Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
This study compares profitability and risk of conventional and cage-free egg production in the United States. Evaluating cage-free production is particularly relevant given ongoing consumer driven changes and new cage-free legislation. Results show that while the Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) for conventional production is above an estimated industry opportunity cost of capital, cage-free production’s MIRR does not fully satisfy investors’ expectations. The MIRR of cage-free investment, between 5.6% (deterministic model) and 8.0% (stochastic) per 15-month flock, is below the 9.4% opportunity cost of capital. In addition, the simulations show that there is a 90% probability of conventional production’s MIRR falling between 18.5 and 20.3% per 15-month flock, and cage-free egg production’s MIRR ranging from 6.8 to 9.4%. In order for cage-free to be as equally profitable as conventional production, cage-free egg prices at the farmer gate should be 74% over conventional egg prices. Such high cage-free egg prices are highly unlikely to occur given recent cage-free price premia and consumer willingness to pay estimates from recent research. This study provides a framework egg producers can use to evaluate the potential effects of changes in their portfolio of products (i.e. conventional and cage-free mix) as they accommodate production schedules in this evolving industry.
Aerni, V., M.W.G. Brinkhof, B. Wechsler, H. Oester and E. Fröhlich. 2005. Productivity and mortality of laying hens in aviaries: a systematic review. World’s Poultry Science Journal 61(1): 130-142. https://doi.org/10/cv7x2c
Agralytica Consulting. 2012. Economic impacts of converting US egg production to enriched cage systems – a report for United Egg producers. Agralytica Consulting, Alexandria, VA, USA.
Bell, D.D. and W.D. Weaver (eds.). 2002. Commercial chicken meat and egg production, 5th edition. Springer, New York, NY, USA. Available at: https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780792372004
Bir, C., N.M. Thompson, W.E. Tyner, J. Hu and N.J.O. Widmar. 2018. ‘Cracking’ into the debate about laying hen housing. Poultry Science 97(5): 1595-1604. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey017
Bovay, J. and D. Summer. 2019. Animal welfare, ideology, and political labels: evidence from California’s proposition 2 and Massachusetts’s question 3. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 44(22): 246-266. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.287970
Brigham, E.F. and J.F. Houston. 2019. Fundamentals of financial management, 10th edition. Cengage Learning Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
'Fundamentals of financial management, 10th edition', ().
Burch, D.G. 2012. Laying hen mortality by system – a welfare guide? Veterinary Record 171(25): 649-650. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.e8582
Cal-Maine Foods. 2019a. Form 8-K reported on January 4, 2019 by Cal-Maine Foods, Inc. to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Cal-Maine Foods, Jackson, MS, USA. Available at: http://www.calmainefoods.com/investors/sec-filings/
Cal-Maine Foods. 2019b. Form 10-K Reported on July 22, 2019 by Cal-Maine Foods, Inc. to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Cal-Maine Foods, Jackson, MS, USA. Available at: http://www.calmainefoods.com/investors/sec-filings/
Coalition for Sustainable Eggs Supply (CSES). 2015. Laying hen housing research project. CSES, Gladstone, MO, USA. Available at: http://www2.sustainableeggcoalition.org/final-results
Egg Industry Center (EIC). 2019. U.S. flock trends and projections. Egg Industry Center, Ames, IA, USA, pp. 1-19. Available at: https://www.eggindustrycenter.org/industry-analysis/categories/15de6a876f6348ef8fe28e9ed5827163
Egg Industry Center (EIC). 2020. Industry analysis. Cost and prices reports. Egg Industry Center, Ames, IA, USA. Available at: https://www.eggindustrycenter.org/industry-analysis/categories/26b2be3f446d4e56b0c72b587c4058ee
Elson, A. 2008. Do extensive poultry systems really offer superior welfare? Poultry Welfare, Rockford, IL, USA. Available at: https://www.wattagnet.com/articles/3204-do-extensive-poultry-systems-really-offer-superior-welfare
Fossum, O., D.S. Jansson, P.E. Etterlin and I. Vågsholm. 2009. Causes of mortality in laying hens in different housing systems in 2001 to 2004. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 51(3): 1-9. https://doi.org/10/cw9gdm
Graham, J. and C. Harvey. 2018. The equity risk premium in 2018. Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3151162
Holt, P.S., R.H. Davies, J. Dewulf, R.K. Gast, J.K. Huwe, D.R. Jones, D. Waltman, and K.R. Willian. 2011. The impact of different housing systems on egg safety and quality. Poultry Science 90(1): 251-262. https://doi.org/10/b95gw5
Ibarburu, M. 2017. U.S. egg cost of production and prices. Egg Industry Center, Ames, IA, USA, pp. 1-12. Available at: https://www.eggindustrycenter.org/industry-analysis
Ibarburu, M. 2019. U.S. egg cost of production and prices. Egg Industry Center, Ames, IA, USA, pp. 1-12. Available at: https://www.eggindustrycenter.org/industry-analysis
Ibarburu, M. and D. Bell. 2014. U.S. and regional estimates of layer feed prices, cost of producing eggs and egg prices. Egg Industry Center, Ames, IA, USA, pp. 48. Available at: http://www.ans.iastate.edu/EIC/newsletters/LayerFeb2014.pdf
Jagannathan, R., D. Matsa, I. Meier and V. Tarhan. 2016. Why do firms use high discount rates? Journal of Financial Economics 120(3): 445-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2016.01.012
Karcher, D.M., D.R. Jones, Z. Abdo, Y. Zhao, T.A. Shepherd and H. Xin. 2015. Impact of commercial housing systems and nutrient and energy intake on laying hen performance and egg quality parameters. Poultry Science 94(3): 485-501. https://doi.org/10/f65bdq
Keller and Heckman LLC. 2018. California’s proposition 12 animal welfare measure wins big – requires cage-free eggs by 2022. National Law Review 8: 332. Available at: https://www.natlawreview.com/article/california-s-proposition-12-animal-welfare-measure-wins-big-requires-cage-free-eggs
Kenner, B., D. Lambert, C. Trejo-Pech, J. Thompson and T. Gill. 2019. Financial risks in Rwandan smallholder broiler production. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9(5): 569-83. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-11-2018-0163
Kierulff, H. 2008. MIRR: a better measure. Business Horizons 51: 321-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2008.02.005
KPMG. 2018. Corporate tax rates table. KPMG, Amstelveen, the Netherlands. Available at: https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/services/tax/tax-tools-and-resources/tax-rates-online/corporate-tax-rates-table.html
Lusk, J. 2019. Consumer preferences for cage-free eggs and impacts of retailer pledges. Agribusiness: an International Journal 35(2): 129-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21580
Lusk, J.L. and F.B. Norwood. 2011. Animal welfare economics. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 33(4): 463-483. https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppr036
Macrotrends. 2019. Corn prices – 45 year historical chart. Macrotrends. Available at: https://www.macrotrends.net/2532/corn-prices-historical-chart-data
Madigan, J. 2019. Cracked up: rising egg consumption will be offset by declining egg prices. IBIS World Industry Report 11231, IBIS World, New York, NY, USA, 39 pp. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/yb5aa6do
Matthews, W.A. and D.A Summer. 2015. Effects of housing system on the costs of commercial egg production. Poultry Science 94(3): 552-557. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/peu011
Morris, C. 2016. USDA graded cage-free eggs: all they’re cracked up to be. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2016/09/13/usda-graded-cage-free-eggs-all-theyre-cracked-be
Mullally, C. and J.L. Lusk. 2018. The impact of farm animal housing restrictions on egg prices, consumer welfare, and production in California. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 100(3): 649-669. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aax049
Palisade. 2018. @Risk: risk analysis and simulation add-in for Microsoft Excel. Palisade Corporation, Ithaca, NY, USA. Available at: https://www.palisade.com/risk/
Pershan, C. 2018. CA voters pass cage-free egg proposition with consequences for veal and pork. EATER. Available at: https://sf.eater.com/2018/11/7/18072268/eggs-cage-free-hens-proposition-12-california-passed-approved
Promar International. 2009. Impacts of banning cage egg production in the United States – a report for United Egg Producers. Promar International, Alexandria, VA, USA. Available at: https://www.readkong.com/page/impacts-of-banning-cage-egg-production-in-the-united-states-3065360
Rees, M. 2015. Business risk and simulation modelling in practice. Wiley Finance Series, West Sussex, UK.
'Business risk and simulation modelling in practice', ().
Rodenburg, T., F. Tuyttens, K. de Reu, L. Herman, J. Zoons and B. Sonck. 2008. Welfare assessment of laying hens in furnished cages and non-cage systems: assimilating expert opinion. Animal Welfare 17(4): 355-361.
'Welfare assessment of laying hens in furnished cages and non-cage systems: assimilating expert opinion ' () 17 Animal Welfare : 355 -361.
Schill, M.J. 2017. Business valuation: standard approaches and applications. Darden Business Publishing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA, 14 pp.
'Business valuation: standard approaches and applications ', () 14 .
Sharpe, W.F. 1964. Capital asset prices: a theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk. The Journal of Finance 19: 425-442.
'Capital asset prices: a theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk ' () 19 The Journal of Finance : 425 -442.
Siegner, C. 2019. Cage-free egg commitments are in the spotlight – and may cost companies billions. Food Dive, March 13. Available at: https://www.fooddive.com/news/cage-free-egg-commitments-are-in-the-spotlight-and-may-cost-companies-bil/550246/
S&P Capital IQ. 2020. Standard & Poor’s NetAdvantage: S&P Capital IQ Database. S&P Global Market Intelligence, New York, NY, USA.
Summer, D.A., H. Gow, D. Hayes, W. Matthews, B. Norwood, J. Rosen-Molina and W. Thurman. 2011. Economic and market issues on the sustainability of egg production in the United States: analysis of alternative production systems. Poultry Science 90(1): 241-250. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00822
Sumner, D.A, J.T. Rosen-Molina, W.A. Matthews, J.A. Mench and K.R. Richter. 2008. Economic effects of proposed restrictions on egg-laying hen housing in California. University of California Agricultural Issues Center, Davis, CA, USA, 115 pp. Available at: https://aic.ucdavis.edu/publications/eggs/egginitiative.pdf
Trejo-Pech, C., T. Spreen and M. Zansler. 2018. Is growing oranges in Florida a good investment? American Journal of Agricultural Economics 100(2): 625-639. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aax107
Trejo-Pech, C., R. Weldon and M.A. Gunderson. 2016. Earnings management through specific accruals and discretionary expenses: evidence from U.S. agribusiness firms. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 64(1): 89-118. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12063
Trejo-Pech, C. and S. White. 2020. Capital budgeting analysis of a vertically integrated egg firm: conventional and cage-free egg production. Applied Economics Teaching Resources 2: 1-13.
'Capital budgeting analysis of a vertically integrated egg firm: conventional and cage-free egg production ' () 2 Applied Economics Teaching Resources : 1 -13.
Turvey, C., X. Gao, R. Nie, L. Wang and R. Kong. 2013. Subjective risks, objective risks and the crop insurance problem in rural China. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance – Issues and Practice 38(3): 612-633. https://doi.org/10.1057/gpp.2012.42
United Egg Producers. 2017. Animal husbandry guidelines for U.S. egg-laying flocks. Guidelines for cage-free housing. United Egg Producers, Johns Creek, GA, USA. Available at: https://uepcertified.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/CF-UEP-Guidelines_17-3.pdf
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2020. Daily treasury long term rate data. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/cpi/
U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2020. Daily treasury long term rate data. US Department of the Treasury, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/Pages/TextView.aspx?data=longtermrateYear&year=2019
USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (USDA-AMS). 2020a. Monthly USDA cage-free shell egg report. USDA AMS, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://www.ams.usda.gov/market-news/egg-market-news-reports
USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (USDA-AMS). 2020b. Monthly USDA cage-free shell egg report – for the month of December 2019. USDA Agricultural Marketing Service, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/files/rj4304553/xg94j533q/vd66wf94k/PYMCAGEFREE.PDF
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2019. Chickens and eggs 1948-9064. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/fb494842n?locale=en
USDA Office of the Chief Economist. 2020. USDA agricultural projections to 2029. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://www.usda.gov/oce/commodity/projections/USDA_Agricultural_Projections_to_2029.pdf
Van Staaveren, N., C. Decina, C. Baes, T. Widowski, O. Berke and A. Harlander-Matauschek. 2018. A description of laying hen husbandry and management practices in Canada. Animals 8(7): 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8070114
Weeks, C.A., S.N. Brown, G.J. Richards, L.J. Wilkins and T.G. Knowles. 2012. Levels of mortality in hens by end of lay on farm and in transit to slaughter in Great Britain. Veterinary Record 170(25): 647-650. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.100728
Welshans, K. 2018. Potential for cage-free eggs to attain majority market share unlikely. Feedstuffs, May 4. Available at: https://www.feedstuffs.com/news/study-potential-cage-free-eggs-attain-majority-market-share-unlikely
Yeboah, A., C. Naanwaab, O. Yeboah, J. Owens and J. Bynum. 2013. Economic feasibility of sustainable high oilseed-based biofuel production: the case for biodiesel in North Carolina. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 16(1): 41-66.
'Economic feasibility of sustainable high oilseed-based biofuel production: the case for biodiesel in North Carolina ' () 16 International Food and Agribusiness Management Review : 41 -66.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 567 | 189 | 16 |
| PDF-Downloads | 626 | 151 | 11 |
This study compares profitability and risk of conventional and cage-free egg production in the United States. Evaluating cage-free production is particularly relevant given ongoing consumer driven changes and new cage-free legislation. Results show that while the Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) for conventional production is above an estimated industry opportunity cost of capital, cage-free production’s MIRR does not fully satisfy investors’ expectations. The MIRR of cage-free investment, between 5.6% (deterministic model) and 8.0% (stochastic) per 15-month flock, is below the 9.4% opportunity cost of capital. In addition, the simulations show that there is a 90% probability of conventional production’s MIRR falling between 18.5 and 20.3% per 15-month flock, and cage-free egg production’s MIRR ranging from 6.8 to 9.4%. In order for cage-free to be as equally profitable as conventional production, cage-free egg prices at the farmer gate should be 74% over conventional egg prices. Such high cage-free egg prices are highly unlikely to occur given recent cage-free price premia and consumer willingness to pay estimates from recent research. This study provides a framework egg producers can use to evaluate the potential effects of changes in their portfolio of products (i.e. conventional and cage-free mix) as they accommodate production schedules in this evolving industry.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 567 | 189 | 16 |
| PDF-Downloads | 626 | 151 | 11 |