying
,
154
Meishan Reservoir (Zhang Wenjun)
,
176
,
177
,
180
,
182
,
193
Meishu congshu (Book collection on art; Huang Binhong and Deng Shi)
,
247n10
Meishu (journal)
.
see Fine Arts
Meiyu (journal)
.
see Aesthetic Education
Mengxi bitan
.
see Jottings at the Garden of Torrents of Dreams
Mi Fu
,
101
,
104
,
251n100
,
252n109
Mi Youren [Mi Yuanhui]
,
102
,
252n109
Ming dynasty art
,
83
,
104
,
133
,
136
,
251 –52n104
Mio, Vangjush
,
211
Mist-Filled Twilight at West Lake (Liu Haisu)
,
74 –75 75
Mitter, Rana
,
151
,
258n98
Modern Parents (Xiandai fumu; journal)
,
33
Morning at My Hometown (Wu Guanzhong)
,
211
,
212
,
214
Mount Emei
,
67
,
68
,
197 –98 246n95
Mount Huang
,
65 –71 246n88
Mount Huang (Jiang Danshu)
,
68 –70 68
Mount Yandang
,
38
,
87
,
103
Moving Mountains and Filling Valleys (Li Shuoqin)
,
178
,
179
Moving the Mountains and Creating the Sea (Dong Xiwen)
,
181 –82 181
Mukden Incident
,
141
Mustard seed Garden Manual of Painting, The (Jieziyuan huazhuan)
,
84 –85 96
,
99
,
100
,
103
,
104
,
112
,
265n128
“My Impression of Mount Huang“ (Feng Zikai)
,
65
National Art Academy (Guoli yishuyuan; renamed Hangzhou National Academy of Art in 1929)
,
56 –57 71
,
207
National Art Museum of China
,
205
National Beijing Specialized Art School (Guoli Beijing meishu zhuangke xuexiao)
,
24 –25
National Central University (Guoli zhongyang daxue)
,
95
,
127
,
154
National Institute of Art Research (Zhongguo yishu yanjiuyuan)
,
268n17
nationalism:
and ethnic minorities
,
148
;
and “national reconstruction,“ 151 –64 231
;
and the ocular turn
,
98 –99 223 –24
and the Sino-Japanese War
,
7 –8 115
;
and traditional painting techniques
,
108
,
131
;
and views of the homeland
,
10
,
35 –40 115
,
139 –40
Nationalist government:
campaign of “national reconstruction,“ 151
,
259n109
;
cultural production under
,
9 –10
disillusionment with
,
162
,
165 –66
and Guangxi Clique
,
127
;
mobilization of ethnic minorities
,
148
;
retreat to Taiwan
,
168 –69
and Sino-Japanese War
,
115
,
116
,
142
,
204
;
views of the homeland under
,
36
,
38
,
139 –40 Chinese Communist Party
National Palace Museum
,
81
,
123
,
133
,
136
,
262 –63n75
National Reconstruction (Mei Jianying)
,
154
,
155
National Salvation Daily (Jiuwang ribao; newspaper)
,
128
Nawa Insect Research Institute
,
118
Nengren Temple
,
38
New Culture Movement
,
22
,
23 –24 27
,
81
,
84
,
95
,
140
“New Folk Songs Expanding New Approach to Poetry“ (Zhou Yang)
,
187
New Look of Mountains and Streams (Jiangsu Provincial Chinese Painting Institute)
,
193 –207
Newly Completed Road (Guan Shanyue)
,
160 –61 162
,
163
,
174
New Style Painting (xinfahua)
,
18
,
20
New Youth (Xin qingnian; journal)
,
22
,
23
Ni Yide
,
59 –60 245n74
Ni Zan
,
71
,
103
,
112
,
237n3
Nian Xiyao
,
54
,
243 –44n43 244n61
Nikiforov, B
.
,
183
Ningxia
,
141
Northern Song dynasty
,
123
Northern Wei dynasty
,
148
oil painting
,
168
,
209 –14 216
,
219
,
232
Old Veteran of Shaanbei (Ya Ming)
,
194
,
195
Ōmura Seigai
,
90
“Once [Your] Thought Has Been Transformed, [Your] Brush and Ink Will Not Be Able to Remain the Same“ (Fu Baoshi)
,
194
“On Chinese Painting“ (Ai Qing)
,
169
“On Landscape Painting“ (Wu Guanzhong)
,
214 –15
On Perspective (Wei Yuanxin)
,
93 –94
“On the Origin and Foundation of Chinese and Western Methods of Painting“ (Zong Baihua)
,
94
open-air painting:
and anthropological fieldwork
,
226
;
in art school curricula
,
28 –35 223
,
224 –27 228 –33 238n15
;
bases for
,
228 –33
Chinese terms related to
,
2 –3 45
,
80
;
compared to mining
,
215 –16
and composition
,
47 –53 160
;
and cun models
,
103 –8
equipment for
,
87
;
as a European practice
,
1 –2
the horizon line in
,
59
,
64
and linear perspective
,
53 –60 62
,
114
;
from multiple viewpoints
,
214 –15 216
,
218
;
and notions of the homeland
,
3
,
7 –8 35 –40 115
;
and “poetic quality“ (shiyi)
,
186
;
as preparatory sketching
,
192
,
198
,
235n7
;
and socialism
,
165 –73 260n22
,
261n33
;
state-sponsored tours of
,
190
,
193 –207
and traditional Chinese landscape art
,
1
,
80 –99 118
,
247n5
;
and viewing position
,
3
,
35
,
58 –59 60
,
96 –99 137 –38 172
;
and the view-taking mode
,
41 –47 60
;
during the war
,
115 –16
at West Lake
,
71 –79 sketching from life (xiesheng)
“Open-Air Painting and the Establishment of a Theme (liyi)“ (Yu Feng)
,
192
“Open-Air Painting in Chinese Landscape Painting“ (Hu Peiheng)
,
82 –85 103
Open-Air Painting of the Zhuwo Station of the Fengsha Railroad, An (Qin Zhongwen)
,
170
Open-Air Paintings of the Mountains and Streams of Guilin (Guilin shanshui xieshengji; Chen Shuren)
,
60
optical vision:
associated with modernity
,
6
,
10 –11
influence on landscape painting
,
60 –64
linear perspective
,
4
,
6
,
53 –60
severed from other senses
,
5
,
58
;
and sketching from life
,
24
,
25
,
27 –28
and the view-taking mode
,
46
.
perspective
Ōshita TŌjirŌ
,
44
Ouyang Yuqian
,
128
Painterly Views of Mount Huang (Huangshan hua jing); Zhang Shanzi and Zhang Daqian)
,
66
painters:
access to historical artworks
,
81
,
104
,
107
;
and the Communist regime
,
172 –73 182
,
193 –207
individual artistic expression of
,
59
,
94
;
and nationalism
,
7 –8 10
,
35 –40 98 –99 108
,
115
,
131
,
139
;
and optical vision
,
6 –7
traditional
,
35
;
during wartime
,
115 –16
women
,
254n5
.
individual artists
Palmer, Rodney
,
243 –44n43
Pan Tianshou
,
24
Pan Zhizhong
,
103
Pang Xunqin
,
254n5
Parsons, Alfred William
,
43
Pastoral Song of the North (Guan Shanyue)
,
146 –47 146
People’s Daily
,
209
Perspectiva pictorum et architectorum (Pozzo)
,
243 –44n43
perspective:
in art pedagogy
,
55
;
Chinese treatises on
,
54
,
55 –57 243 –44n43
eighteenth-century encounters with
,
6
,
53 –54 237n19
,
243n42
;
and Euclidean optics
,
4
,
54
,
57 –59
in European art
,
4
;
in Japan
,
54 –55 243 –44n43
and modernism
,
59 –60
and traditional Chinese painting
,
60 –64 65
,
89 –94 114
,
243 –44n43 245n62
;
Zong Baihua’s theory of
,
94 –99 180
,
250n88
.
optical vision
photography:
and accuracy in painting
,
138
;
composition in
,
51 –53
documenting the homeland
,
36 –37
and the human eye
,
58
;
of painters painting outdoors
,
260n25
;
and term for “view-taking,“ 45
;
and viewing position
,
66
,
74
Pine and Clouds amid Myriad Mountains (Zheng Wuchang)
,
70
,
69
postimpressionism
,
75
,
76
Potala Palace, The (Wu Guanzhong)
,
217
Pozzo, Andrea
,
243 –44n43
Principles of Landscape Painting, The (Takashima Hokkai)
,
113
“Problem of Open-Air Painting in Chinese Landscape Painting, The“ (Yu Jianhua)
,
88
proletarian art
,
151
,
154
Pu Xinshe
,
262 –63n75
Puttfarken, Thomas
,
50
Qian Songyan
,
166
,
200 –207 264n99
,
265n128
,
265n137
Qian Zhujiu
,
38
,
39
Qianbi huaxuan
.
see Samples of Pencil Drawing
Qiangui Railway Company
,
160
Qiantang River
,
72
,
78
Qin Zhongwen
,
90
,
170
Qin dynasty
,
154
Qing dynasty
,
21
,
54
,
81
,
83
,
104
,
133
,
244n47
Qinghua University
,
208
Qing Orthodox school
,
62
,
84
Qiu Di
,
75 –76 76 –78 254n5
Qiu Jin
,
78
Qiu Zhijie
,
222 –27 232 –33 268n17
Rebekkah (Simon Fujiwara)
,
221 –22
Reclamation Region along the Mudan River (Yu Ben)
,
190 –92 190
Record of Paintings seen (Shanhuwang; Wang Keyu)
,
103
Red Cliff (Wu Yuanzhi)
,
133
Red Flag
,
187
Red Rock (Qian Songyan)
,
204 –5 205
Red Rock Revolutionary Museum
,
204
Ren Hongjun
,
239n34
Ren Weiyin
,
35
,
72
,
74
,
78
Repin, Ilya Efimovich
,
178
“Replacing Religion with Art“ (Cai Yuanpei)
,
23
Research Institute of Contemporary Art (Zhongguo dangdai yishu yanjiuyuan)
,
268n17
Research Society on Chinese Painting Studies (Zhongguo huaxue yanjiuhui)
,
84
,
248n26
Research Society on Painting Methods (Huafa yanjiuhui)
,
23
,
82
,
84
,
248n24
Retreat from the City (Guan Shanyue)
,
118 –24 120 –22 130 –31 164
revolutionary romanticism
,
182 –83 187
,
188
,
204 –5
Ripa, Matteo
,
53
Rodin, Auguste
,
217
“Romanticism and Realism“ (Guo Moruo)
,
187
The Rooks Have Come Back (Aleksei Savrasov)
,
183
,
184 –85
Ruan Tuizhi
,
127
Saishang fengyun
.
see Storm on the Border
Salt Town at Jianwei (Guan Shanyue)
,
158
,
159
Salt Town at the Wutong Bridge (Guan Shanyue)
,
156
,
157
Samples of Pencil Drawing (Qianbi huaxuan; Shanghai Art Academy)
,
19
Sanmenxia Dam
,
175
,
198
,
199
,
202
Sanzao Island as Viewed from a Distance (Guan Shanyue)
,
124
,
126
Savrasov, Aleksei
,
183
,
184 –85
Scenic China (Commercial Press)
,
36
Scenic Views of Southeast China (Dongnan lansheng)
,
38
,
105
scientism
,
24
Shandong Province
,
232
Shanghai
,
40
,
87
,
116
Shanghai Art Academy:
curriculum
,
19 –20 25
,
28 –32 227
;
establishment and status
,
18
,
21
,
26
;
names of
,
237n2
;
teaching faculty
,
56
;
textbooks and publications
,
19
,
240n54
.
art pedagogy
Shanghai Biennial (2012)
,
221 –27
Shanghai Correspondence Art School
,
20
Shanghai Daily (Shenbao; newspaper)
,
20
Shanghai meizhuan
.
see Shanghai Art Academy
Shanghai People’s Art Press
,
114
Shanghai Specialized Teachers College (Shanghai shifan zhuanke xuexiao)
,
32
,
240nn49 –50
Shanhuwang
.
see Record of Paintings Seen
Shanshui jue
.
see Tips on Landscape Painting
Shanshui lun
.
see Discussions on Landscape
Shanshui rumen
.
see Introduction to Landscape Painting
Shao Jingkun
,
208
,
266n146
Shao Yuxiang
,
65
,
70
Shaoguan
,
126
Shaonian Zhongguo xuehui
.
see Young China Study Society
Shen Gua
,
91
,
93
,
95
Shen Liangneng
,
55
Shen Yinmo
,
150
Shen Zhou
,
252n109
Shenbao
.
see Shanghai Daily
Shenzhou Women’s School (Shenzhou nüxue)
,
32
Shibao
.
see Eastern Times
Shih Shou-ch’ien
,
235 –36n8
ShijŌ school (J. ShijŌ-ha)
,
118
Shisanling Reservoir
,
175
,
181 –82
Shishi xinbao
.
see Current Events
Shitao
,
103
,
104
,
108
,
253n128
Sichuan Province
,
154
,
197
,
218
The Sight of Camels in the Gobi Desert (Dong Xiwen)
,
145
Sino-Japanese War
,
40
,
114
,
115
,
141 –42
Situ Qiao
,
142
Sketch at the Wutong Bridge (Guan Shanyue)
,
154 –56 156
sketching from life (xiesheng): in art pedagogy
,
18 –19 21
,
27 –28 221 –22 238n15
;
associated with scientific method
,
22 –24 27
;
terms for
,
2 –3 236nn9 –10 open-air painting
sketching (suxie)
,
172
Sketch in the Southwest (Guan Shanyue)
,
156
,
157
Sketch of a Salt Town (Guan Shanyue)
,
158
,
159
Song Wenzhi
,
198
,
264n99
Songchao minghuaping
.
see Critiques of Famous Painters of the Song Dynasty
Song dynasty art
,
83
,
90
,
123
,
250 –51n95 251 –52n104 256n58
Songfeng Painting Society (Songfeng huahui)
,
262 –63n75
Southern Song dynasty
,
136
Souvérbie, J. M
.
,
207
Soviet Union:
influence on Chinese art
,
168
,
176
,
208
,
210
,
235n7
,
260n18
;
and notion of “poetic quality,“ 183
;
understanding of composition in
,
178
“Space-Consciousness in Chinese and Western Painting“ (Zong Baihua)
,
94
Spring Comes to Tibet (Dong Xiwen)
,
208
Stanley-Baker, Joan
,
250 –51n95 251 –52n104
Stone Gate of Mount Hui
,
104
,
105
Storm on the Border (Saishang fengyun; film)
,
145
Storm Society
,
75
Story of Aimeisheng’s Study of Painting, The (Aimeisheng xuehuaji; Lei Jiajun)
,
33
,
34
,
41 –43 42
,
241n71
Studies on Perspective (Toushixue; Jiang Danshu)
,
56
Study of Vision, The (published as Shixue jingyun in 1729 and as Shixue in 1735; Nian Xiyao)
,
54
,
243 –44n43 244n61
Su Shi
,
83
Sui Guanrong
,
264n99
Suisaiga no shiori
.
see Guidebook to Watercolor Painting
Sullivan, Michael
,
266n140
Sun Datang
,
227
Sun Fuxi
,
72
,
78
Sun Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen)
,
226
Sun Zongwei
,
142
Tai Qiyou
,
198
,
264n99
Taihang Mountains
,
229
,
235n1
Takashima Hokkai
,
113 –14
Tang Dingzhi
,
84
Tang Hou
,
101
,
251n102
Tang Yin
,
253n125
Tang dynasty art
,
83
,
90
,
91
,
133
,
143
Ten Thousand Crimson Hills (Li Keran)
,
265 –66n137
Ten Thousand Miles of the Li River (Guan Shanyue)
,
132 –40 134 –35
Ten Thousand Miles of the Yangzi River (Wanli Changjiang tu)
,
136
This Land So Rich in Beauty (Guan Shanyue and Fu Baoshi)
,
166
Thousand Hands Guanyin (Huang Yongping)
,
222
Tian Han
,
249n74
Tibet
,
208 –9 226 –27
Tips on Landscape Painting (Shanshui jue; Wang Wei [701–61])
,
90
,
249n56
“To Dedicate the West Lake to Mr. Lin Fengmian“ (Sun Fuxi)
,
72
Tokyo School of Fine Arts
,
44
Total Art
,
223
,
224 –27 228
Total Art: Environments, Happenings, and Performance (Adrian Henri)
,
225
“Total Art Based on Social Investigation“ (Qiu Zhijie)
,
225 –26
To the Northwest (film)
,
142
Toushixue
.
see Studies on Perspective
Traité practique de perspective: appliquée au dessin artistique et industriel (translated as Toushixue [Study of Perspective]; Cassagne)
,
55
,
58
,
59
Transforming a Flood into Hydraulic Power (Zhang Xuefu)
,
174
Truth Pictorial, The (Zhenxiang huabao; journal)
,
19
Tuhua jianwenzhi
.
see Experiences in Painting
Tushanwan (T’ou-sè-wè) Arts and Crafts School
,
55
,
244n54
Vietnam
,
218
viewfinders
,
41 –47 242n 11 –12 242n19
View of Shigatse (Dong Xiwen)
,
209
View of Volterra (Corot)
,
232
Vladimirka Road (Levitan)
,
183
Wang Hui
,
105
,
108
Wang Jingwei
,
151
Wang Keyu
,
103
Wang Lü
,
1
Wang Meng
,
62
,
103
,
105
,
112
Wang Wei (415–43)
,
98
Wang Wei (701–61)
,
90
,
252n109
Wang Xianyue
,
235 –36n8
Wang Xuyang
,
264n99
Wang Yachen
,
43
,
44 –45 48
,
59
,
242n8
,
242n19
,
250n88
Wang Yufu
,
259n109
Wang Zhicheng
,
53
Wanli Changjiang tu
.
see Ten Thousand Miles of the Yangzi River
Warring States period
,
143
Water Buffalo Returning at Dusk along a Willow Bank (Zheng Wuchang)
,
62 –64 63
watercolors
,
43 –44 48
,
50
Wei Yuanxin
,
57
,
93
,
245n63
,
245n67
Wei Zixi
,
264n99
Wen Zhengming
,
252n109
Wenyibao
,
169
Western-style painting
,
17 –21 71 –79 82
,
86
,
88
,
178
West Lake
,
71 –79 238n15
Whipping the Horse (Guan Shanyue)
,
147 –48
White Cloud Mountain (Zhang Daqian)
,
66 –68 66
woodblock art
,
10
,
151
,
154
World Publishing House
,
51
Wu Daozi
,
133
Wu Dayu
,
207
Wu Guanzhong
,
166
,
207 –20 266n140
,
266n146
,
267n171
,
267n181
Wu Jingting
,
186
Wu Liande
,
36
Wu Qichang
,
132 –33 136
,
256n59
Wu Shiguang
,
18
Wu Xueshan
,
172
Wu Yuanzhi
,
133
,
256n58
Wu Zhihui
,
246n88
Wu Zuoren
,
142
,
209
,
216
,
261n41
,
262n73
,
263n89
Wuhan
,
116
,
127
,
166
Wuhan University
,
132
Wuyuan, Jiangxi
,
229
Xia Gui
,
102
,
136
,
252n109
,
253n125
Xia Yan
,
128
,
129
Xia dynasty
,
202
Xiandai fumu
.
see Modern Parents
Xiang Fan
,
232
Xiang Yuanbian
,
256n58
Xi’an Terracotta Warriors
,
221
Xiao Shufang
,
263n89
Xie Ruijie
,
178
,
261n51
Xinhua Art College (Xinhua yishu daxue)
,
32
,
56
,
261n51
Xinhua yishu daxue
.
see Xinhua Art College
Xin qingnian
.
see New Youth (journal)
Xiong Bingming
,
208
Xu Beihong:
advocacy of guohua reform
,
84
,
169
;
art works
,
138
,
266n140
;
embrace of realism
,
208
;
on Guan Shanyue
,
143
;
and other artists
,
160
,
190
,
259n110
,
263n86
;
wartime activities
,
116
,
127
Xu Daoning
,
122
,
123
,
253n125
Xue Zijiang
,
262n63
Xu hua
.
see Discussion of Painting
Ya Ming
,
166
,
194 –95 197
,
264n99
,
264n102
Yamamoto Shunkyo
,
123
Yan Juanying
,
237 –38n4
Yan Wengui
,
122
,
123
Yang Taiyang
,
33
Yangzi River
,
136
,
139
Ye Qianyu
,
126
,
186
,
257n71
Yellow River
,
139
,
148
,
175
,
198
,
258n95
Yellow River Dredged (Fu Baoshi)
,
199
,
200
Yellow River Frozen into an Ice Bridge (Guan Shanyue)
,
148 –50 149
Yilin
.
see Art World
Yin Ji’nan
,
101
Young China Study Society (Shaonian Zhongguo xuehui)
,
94 –95
Young Companion (Liangyou; journal)
,
36
,
37
,
40
Youzheng Publishing House
,
20
Yu Ben
,
11
,
166
,
188 –93 202
,
263n86
,
263n89
Yu Feng
,
188
,
192 –93 263n85
,
263n89
Yu Jianhua
,
35
,
80
,
85 –89 90 –94 95
,
112
,
248n39
Yu Shaosong
,
249n56
Yu Suoya
,
129 –30
Yu Tongfu
,
198
,
264n99
Yu Youren
,
147 –48
Yuan dynasty art
,
62
,
71
,
94
,
101
,
250 –51n95 251 –52n104 252n109
Zeng Yannian
,
21 –22
Zhang Anzhi
,
127
,
154
Zhang Daofan
,
139
Zhang Daqian:
advice to and influence on other artists
,
87
,
112
,
141
;
as disciple of Li Ruiqing
,
95
;
and open-air painting
,
11
,
89
;
paintings of Mount Huang
,
66 –68 246n95
;
visit to Dunhuang
,
142
;
during wartime
,
117
Zhang Ding
,
170
,
260n22
Zhang Guangyu
,
126
Zhang Guitong
,
256n59
Zhang Hong
,
253n123
Zhang Jin
,
264n99
Zhang Qiyun
,
38 –39
Zhang Shanzi
,
66
,
89
Zhang Shuqi
,
141
Zhang Wenjun
,
174
,
176 –82 193
,
205
,
206
Zhang Xuefu
,
174
Zhang Yuguang
,
7
,
19
,
238n11
Zhao Boju
,
252n109
Zhao Bosu
,
252n109
Zhao Mengfu
,
103
Zhao Wangyun
,
140
Zhao Yuhuang
,
39
Zhejiang Province
,
38 –39 170
Zhejiang Provincial Teachers School (Zhejiang liangji shifan zuetang)
,
19
,
56
,
238n15
Zheng Wuchang
,
62 –64 70
,
90
,
91
,
245n80
Zhengzhou
,
196
Zhenxiang huabao
.
see Truth Pictorial, The
Zhe school
,
136
Zhong Han
,
241n71
Zhongguo daguan
.
see Living China: A Pictorial Record, The
Zhongguo dangdai yishu yanjiuyuan
.
see Research Institute of Contemporary Art
Zhongguo huahui
.
see Chinese Painting Society
Zhongguo huaxue quanshi
.
see Complete History of Chinese Painting Studies
Zhongguo huaxue yanjiuhui
.
see Society for Chinese Painting Studies
Zhongguo huihua shi
.
see History of Chinese Painting (Chen Shizeng)
Zhongguo huihuashi
.
see History of Chinese Painting (Yu Jianhua)
Zhongguo huihua xueshi
.
see History of Chinese Painting Studies (Qin Zhongwen)
Zhongguo jingxiang
.
see China as It Is: A Comprehensive Album
Zhongguo lüxingshe
.
see Chinese Travel Agency
Zhongguo meishushi
.
see History of Chinese Art (Ōmura Seigai)
Zhongguo meishu xueyuan
.
see China Academy of Art
Zhongguo meiyu hui
.
see Chinese Association for Aesthetic Education
Zhongguo xiandai minghua
.
see Famous Paintings in Modern China
Zhongguo yishu yanjiuyuan
.
see National Institute of Art Research
Zhonghua yishu daxue
.
see Chinese Art College
Zhongshan Parks
,
226
Zhou Enlai
,
189
Zhou Xiang
,
18
,
20
,
238n8
Zhou Yang
,
170
,
187
Zhou Zhaoxiang
,
84
Zhu Dequn (Chu The-Chun)
,
208
Zhu Rui
,
256n58
Zhu Xiuli
,
264n99
Zigong, Sichuan
,
154
Zong Baihua
,
90
,
94 –99 114
,
180
,
249n74
,
250n88
Zong Bing
,
90
,
97 –98 250n88
Zong Qixiang
,
127