The carbon to nitrogen ratio in isoenergetic wheat based diets controls the growth rate of the aquatic wormLumbriculus variegatus
In: Journal of Insects as Food and FeedWetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
Search for other papers by B. Laarhoven in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by H.J.H. Elissen in
Current site
Google Scholar
Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
Search for other papers by C.J.N. Buisman in
Current site
Google Scholar
Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
Search for other papers by H. Temmink in
Current site
Google Scholar
The aquatic wormLumbriculus variegatus (Lv) contains high levels of proteins and can provide an excellent fish food. Large-scale production of Lv on low value organic substrates, such as by-products produced during wheat processing, therefore can be a promising and sustainable concept for the aquaculture industry. Growth and reproduction of Lv on different combinations of wheat based derivatives was studied at fixed isoenergetic levels (expressed by the chemical oxygen demand of the food), but at different carbon to nitrogen (C:N) mass ratios under controlled conditions in specifically designed test-beaker tests. Growth and reproduction rates were compared to those on Tetramin®, a substrate known to give excellent growth of Lv. Although Lv did exhibit a growth response on single as well as on mixed wheat fractions, growth was mainly controlled by the C:N ratio of the diets. Lower C:N ratios of typically 6-7 gave a much better performance than high C:N ratios of approximately 20. It was discussed this is probably caused by Lv relying on the presence of proteins for their carbon and energy source. Although growth and reproduction rates were not as high as on the control diet, the results are promising for the development of a worm biomass production system operating on by-products from the wheat processing industry.
-
Apper-Bossard, E., Feneuil, A., Wagner, A. and Respondek, F., 2013. Use of vital wheat gluten in aquaculture feeds. Aquatic Biosystems 9: 21.
'Use of vital wheat gluten in aquaculture feeds ' () 9 Aquatic Biosystems : 21 -.
-
Draganovic, V., Van der Goot, A.J., Boom, R. and Jonkers, J., 2013. Assessment of the effects of fish meal, wheat gluten, soy protein concentrate and feed moisture on extruder system parameters and the technical quality of fish feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology 165: 238-250.
'Assessment of the effects of fish meal, wheat gluten, soy protein concentrate and feed moisture on extruder system parameters and the technical quality of fish feed ' () 165 Animal Feed Science and Technology : 238 -250.
-
Drewes, C.D., 1999. Helical swimming and body reversal behaviors inLumbriculus variegatus (Annelida: Clitellata: Lumbriculidae). Hydrobiologia 406: 263-269.
'Helical swimming and body reversal behaviors inLumbriculus variegatus (Annelida: Clitellata: Lumbriculidae) ' () 406 Hydrobiologia : 263 -269.
-
Ducrot, V., Péry, A.R.R., Quéau, H., Mons, R., Lafont, M. and Garric, J., 2007. Rearing and estimation of life-cycle parameters of the tubicifid worm Branchiura sowerbyi: application to ecotoxicity testing. Science of the Total Environment 384: 252-263.
'Rearing and estimation of life-cycle parameters of the tubicifid worm Branchiura sowerbyi: application to ecotoxicity testing ' () 384 Science of the Total Environment : 252 -263.
-
Elissen, H.J.H., Hendrickx, T.L.G., Temmink, H., Laarhoven, B. and Buisman, C.J.N., 2015. Worm-it: converting organic wastes into sustainable fish feed by using aquatic worms. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1: 67-74.
'Worm-it: converting organic wastes into sustainable fish feed by using aquatic worms ' () 1 Journal of Insects as Food and Feed : 67 -74.
-
Elissen, H.J.H., Mulder, W.J., Hendrickx, T.L.G., Elbersen, H.W., Beelen, B., Temmink, H. and Buisman, C.J.N., 2010. Aquatic worms grown on biosolids: biomass composition and potential applications. Bioresource Technology 101: 804-811.
'Aquatic worms grown on biosolids: biomass composition and potential applications ' () 101 Bioresource Technology : 804 -811.
-
Elser, J.J., Fagan, W.F., Denno, R.F., Dobberfuhl, D.R., Folarin, A., Huberty, A., Interlandi, S., Kilham, S.S., McCauley, E., Schulz, K.L., Siemann, E.H. and Sterner, R.W., 2000. Nutritional constraints in terrestrial and freshwater food webs. Nature 408: 578-580.
'Nutritional constraints in terrestrial and freshwater food webs ' () 408 Nature : 578 -580.
-
Frossard, P., 1982. The erythrocruorin ofEisenia fetida. I. Properties and subunit structure. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 704: 524-534.
'The erythrocruorin ofEisenia fetida ' () 704 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta : 524 -534.
-
Frost, P.C., Benstead, J.P., Cross, W.F., Hillebrand, H., Larson, J.H., Xenopoulos, M.A. and Yoshida, T., 2006. Threshold elemental ratios of carbon and phosphorus in aquatic consumers. Ecology Letters 9: 774-779.
'Threshold elemental ratios of carbon and phosphorus in aquatic consumers ' () 9 Ecology Letters : 774 -779.
-
Hendrickx, T.L.G., Temmink, H., Elissen, H.J.H. and Buisman, C.J.N., 2010. Aquatic worms eat sludge: mass balances and processing of worm faeces. Journal of Hazardous Materials 177: 633-638.
'Aquatic worms eat sludge: mass balances and processing of worm faeces ' () 177 Journal of Hazardous Materials : 633 -638.
-
Hendrickx, T.L.G., Temmink, H., Elissen, H.J.H. and Buisman, C.J.N., 2009. Aquatic worms eating waste sludge in a continuous system. Bioresource Technology 100: 4642-4648.
'Aquatic worms eating waste sludge in a continuous system ' () 100 Bioresource Technology : 4642 -4648.
-
Janssen, P.M.J., Verkuijlen, J. and Van der Roest, H.F., 2002. Slibpredatie door inzet van oligochaete wormen. Pilotonderzoek naar slibreductie op de rwzi Bennekom. Report 2002-17. STOWA, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
'Slibpredatie door inzet van oligochaete wormen ', in Pilotonderzoek naar slibreductie op de rwzi Bennekom , ().
-
Laarhoven, B., Elissen, H.J.H., Temmink, H. and Buisman, C.J.N., 2016. Agar sediment test for assessing the suitability of organic waste streams for recovering nutrients by the aquatic wormLumbriculus variegatus. PLoS One 11: e0149165.
'Agar sediment test for assessing the suitability of organic waste streams for recovering nutrients by the aquatic wormLumbriculus variegatus ' () 11 PLoS One : e0149165 -.
-
McCarty, P.L., Bae, J. and Kim, J., 2011. Domestic wastewater treatment as a net energy producer – can this be achieved? Environmental Science and Technology 45: 7100-7106.
'Domestic wastewater treatment as a net energy producer – can this be achieved? ' () 45 Environmental Science and Technology : 7100 -7106.
-
Moore, J.W., 1978. Importance of algae in the diet of the oligochaetesLumbriculus variegatus (Müller) andRhyacodrilus sodalis (Eisen). Oecologia 35: 357-363.
'Importance of algae in the diet of the oligochaetesLumbriculus variegatus (Müller) andRhyacodrilus sodalis (Eisen) ' () 35 Oecologia : 357 -363.
-
Mount, D.R., Highland, T.L., Mattson, V.R., Dawson, T.D., Lott, K.G. and Ingersoll, C.G., 2006. Use of the oligochaete,Lumbriculus variegatus, as a prey organism for toxicant exposure of fish through the diet. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25: 2760-2767.
'Use of the oligochaete,Lumbriculus variegatus, as a prey organism for toxicant exposure of fish through the diet ' () 25 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry : 2760 -2767.
-
NEN, 2012. CEN/TS 16188, slib, behandeld bioafval en bodem – bepaling van de elementen na ontsluiting in koningswater en salpeterzuur – atomaire-absorptiespectrometrie vlamtechniekmethode (FAAS). NEN, Delft, the Netherlands.
-
NEN-EN, 2012. 15936, slib, behandeld biologisch afval, bodem en afval – Bepaling van de totale organische koolstof (TOC) door droge verbranding. NEN, Delft, the Netherlands.
-
NEN-ISO, 2002. 7150-1, water – bepaling van ammonium: handmatige spectrometrische methode. NEN, Delft, the Netherlands.
-
NEN, 1998. 7432, dierlijke mest en mestproducten – bepaling van de gehalten aan droge stof en organische stof – gravimetrische methode. NEN, Delft, the Netherlands.
-
NEN, 2006. 6633, water en (zuiverings)slib – bepaling van het chemisch zuurstofverbruik (CZV). NEN, Delft, the Netherlands.
-
NEN_EN, 2012. 16169, slib, behandeld bioafval en bodem – bepaling van het gehalte aan Kjeldahl-stikstof. NEN, Delft, the Netherlands.
-
Neuhauser, E.F., Kaplan, D.L., Malecki, M.R. and Hartenstein, R., 1980. Materials supporting weight gain by the earthwormEisenia foetida in waste conversion systems. Agric Waste 2: 43-60.
'Materials supporting weight gain by the earthwormEisenia foetida in waste conversion systems ' () 2 Agric Waste : 43 -60.
-
Perrone, F.M., Della Croce, N. and Dell'anno, A., 2003. Biochemical composition and trophic strategies of the amphipod Eurythenes gryllus at hadal depths (Atacama trench, South Pacific). Chemistry and Ecology 19: 441-449.
'Biochemical composition and trophic strategies of the amphipod Eurythenes gryllus at hadal depths (Atacama trench, South Pacific) ' () 19 Chemistry and Ecology : 441 -449.
-
Stafford, E.A. and Tacon, A.G.J., 1985. The nutritional evaluation of dried earthworm meal (Eisenia foetida, Savigny, 1826) included at low levels in production diets for rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Aquaculture Research 16: 213-222.
'The nutritional evaluation of dried earthworm meal (Eisenia foetida, Savigny, 1826) included at low levels in production diets for rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson ' () 16 Aquaculture Research : 213 -222.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 201 | 66 | 8 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 139 | 37 | 0 |
The carbon to nitrogen ratio in isoenergetic wheat based diets controls the growth rate of the aquatic wormLumbriculus variegatus
In: Journal of Insects as Food and FeedWetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
Search for other papers by B. Laarhoven in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by H.J.H. Elissen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
Search for other papers by C.J.N. Buisman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
Search for other papers by H. Temmink in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
The aquatic wormLumbriculus variegatus (Lv) contains high levels of proteins and can provide an excellent fish food. Large-scale production of Lv on low value organic substrates, such as by-products produced during wheat processing, therefore can be a promising and sustainable concept for the aquaculture industry. Growth and reproduction of Lv on different combinations of wheat based derivatives was studied at fixed isoenergetic levels (expressed by the chemical oxygen demand of the food), but at different carbon to nitrogen (C:N) mass ratios under controlled conditions in specifically designed test-beaker tests. Growth and reproduction rates were compared to those on Tetramin®, a substrate known to give excellent growth of Lv. Although Lv did exhibit a growth response on single as well as on mixed wheat fractions, growth was mainly controlled by the C:N ratio of the diets. Lower C:N ratios of typically 6-7 gave a much better performance than high C:N ratios of approximately 20. It was discussed this is probably caused by Lv relying on the presence of proteins for their carbon and energy source. Although growth and reproduction rates were not as high as on the control diet, the results are promising for the development of a worm biomass production system operating on by-products from the wheat processing industry.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 201 | 66 | 8 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 139 | 37 | 0 |
