Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Amino acid requirements of neonate larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens
in Journal of Insects as Food and FeedSearch for other papers by C. Sandrock in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by J. Wohlfahrt in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by T. Stadtlander in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by F. Leiber in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by F. Schindler in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by M. Hardick in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by A. Lemme in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by C. Lambertz in
Current site
Google Scholar
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) requirements in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) during the neonatal phase remain poorly investigated. A semi-artificial low-protein diet (NC, negative control, 14% protein) was compared to a poultry feed (PC, positive control, 18% protein) and a diet with 20 single AA added to NC to obtain a diet with 18% protein content simulating the AA profile of PC (RC, reference control). Additionally, 12 diets were formulated in which the six AAs Lys, Met, Thr, Arg, Ile and Trp were individually varied by either omitting or doubling respective contents, resulting in a reduction or excess of 31 to 46% relative to PC and RC (-AA and +AA treatments). In triplicate replication 10 000 neonates were reared for 10-14 days. Growth was most compromised in NC and -Lys. While -Met and -Trp growth was similar to PC, responses for -Arg, -Ile and -Thr were intermediate between PC and NC. Surplus levels of Met, Thr, Trp, and Ile did not, but of Lys and Arg improved performance compared with PC. Consequently, the fattening phase started 1â5 days earlier. Concluding, (i) Lys was first limiting in NC, (ii) Arg, Ile and Thr co-limited growth and (iii) Met and Trp did not limit growth. Striking responses of the indicator âage to target weightâ highlight the sensitivity of BSF neonates to differential AA provisions, with practical relevance for scaling up BSFL productions. Consequently, dietary AA supply considerably impacts economy of neonate production as a shortened production cycle would allow more production cycles per year.
Kauf
Sofortzugang erwerben (PDF-Download und unbegrenzter Online-Zugang):
Institutszugang
Melden Sie sich mit Open Athens, Shibboleth oder Ihren institutionellen Anmeldedaten an.
Persönliche Anmeldung
Melden Sie sich mit Ihrem brill.com-Konto an
-
AOAC, 2023. AOAC Official Method. In: Latimer Jr., W.L. (ed.) Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. AOAC Publications, Gaithersburg, MD.
-
Athanassiou, C.G., Coudron, C.L., Deruytter, D., Rumbos, C.I., Gasco, L., Gai, F., Sandrock, C., De Smet, J., Tettamanti, G., Francis, A., Petrusan, J.I. and Smetana, S., 2024. A decade of advances in black soldier fly research: from genetics to sustainability. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 11: 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001122
-
Auger, L., Tegtmeier, D., Caccia, S., Klammsteiner, T. and De Smet, J., 2025. BugBook: How to explore and exploit the insect-associated microbiome. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 11: S361-S395. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10256
-
Barragan-Fonseca, K.B., Gort, G., Dicke, M. and van Loon, J.J.A., 2021. Nutritional plasticity of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in response to artificial diets varying in protein and carbohydrate concentrations. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7: 51-62. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2020.0034
-
Bellezza Oddon, S., Rossi, G., Bongiorno, V., Gasco, L., Ojha, S., Rastello, L., Renna, M., Rossi Ribeiro, L., Sandrock, C., Schlüter, O.K. and Biasato, I., 2025. BugBook: Advancing insect utilization for food and feed: Standardizing processing methods, enhancing techno-functional properties, and refining feeding trial protocols. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 11: S477-S506. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10224
-
Berggreen, I.E., Schøn, M.L., Nørgaard, J.V. and Jensen, K., 2025. Optimal dietary protein content and essential amino acid limitation in larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 11: 2579-2590. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10221
-
Broeckx, L., Frooninckx, L., Berrens, S., Goossens, S., ter Heide, C., Wuyts, A., Dallaire-Lamontagne, M. and Van Miert, S., 2025. Macronutrient-based predictive modelling of bioconversion efficiency in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) through artificial substrates. Insects 16: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16010077
-
Chabanol, E. and Gendrin, M., 2024. Insects and microbes: best friends from the nursery. Current Opinion in Insect Science 66: 101270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2024.101270
-
Deruytter, D., Coudron, C., Wiklicky, V., Naser El Deen, S., Van Peer, M., Rumbos, C., Peguero, D.A., Adamaki-Sotiraki, C., Athanassiou, C., Veldkamp, T., Sandrock, C. and Yakti, W., 2025. BugBook: Considerations for designing and performing insect larvae production experiments. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 11: S317-S339. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10252
-
DâMello, D.P.F., 2003. Amino acids in animal nutrition. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
-
Eke, M., Tougeron, K., Ngamo, L. and Hance, T., 2026. Effect of food waste composition on growth and nutritional value of black soldier fly larvae. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 12: 631-655. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10300
-
Fontaine, J., 2003. Amino acid analysis in feeds. In: DÌMello, J. (ed.) Amino acids in animal nutrition. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA, pp. 15-40.
-
Gasco, L., Renna, M., Oddon, S.B., Far, A.R., El Deen, S.N. and Veldkamp, T., 2023. Insect meals in a circular economy and applications in monogastric diets. Animal Frontiers 13: 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfad016
-
Khan, J.A., Guo, X., Pichner, R., Aganovic, K., Heinz, V., Hollah, C., Miert, S.V., Verheyen, G.R., Juadjur, A. and Rehman, K.U., 2025. Evaluation of nutritional and techno-functional aspects of black soldier fly high-protein extracts in different developmental stages. Animal 19: 101463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2025.101463
-
Koethe, M., Taubert, J. and Vervuert, I., 2022. Impact of lysine supplementation on growth and development of Hermetia illucens larvae. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 8: 35-44. https://doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0059
-
Lemme, A. and Klüber, P., 2024. Rethinking amino acid nutrition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) based on insights from an amino acid reduction trial. Insects 15: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110862
-
Liu, C., Yang, Y., Wang, M., Jiang, W., Du, Y., Hao, Z., Chen, L., Zhu, K., Liu, B., Niu, L., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Gan, M., Shen, L. and Zhu, L., 2024. Effects of L-arginine on gut microbiota and muscle metabolism in fattening pigs based on omics analysis. Frontiers in Microbiology 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1490064
-
Miner, L.P., Fernandez-Bayo, J., Putri, F., Niemeier, D., Bischel, H. and VanderGheynst, J.S., 2022. Predicting black soldier fly larvae biomass and methionine accumulation using a kinetic model for batch cultivation and improving system performance using semi-batch cultivation. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 45: 333-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-021-02663-y
-
Muurmann, A.T., Banovic, M., Gilbert, M.T.P., Sogari, G., Limborg, M.T., Sicheritz-PonteÌn, T. and Bahrndorff, S., 2024. Framework for valorizing waste- and by-products through insects and their microbiomes for food and feed. Food Research International: 114358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114358
-
Oonincx, D.G.A.B., Gold, M., Bosch, G., Guillaume, J.B., Rumbos, C.I., Naser El Deen, S., Sandrock, C., Bellezza Oddon, S., Athanassiou, C.G., Cambra-LoÌpez, M., Pascual, J.J., Parodi, A.P., Spranghers, T. and Yakti, W., 2025. BugBook: nutritional requirements for edible insect rearing. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 11: S269-S288. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10226
-
Ribeiro, N., Costa, R. and Ameixa, O.M.C.C., 2022. The influence of non-optimal rearing conditions and substrates on the performance of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Insects 13: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13070639
-
Rossi, G., Psarianos, M., Ojha, S. and Schlüter, O.K., 2025. Review: Insects as a novel feed ingredient: processing technologies, quality and safety considerations. Animal 19: 101495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2025.101495
-
Sandrock, C., Generalovic, T.N., Paul, K., Petersen, G.E.L., Sellem, E., Smith, M.B., Tapio, M., Yakti, W., Beukeboom, L.W., Deruytter, D., Jiggins, C.D., Lefebvre, T., Librado, P., Pannebakker, B.A., Picard, C.J., Rhode, C., Sørensen, J.G., Bouwman, A.C., Hansen, L.S. and Obsicteter, J., 2025. BugBook: Genetics of insects as food and feed. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 11: S397-S455. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-bja10260
-
Schneider, L., Kisinga, B., Stoehr, N., Cord-Landwehr, S., Schulte-Geldermann, E., Moerschbacher, B.M., Eder, K., Jha, R. and Dusel, G., 2025a. Dietary protein levels in isoenergetic diets affect the performance, nutrient utilization and retention of nitrogen and amino acids of Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae. Insects 16: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030240
-
Schneider, L., Kisinga, B., Stöhr, N., Stiem, T., Cord-Landwehr, S., Schulte-Geldermann, E., Moerschbacher, B.M., Jha, R., Eder, K., Lambertz, C. and Dusel, G., 2025b. Performance and nutrient composition of black soldier fly larvae fed diets with various protein concentrations throughout the life cycle. Animal 19: 101637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2025.101637
-
Schøn, M.L., Mikkelsen, M.V.N., Jensen, K., Poulsen, J.M., Berggreen, I.E., Schou, T.M., Nørgaard, J.V. and Overgaard, J., 2024. Effect of temperature on growth, metabolism, and gas exchange in Hermetia illucens larvae reared under commercial and laboratory conditions. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 11: 1059-1074. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001268
-
Spranghers, T., Moradei, A., Vynckier, K., Boudrez, M., Pinotti, L. and Ottoboni, M., 2024. Amino acid requirements of yellow mealworm and black soldier fly larvae. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 11: 1047-1058. https://doi.org/10.1163/23524588-00001271
-
Tomberlin, J.K., Miranda, C., Flint, C., Harris, E. and Wu, G., 2023. Nutrients limit production of insects for food and feed: an emphasis on nutritionally essential amino acids. Animal Frontiers 4: 13. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfad032
-
Woods, M.J., Hoffman, L.C. and Pieterse, E., 2019. Artificial diets for neonatal black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5: 99-105. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2018.0028
-
Wynants, E., Frooninckx, L., Crauwels, S., Verreth, C., De Smet, J., Sandrock, C., Wohlfahrt, J., Van Schelt, J., Depraetere, S., Lievens, B., Van Miert, S., Claes, J. and Van Campenhout, L., 2019. Assessing the microbiota of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) reared on organic waste streams on four different locations at laboratory and large scale. Microbial Ecology 77: 913-930.
-
Zhang, Y., Zhang, S. and Xu, L., 2023. The pivotal roles of gut microbiota in insect plant interactions for sustainable pest management. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes 9: 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-023-00435-y
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 122 | 122 | 46 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 16 | 16 | 5 |
| PDF-Downloads | 34 | 34 | 7 |
Amino acid requirements of neonate larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens
in Journal of Insects as Food and FeedSearch for other papers by C. Sandrock in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by J. Wohlfahrt in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by T. Stadtlander in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by F. Leiber in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by F. Schindler in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M. Hardick in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A. Lemme in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by C. Lambertz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) requirements in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) during the neonatal phase remain poorly investigated. A semi-artificial low-protein diet (NC, negative control, 14% protein) was compared to a poultry feed (PC, positive control, 18% protein) and a diet with 20 single AA added to NC to obtain a diet with 18% protein content simulating the AA profile of PC (RC, reference control). Additionally, 12 diets were formulated in which the six AAs Lys, Met, Thr, Arg, Ile and Trp were individually varied by either omitting or doubling respective contents, resulting in a reduction or excess of 31 to 46% relative to PC and RC (-AA and +AA treatments). In triplicate replication 10 000 neonates were reared for 10-14 days. Growth was most compromised in NC and -Lys. While -Met and -Trp growth was similar to PC, responses for -Arg, -Ile and -Thr were intermediate between PC and NC. Surplus levels of Met, Thr, Trp, and Ile did not, but of Lys and Arg improved performance compared with PC. Consequently, the fattening phase started 1â5 days earlier. Concluding, (i) Lys was first limiting in NC, (ii) Arg, Ile and Thr co-limited growth and (iii) Met and Trp did not limit growth. Striking responses of the indicator âage to target weightâ highlight the sensitivity of BSF neonates to differential AA provisions, with practical relevance for scaling up BSFL productions. Consequently, dietary AA supply considerably impacts economy of neonate production as a shortened production cycle would allow more production cycles per year.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 122 | 122 | 46 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 16 | 16 | 5 |
| PDF-Downloads | 34 | 34 | 7 |
