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This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2014 and mid-2015. In tradition with previous articles of this series, analytical methods to determine aflatoxins,Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are new methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed LC-MS based multi-mycotoxin methods. The critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address shortcomings of current methodologies.
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'Accurate determination of ochratoxin A in Korean fermented soybean paste by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ' () 190 Food Chemistry : 368 -373.
Ali, N., Hashim, N.H. and Shuib, N.S., 2015. Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in processed spices marketed in Malaysia. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 32: 518-532.
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Arroyo-Manzanares, N., Huertas-Pérez, J.F., Gámiz-Gracia, L. and García-Campaña, A.M., 2015b. Simple and efficient methodology to determine mycotoxins in cereal syrups. Food Chemistry 177: 274-279.
'Simple and efficient methodology to determine mycotoxins in cereal syrups ' () 177 Food Chemistry : 274 -279.
Arroyo-Manzanares, N., Huertas-Pérez, J.F., García-Campaña, A.M. and Gámiz-Gracia, L., 2015a. Aflatoxins in animal feeds: a straightforward and cost-effective analytical method. Food Control 54: 74-78.
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Ashiq, S. and Hussain, M., 2014. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in medicinal plants: a review. Fungal Genetics and Biology 66: 1-10.
'Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in medicinal plants: a review ' () 66 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 1 -10.
Belhassen, H., Ghali, R., Ghorbel, H., Hedili, A., Jimenez-Diaz, I., Molina-Molina, J.M. and Olea, N., 2014. Validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol and zearalanone in human urine. Journal of Chromatography B 962: 68-74.
'Validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol and zearalanone in human urine ' () 962 Journal of Chromatography B : 68 -74.
Berthiller, F., Brera, C., Crews, C., Iha, M.H., Krska, R., Lattanzio, V.M.T., MacDonald, S., Malone, R.J., Maragos, C., Solfrizzo, M., Stroka, J. and Whitaker, T.B., 2015. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2013-2014. World Mycotoxin Journal 8: 5-35.
'Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2013-2014 ' () 8 World Mycotoxin Journal : 5 -35.
Breidbach, A. and Ulberth, F., 2015. Two-dimensional heart-cut LC-LC improves accuracy of exact-matching double isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements of aflatoxin B1 in cereal-based baby food, maize, and maize-based feed. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407: 3159-3167.
'Two-dimensional heart-cut LC-LC improves accuracy of exact-matching double isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements of aflatoxin B1 in cereal-based baby food, maize, and maize-based feed ' () 407 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : 3159 -3167.
Bryla, M., Szymczyk, K., Jedrzejczak, R. and Roszko, M., 2015. Application of liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry technique to determine ergot alkaloids in grain products. Food Technology and Biotechnology 53: 18-28.
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Busman, M., Liu, J., Zhong, H., Bobell J.R. and Maragos, C.M., 2015. Determination of the aflatoxin AFB1 from corn by direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 31: 932-939.
'Determination of the aflatoxin AFB1 from corn by direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) ' () 31 Food Additives and Contaminants Part A : 932 -939.
Campone, L., Piccinelli, A.L., Celano, R., Russo, M., Valdés, A., Ibáñez, C. and Rastrelli, L., 2015. A fully automated method for simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried fruits by pressurized liquid extraction and online solid-phase extraction cleanup coupled to ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407: 2899-2911.
'A fully automated method for simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried fruits by pressurized liquid extraction and online solid-phase extraction cleanup coupled to ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ' () 407 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : 2899 -2911.
Chen, X., Huang, Y., Ma, X., Jia, F., Guo, X. and Wang, Z., 2015a. Impedimetric aptamer-based determination of the mold toxin fumonisin B1. Microchimica Acta 182: 1709-1714.
'Impedimetric aptamer-based determination of the mold toxin fumonisin B1 ' () 182 Microchimica Acta : 1709 -1714.
Chen, X.J., Bai, X.J., Li, H.Y. and Zhang, B.L., 2015b. Aptamer-based microcantilever array biosensor for detection of fumonisin B1. RSC Advances 5: 35448-35452.
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Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), 2015. Report of the ninth session of the Codex Committee on contaminants in foods. New Delhi, India 16-20 March 2015, CL 2015/8-CF. Available at:http://tinyurl.com/pcq45fe.
Crews, C., 2015. Analysis of ergot alkaloids. Toxins 7: 2024-2050.
'Analysis of ergot alkaloids ' () 7 Toxins : 2024 -2050.
Dridi, F., Marrakchi, M., Gargouri, M., Garcia-Cruz, A., Dzyadevych, S., Vocanson, F., Saulnier, J., Jaffrezic-Renault, N. and Lagarde, F., 2015. Thermolysin entrapped in a gold nanoparticles/polymer composite for direct and sensitive conductometric biosensing of ochratoxin A in olive oil. Sensors and Actuators B 221: 480-490.
'Thermolysin entrapped in a gold nanoparticles/polymer composite for direct and sensitive conductometric biosensing of ochratoxin A in olive oil ' () 221 Sensors and Actuators B : 480 -490.
Drzymala, S.S., Weiz, S., Heinze, J., Marten, S., Prinz, C., Zimathies, A., Garbe, L.-A. and Koch, M., 2015. Automated solid-phase extraction coupled online with HPLC-FLD for the quantification of zearalenone in edible oil. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407: 3489-3497.
'Automated solid-phase extraction coupled online with HPLC-FLD for the quantification of zearalenone in edible oil ' () 407 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : 3489 -3497.
Duan, H., Chen, X., Xu, W., Fu, J., Xiong, Y. and Wang, A., 2015. Quantum-dot submicrobead-based immunochromatographic assay for quantitative and sensitive detection of zearalenone. Talanta 132: 126-131.
'Quantum-dot submicrobead-based immunochromatographic assay for quantitative and sensitive detection of zearalenone ' () 132 Talanta : 126 -131.
Dzuman, Z., Zachariasova, M., Veprikova, Z., Godula, M. and Hajslova, J., 2015. Multi-analyte high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry method for control of pesticide residues, mycotoxins, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Analytica Chimica Acta 863: 29-40.
'Multi-analyte high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry method for control of pesticide residues, mycotoxins, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids ' () 863 Analytica Chimica Acta : 29 -40.
Emidio, E.S., Da Silva, C.P. and De Marchi, M.R., 2015. Determination of estrogenic mycotoxins in environmental water samples by low-toxicity dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1391: 1-8.
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Esbensen, K.H., 2015. Materials properties: heterogeneity and appropriate sampling modes. Journal of AOAC International 98: 269-274.
'Materials properties: heterogeneity and appropriate sampling modes ' () 98 Journal of AOAC International : 269 -274.
Esbensen, K.H. and Ramsey, C.A., 2015. Quality control of sampling processes – a foray; from field to test portion. Journal of AOAC International 98: 282-287.
'Quality control of sampling processes – a foray; from field to test portion ' () 98 Journal of AOAC International : 282 -287.
Esbensen, K.H., Paoletti, C. and Thiex, N., 2015. Representative sampling for food and feed materials: a critical need for food/feed safety. Journal of AOAC International 98: 249-251.
'Representative sampling for food and feed materials: a critical need for food/feed safety ' () 98 Journal of AOAC International : 249 -251.
European Commission (EC), 2006. Commission Regulation (EC) 401/2006 of 23 February 2006 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L70: 12-34.
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2013. Scientific opinion on risks for animal and public health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed. EFSA Journal 11: 3262.
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2014a. Evaluation of the increase of risk for public health related to a possible temporary derogation from the maximum level of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins for maize and maize products. EFSA Journal 12: 3699.
'Evaluation of the increase of risk for public health related to a possible temporary derogation from the maximum level of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins for maize and maize products ' () 12 EFSA Journal : 3699.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2014b. Scientific opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed. EFSA Journal 12: 3916.
'Scientific opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed ' () 12 EFSA Journal : 3916.
Ezquerra, A., Vidal, J.C., Bonel, L. and Castillo, J.R., 2015. A validated multi-channel electrochemical immunoassay for rapid fumonisin B1 determination in cereal samples. Analytical Methods 7: 3742-3749.
'A validated multi-channel electrochemical immunoassay for rapid fumonisin B1 determination in cereal samples ' () 7 Analytical Methods : 3742 -3749.
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Farkas, Z., Trevisani, M., Horvath, Z., Serraino, Szabo, I.J., Kerekes, K., Szeitzne-Szabo, M. and Ambrus, A., 2014. Analysis of industry-generated data. Part 2: risk-based sampling plan for efficient self-control of aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 31: 1257-1273.
'Analysis of industry-generated data ' () 31 Part 2: risk-based sampling plan for efficient self-control of aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A : 1257 -1273.
Fernandes, P.J., Barros, N., Santo, J.L. and Câmara, J.S., 2015. High-throughput analytical strategy based on modified QuEChERS extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up followed by liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for quantification of multiclass mycotoxins in cereals. Food Analytical Methods 8: 841-856.
'High-throughput analytical strategy based on modified QuEChERS extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up followed by liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for quantification of multiclass mycotoxins in cereals ' () 8 Food Analytical Methods : 841 -856.
Gerding, J., Cramer, B. and Humpf, H.U., 2014. Determination of mycotoxin exposure in Germany using an LC-MS/MS multibiomarker approach. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 58: 2358-2368.
'Determination of mycotoxin exposure in Germany using an LC-MS/MS multibiomarker approach ' () 58 Molecular Nutrition and Food Research : 2358 -2368.
Gilbert, J. and Pascale, M., 2014. Analytical methods for mycotoxins in the wheat chain. In: Leslie, J.F. and Logrieco, A.F. (eds.) Mycotoxin reduction in grain chains. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, pp. 169-188.
'Analytical methods for mycotoxins in the wheat chain ', in Mycotoxin reduction in grain chains , () 169 -188.
Giovannoli, C., Passini, C., Volpi, G., Di Nardo, F., Anfossi, L. and Baggiani, C., 2015. Peptide-based affinity media for solid-phase extraction of ochratoxin A from wine samples: Effect of the solid support on binding properties. Talanta 144: 496-501.
'Peptide-based afnity media for solid-phase extraction of ochratoxin A from wine samples: Effect of the solid support on binding properties ' () 144 Talanta : 496 -501.
Hashemi, M. and Taherimaslak, Z., 2014. Separation and determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in pistachio samples based on magnetic solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analytical Methods 6: 7663-7673.
'Separation and determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in pistachio samples based on magnetic solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection ' () 6 Analytical Methods : 7663 -7673.
Hickert, S., Gerding, J., Ncube, E., Hübner, F., Flett, B., Cramer, B. and Humpf, H.U., 2015. A new approach using micro HPLC-MS/MS for multi-mycotoxin analysis in maize samples. Mycotoxin Research 31: 109-115.
'A new approach using micro HPLC-MS/MS for multi-mycotoxin analysis in maize samples ' () 31 Mycotoxin Research : 109 -115.
Hildebrand, A.A., Kohn, B.N., Pfeiffer, E., Wefers, D., Metzler, M. and Bunzel, M., 2015. Conjugation of the mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in tobacco suspension cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63: 4728-4736.
'Conjugation of the mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in tobacco suspension cells ' () 63 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry : 4728 -4736.
Hu, L. and Rychlik, M., 2014. Occurrence of enniatins and beauvericin in 60 Chinese medicinal herbs. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 31: 1240-1245.
'Occurrence of enniatins and beauvericin in 60 Chinese medicinal herbs ' () 31 Food Additives and Contaminants Part A : 1240 -1245.
Hu, Z.Q., Li, H.P., Wu, P., Li, Y.B., Zhou, Z.Q., Zhang, J.B., Liu, J.L. and Liao, Y.C., 2015. An affinity improved single-chain antibody from phage display of a library derived from monoclonal antibodies detects fumonisins by immunoassay. Analytica Chimica Acta 867: 74-82.
'An affinity improved single-chain antibody from phage display of a library derived from monoclonal antibodies detects fumonisins by immunoassay ' () 867 Analytica Chimica Acta : 74 -82.
Huang, Y., Zhu, X.M., Yang, Y.X., Jin, J.Y., Chen, Y.F. and Xie, S.Q., 2011. Response and recovery of gibel carp from subchronic oral administration of aflatoxin B1. Aquaculture 319: 89-97.
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Jimenez-Lopez, J., Llorent-Martinez, E.J., Ortega-Barrales, P. and Ruiz-Medina, A., 2014. Multi-commutated fluorometric optosensor for the determination of citrinin in rice and red yeast rice supplements. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 31: 1744-1750.
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Jodra, A., Hervás, M., López. M.A. and Escarpa, A., 2015a. Disposable electrochemical magneto immunosensor for simultaneous simplified calibration and determination of ochratoxin A in coffee samples. Sensors and Actuators B 221: 777-783.
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Jodra, A., López, M.A. and Escarpa, A., 2015b. Disposable and reliable electrochemical magnetoimmunosensor for fumonisins simplified determination in maize-based foodstuffs. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 64: 633-638.
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Kim, S. and Lim, H.B., 2015. Chemiluminescence immunoassay using magnetic nanoparticles with targeted inhibition for the determination of ochratoxin A. Talanta 140: 183-188.
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Kluger, B., Bueschl, C., Neumann, N., Stückler, R., Doppler, M., Chassy, A.W., Waterhouse, A.L., Rechthaler, J., Kampleitner, N., Thallinger, G.G., Adam, G., Krska, R. and Schumacher, R., 2014. Untargeted profiling of tracer-derived metabolites using stable isotopic labelling and fast polarity-switching LC-ESI-HRMS. Analytical Chemistry 86: 11533-11537.
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Köppen, R., Bremser, W., Stephan, I., Klein-Hartwig, K., Rasenko, T. and Koch, M., 2015. T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oat flakes: development of a certified reference material. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407: 2997-3007.
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Kuiper, H. and Paoletti, C., 2015. Food and feed safety assessment: the importance of proper sampling. Journal of AOAC International 98: 252-258.
'Food and feed safety assessment: the importance of proper sampling ' () 98 Journal of AOAC International : 252 -258.
Lattanzio, V.M.T., Von Holst, C. and Visconti, A., 2014. Collaborative study for evaluating performances of a multiplex dipstick immunoassay forFusarium mycotoxin screening in wheat and maize. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 6: 299-307.
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Li, C., Mi, T., Conti, G.O., Yu, Q., Wen, K., Shen, J., Ferrante, M. and Wang, Z., 2015. Development of a screening fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of fumonisins B1 and B2 in maize. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63: 4940-4946.
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Liu, Y. and Rychlik, M., 2015. Biosynthesis of seven carbon-13 labelledAlternaria toxins including altertoxins, alternariol, and alternariol methyl ether, and their application to a multiple stable isotope dilution assay. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407: 1357-1369.
'Biosynthesis of seven carbon-13 labelledAlternaria toxins including altertoxins, alternariol, and alternariol methyl ether, and their application to a multiple stable isotope dilution assay ' () 407 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : 1357 -1369.
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Malachová, A., Sulyok, M., Beltrán, E., Berthiller, F. and Krska, R., 2014a. Optimization and validation of a quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method covering 295 bacterial and fungal metabolites including all regulated mycotoxins in four model food matrices. Journal of Chromatography A 1362: 145-156.
'Optimization and validation of a quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method covering 295 bacterial and fungal metabolites including all regulated mycotoxins in four model food matrices ' () 1362 Journal of Chromatography A : 145 -156.
Malachová, A., Van Egmond, H.P., Berthiller, F. and Krska, R., 2014b. Determination of nivalenol in food and feed: an update. World Mycotoxin Journal 7: 247-255.
'Determination of nivalenol in food and feed: an update ' () 7 World Mycotoxin Journal : 247 -255.
Maragos, C.M., Busman, M., Ma, L. and Bobell, J., 2015. Quantification of patulin in fruit leathers by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (UPLC-PDA). Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 32: 1164-1174.
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Marsol-Vall, A., Delpino-Rius, A., Eras, J., Balcells, M. and Canela-Garayoa, R., 2014. A fast and reliable UHPLC-PDA method for determination of patulin in apple food products using QuEChERS extraction. Food Analytical Methods 7: 465-471.
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Martínez-Domínguez, G., Romero-González, R., Arrebola, F.J. and Garrido Frenich, A., 2015a. Multi-class determination of pesticides and mycotoxins in isoflavones supplements obtained from soy by liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Control 59: 218-224.
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McCormick, S.P, Kato, T., Maragos, C.M., Busman, M., Lattanzio, V., Galaverna, G., Dall’Asta, C., Crich, D., Price, N.P.J. and Kurtzman, C., 2015. Anomericity of T-2 toxin-glucoside: masked mycotoxin in cereal crops. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63: 731-738.
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Meng-Reiterer, J., Varga, E., Nathanail, A.V., Bueschl, C., Rechthaler, J., McCormick, S.P., Michlmayr, H., Malachová, A., Fruhmann, P., Adam, G., Berthiller, F., Lemmens, M., Schuhmacher, R., in press. Tracing the metabolism of HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in barley by isotope assisted untargeted screening and quantitative LC-HRMS analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8975-9.
Mikula, H., Skrinjar, P., Sohr, B., Ellmer, D., Hametner, C. and Fröhlich, J., 2013. Total synthesis of maskedAlternaria mycotoxins-sulfates and glucosides of alternariol (AOH) and alternariol-9-methyl ether (AME). Tetrahedron 69: 10322-10330.
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Müller, C., Klaffke, H.S., Krauthause, W. and Wittkowski, R., 2006. Determination of ergot alkaloids in rye and rye flour. Mycotoxin Research 22: 197-200.
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Nardiello, D., Lo Magro, S., Iammarino, M., Palermo, C., Muscarella, M. and Centonze, D., 2014. Recent advances in the post-column derivatization for the determination of mycotoxins in food products and feed materials by liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Current Analytical Chemistry 10: 355-365.
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This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2014 and mid-2015. In tradition with previous articles of this series, analytical methods to determine aflatoxins,Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are new methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed LC-MS based multi-mycotoxin methods. The critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address shortcomings of current methodologies.
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