Index of Subjects
Abbasid
24, 63, 64, 250, 479, 606
accidents; accidental
14, 159, 168, 171, 174, 185, 217–219, 238, 242–244, 326, 392, 395, 475, 517, 578, 618, 643, 655
acquisition, of intelligibles
135–139
act of will
221–222
action theory
621
actuality
134, 177, 207, 217, 224–228, 244, 325, 482
actualization
134, 151, 224, 325
acumen
60, 137, 424
adoption, of philosophical concepts
381, 408, 459
alchemy
65, 512
ʿAlid
606
allegory. didactic narratives
129–130, 296, 581–585
Almohads
25, 421
Almoravids
25, 421
alterity
205
amanuensis, of Ibn Sīnā
292
ambiguity
603, 618
anatomy
153
angels
217, 327, 398, 407, 418, 490, 576, 579, 650
identification with cosmic intellects
405
Anūštigids
605–606
apodictic (demonstration)
29, 178, 181, 184–192, 192, 205, 380, 388, 390, 470, 470, 618
rejection of
489–490
apostasy
250, 475
appetitive power/faculty
142, 143, 150, 98, 151–152, 655
arch-critic of philosophy
377
arguments, complex
616
Aristotelianism. tradition, Aristotelian
68, 122–123, 253, 294, 622
Aristotelian character of the Šifāʾ
214
neo-Platonizing Aristotelianism
290
Aristotle, criticism of
211, 493
arithmetic
60, 63, 121, 246, 292, 647, 655
Artuqids
541, 544
Ašʿarī
14–15, 128, 251, 309–311, 346, 377, 388–389, 392, 395, 408, 455, 470, 477, 479, 603, 619–622
astrology
294–295, 301, 498–500, 623, 654
astronomy
5, 23, 63, 121, 246–247, 289, 292–295, 448, 498–499, 647–648, 653, 655
atheism, accusation of Šahrastānī
478
atomism
14, 230–233, 311, 392, 395, 475, 490, 622
attributes
essential (‘properties’)
189
God’s
303, 309–310, 388–392, 410–411, 481, 490–491, 506
of sensibles
150–151, 153–154
authorities, religious
129, 382, 390, 394, 397, 408, 544
autobiography
of ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī
511–513, 541
of Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī
497, 500, 506, 605
of al-Ġazālī
342–343, 348, 425, 455
of Ibn Sīnā
58–69, 119, 121, 125, 127, 130, 136, 138, 143, 162, 198, 210, 297, 301, 303
of Nāṣir-i Ḫusraw
314–316
autodidact
63, 644
Avicennism
290, 294, 306–307, 309, 310–312, 422, 454–455, 469- 470, 492–493, 506
axioms; axiomatic
152, 156, 159–160, 185, 202, 205–206, 246, 385, 393–395
Ayyubids
25, 28, 512–513, 544, 580, 625
Baghdad Aristotelians; Baghdad school
67, 130, 163, 165, 181, 290–294
Bahšāmiyya
474, 476
Barbara (syllogistic mood)
181–183, 187–188, 196
Baroco (syllogistic mood)
182–183
barrier (barzaḫ)
578
Bāṭinīs
455
benefit, as legal criterion
421
Bible; (biblical) exegesis
640, 649, 653, 656
bile (yellow/black)
66, 143, 154, 157, 196
biology
134, 248
bird, as metaphor for the soul
582
blood
143, 240, 242
body
13, 131, 133–134, 136, 138, 141–145, 151–153, 155, 159–160, 211, 216–219, 222–223, 225–244, 323–327, 381, 391, 395, 455, 469, 475, 540, 577–579, 582, 584, 586, 618, 641, 653
celestial
134, 145, 183, 221, 229, 241, 578, 584, 616, 642
impossibility of its potential division
231
book burning
421
book trade
23–24
botany
216, 247, 251
bundle of accidents
13
Būyids
23–24, 66–69, 290, 297–298
Byzantine
399, 580, 647
calendar reform, Seljuk (under Malik-Šāh)
23, 307
caliphate
148, 479
Camestres (syllogistic mood)
183
cardinal virtues
399, 655
careful consideration, (iʿtibār) as a method
7–8, 29, 489–493
categories; doctrine of categories
5, 20, 165–168, 171–172, 205–206, 216, 219, 225, 227, 229, 242, 244, 385, 419, 578, 640, 643, 648, 651, 654–656
causation, chains of secondary
454
causation; causality
14, 209, 212, 214–215, 217, 223, 244, 406–408, 411, 415–420, 454, 519
cause
essential/accidental
222–223
final (goal, purpose)/formal/material
217
first
204–205, 415, 520, 617, 643
worldly
417–418
causes, immanent
222–223
celestial physics
229
celestial/heavenly spheres
123, 126, 134–135, 137, 140–144, 151, 155, 159–160, 228, 241, 323, 325, 404–405, 412, 415, 475
celestial sphere, outermost
229
certainty
205, 384–385, 388
chains of transmission
157, 306
change, accidental
217
change, transformation
243–244
Chinese
399–400, 498
Christian; Christianity
162, 221, 245, 248, 294, 311, 394, 398, 424, 475, 487, 582, 623–624, 636–657
Church Fathers
13, 643
circular motion
216, 236, 239, 241, 578
classification of philosophy/science
2, 121, 147–148, 169, 198–202, 205–206, 302, 381–382, 402, 618–619, 626, 646, 650, 653
colour symbolism
581, 584
commentaries, commentators
aporetic vs. exegetical
506
on Aristotle, Plato, et al.
126, 130, 207–208
on logic
647–648
on the soul
641
philosophical
605, 650–651
problem-commentary vs. system-commentary
505–506
common sense
136, 150, 152, 155
concealment of expression, for fear of persecution
129
conception, concept formation (taṣawwur)
125, 154, 156, 159, 167, 169, 171, 173, 189–190, 469–470
conceptualism
453
conclusion by analogy; analogical argument
10–11, 17, 385–387
context theory
185, 187
contingency, of creation
619
continuity, theory of
231, 233–234
continuum
226, 233, 580
conversion to Islam
7, 298, 484–487
conversion, of propositions
166–167, 177, 179, 183
convictions, personal
347, 380, 402
Corpus Aristotelicum; Aristotelian Corpus
5, 122, 166, 199, 207–208, 211
Correspondence. see letter correspondence
cosmography
295, 647
cosmology
13, 65, 124, 134, 145, 205, 209, 223, 304, 404–406, 408, 419, 475, 621–622, 650
courtly culture
24, 293
createdness of the world
323, 642
creation, act of
372, 384, 412, 461, 454
creation, biblical story of
642
creator’s command
244
creatures
310, 324, 327, 389, 405–407, 418, 506, 647
crisis; interlude, sceptical
383–384
criticism
of Ibn Sīnā / avicennism
6–7, 449, 479–481, 503, 517–519, 616, 619, 503
of philosophy
378, 391, 408, 421–426, 473, 489–492
of philosophical positions or methods
6–7, 128–129, 409–420, 580, 625
curriculum, of the madrasa
11, 26–27, 617, 625–626
curriculum, philosophical
63–64, 121–122, 126–127, 381
Dahriyya; Dahrites. materialists
323, 643
ḏātī proposition
183
ḏātī reading
179, 181, 183, 620
de dicto reading
174
de re reading
174
death
129, 144–145, 156, 159, 211, 319, 359, 365, 367, 376, 416, 554, 560, 654
deconstructing traditional peripatetic philosophy
576–577
definition
60, 125, 153, 156, 159, 166–173, 178, 184–190, 193, 219–225, 229, 234–235, 238, 246, 321, 325, 381, 385, 469, 517, 577, 580, 584, 619, 640–641, 646
as representations of essential meanings
619
of continuity
233
of genus
125
of logic
169
of nature
219–222
of necessity
178
of philosophy
646
of place
237
of possibility
178
real
189–190
demons
650
demonstration. apodictic
non-discursive
139
of the first cause
404
demonstration; demonstrative proof (burhān. apodictic
)
184–185, 517, 616, 618
determinism, critique of
475
determinists
454, 643
dialectic; dialectical
29, 60, 164, 166, 187, 193, 202, 205, 215, 226, 379, 396, 412, 454, 490, 618, 647
as a tool of theology
379
didactic; didactical
131, 200, 320, 386, 581–583, 645
difference (differentia)
125, 160, 168, 173, 175, 205
discourse levels
380
disjunction
388
disposition
18, 135, 151–152, 106, 393–395, 417–418, 576
mental
394
divination
139
divine effluence
137, 140, 144
division, physical vs. conceptual
231
dogma, Christian
641, 656
dogmatics
606, 656
dreams, dream interpretation
71, 90, 92, 99, 101, 106, 124, 140–142, 314–315, 368, 370, 375, 546–547, 550, 555, 557, 560, 564, 574, 579, 649
dualism
644
duality, as principle of the material world
324
Ecclesiastes, commentary on
485
economics (household management)
63, 121, 146, 201–202, 213, 651, 653, 655
efficient cause
211–212, 215, 217–218, 221–222, 309–310, 490–491
efficient power
245, 406–407
elements
144, 217, 240–241, 243–244, 323–324, 326, 642, 646
active (qua form) and passive power (qua matter)
240
as the simplest components of bodies
240
four
323, 642
their place in cosmic order
324
emanation (emanationist; emanative)
123–124, 134, 138, 141, 146, 405, 490, 578, 582, 621
empiricism; empirical
124, 133, 139, 155–156, 160, 212, 214, 232, 239, 243, 247, 579
of the self
160
rationalist
160
encyclopaedia; encyclopaedic
2, 4, 122, 239, 645, 649–650, 652
entelechy
133, 142–143, 153, 224
enthusiasm
139
enthymeme
187, 194–195, 197–198
Epicureans
121
epistemology
16–17, 60–61, 63, 125, 134–137, 145, 147–148, 151, 155, 164, 169, 173, 185–187, 198, 201–203, 206–207, 212–216, 380, 384, 388, 392, 395, 405, 470, 490–491, 579–580, 619–620
equant problem
295–296
equilibrium, humoral
141, 145
eschatology; eschatological
124, 142, 144, 156, 205, 326
essence; essential
5, 7, 14, 143, 151, 153, 156, 159, 168, 183–186, 189–190, 210, 212, 214, 217, 219, 221–223, 233–234, 238, 244, 251, 322, 325–326, 393, 395, 453, 491, 519, 578, 580, 619, 656
God’s
205, 209, 323, 388–389, 392, 410–412, 481, 506, 576–577, 619, 621
estimation; estimative faculty
136, 141, 150–155, 157, 234, 238, 411
eternity of the world
14, 325, 346, 383, 410, 617, 619
argument for its justification
239–240
of time and the world
239
ethics
9, 16–17, 63, 120–121, 134, 142–146, 149, 201–202, 213, 301, 326, 378, 380, 382–383, 390, 395, 396–404, 408, 423, 516, 622, 646, 651, 653, 655
evocation of imagination
193, 194–196
exegesis, allegorical (taʾwīl)
326–327, 402, 621
existence
7, 13–14, 64, 124, 133, 146–147, 152, 159–160, 170, 172, 176, 178, 186, 203, 205–206, 209, 212, 214–215, 218–219, 223, 225, 230, 238–239, 244–245, 300, 310, 322–324, 346, 384, 389, 395, 406, 411–414, 416, 453–455, 469, 481–482, 490–492, 506, 517, 519, 540, 578, 580, 586, 618–619, 621, 640–643, 656–657
as a modulated term (ism mušakkik)
454
as attribute of essence
214
extramental
176, 226
God’s. see God, His existence
intellectual
170
existent qua existent
203–204, 212
as the goal of metaphysics
309
existent, priority over the ‘thing’
214
experience
124, 139–140, 145, 154–155, 157–160, 186, 211, 232, 241–242, 393, 579
experience, direct (mušāhada)
139
eye, inner vs. outer
393
faculty of recollection/memory
150, 152
faculty of reproduction
149, 152
faculty of the soul
101, 140, 147, 149–152, 154–157, 234, 238, 299, 368, 398–399, 411, 492
fallacies
77, 79–80, 97, 166–167, 190–193, 355, 382, 470, 545, 613
arising from the syllogism vs. from the premises
192
word-dependent vs. meaning-dependent
191
fasting
124, 142–143
fate in the hereafter. see soul, fate/survival after death
Fatimid
315, 322
figures, syllogistic
176, 179, 181–182
final cause
209, 212, 217, 491, 519
finiteness of the cosmos, argument
236
‘flying man’ argument
133, 153, 160, 623
form
192, 217–218, 240, 244–245
intelligible
152, 156
of corporeality
234
sensible
156
substantive/substantial
243–245
syllogistic/of syllogisms
162–164
four-fold meaning of scripture
582
free will vs. compulsion
327
freedom of choice
418
Ġazālism
422, 503–506, 617
genealogy (isnād), theological
626
generation and corruption
242–244
generation, of the universe
128
genus
20, 125, 150, 168, 171, 173, 189–190, 205, 227, 238, 580, 655
logical vs. mental
171
geometry
63, 67, 121, 164, 232–233, 246, 292, 505, 645, 647, 655
Ghaznavids
59, 65, 69
Giver of Forms
219, 245, 406, 417, 482, 549, 554
gnosis
252
God
12, 146, 202–205, 406–408, 618–621
actions have no purpose/objective
455
all-encompassing justice of
328
as cause/efficient cause of all things/existents
215, 310
as only agent cause
490–491
as Prime Mover
212
as pure existence
519
as the Necessary Existent
212, 506, 619, 621
awareness of Himself
506
concept of
202, 411
essence and attributes of
388–389, 392, 410, 481, 619, 642, 657
existence as ‘necessary’ implication or ‘comcomitant’ (lāzim) of His essence
619
existence of
160, 203, 205, 209, 212, 214, 310, 323, 411, 413, 506, 519, 619, 643
grace of
138
knowledge of
621
limits to His works
419
names of
388–389, 406
no cause for His existence
411
oneness of
212, 310, 322, 324, 388, 411, 506, 619, 642, 643, 657
positive attributes
490–491
problem of His knowledge of particulars/universals
481, 491–492, 576
proof of His existence
15, 214–215, 455, 506, 619
quiddity/reality of
411
symbolised by the sun (in Neo-Platonic sense)
577
throne of
327, 379, 405
transcendence of
12, 469, 481, 323
Word of (as cause of all existence)
312
God-likeness (taʾalluh)
579
grammar
9–10, 14, 18–20, 26, 131, 402, 513, 644, 646–647, 649, 654, 656
Ġūrids
25, 604–606, 624
habit, syllogistic
163
ḥadīṯ
26, 131, 303, 387, 391, 394, 402, 478, 486, 500, 503, 513
hagiography; hagiographic
61, 290–291, 293–294, 296
Ḥallāwiyya madrasa
543
Ḥamdanids
24
Ḥanafī
60, 403, 475, 499, 543
Ḥanbalīs
17, 625
happiness; bliss
134–136, 138, 141, 143–144, 155–156, 160, 301, 392, 396, 398, 404, 652
harmonization, between philosophy and religion
382
harmonization, of Aristotle and Plato
518–519
heart, as the seat of knowledge and intellect
393
hell
9, 145, 326–327
henology
204–207
heretics
382, 391, 478, 624
hermeneutics
11, 26, 402
Hermetics
542, 579
heterodoxy
250
heuristic
2, 185, 189–190
history of philosophy
122–124, 203, 253, 294, 454, 459, 489, 576, 580–581, 623
Holy Spirit
642, 657
homilies
61, 68
homonymy
20, 150
humans
as masters of the sublunar world vs. servants of God
327
liberation through knowledge
327
metaphor
1, 20, 137–138, 140, 147, 195–196, 322, 393, 395, 405, 478, 504, 582, 583–584
placement between animals and angels
327, 398
humoral medicine; humoral theory
141, 143
humours of the body
143–144, 155
hunting
137
Ḫwārazm-Šāh
25, 480, 604–606, 624
hydrostatics
449
hylomorphism
192, 206, 217–218, 234, 240, 244, 311, 323, 622
hypostases
642–643, 656
Ideas, Platonic
136, 207, 406, 576–578, 582
Īl-Khānids
648–649
illumination (išrāq). see philosophy of illumination
image evocation
195
imagination
130, 136, 141, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 195–196, 209, 212, 234–235, 238, 325, 395, 411, 413, 415, 580
imaginative faculty
104, 130, 140, 141, 145, 147, 149–155, 157, 209, 212, 234–235, 238, 325, 355, 360, 362, 367, 368, 370, 372, 375, 395, 411, 413, 415, 546–547, 550–551, 555–557, 560, 563–564, 580
Imam
godlike
579
Shiite
303, 315, 324, 326, 387, 476, 479, 481, 580
imitation
mimetic
196
uncritical (taqlīd)
60, 380, 394, 402, 615
immortality, of the (rational) soul. see soul, fate/survival after death
imperfection
205
implication
17, 20, 154, 179, 419, 619
indications
194
individual
60, 134, 139–141, 143–144, 152, 154, 171, 178, 224, 234, 245, 389, 392, 417, 491–492, 576
indivisible part
230
indulgence in wine and sex
59
infinity, infinite
82, 100, 108, 229, 230, 235–237, 370, 372–373, 492, 550–551, 558–559, 564, 573, 642
impossibility of actual
231, 235
inspiration, divine (ilhām)
139, 544, 622
instinct
154, 164
instruction
138, 140, 327, 380, 402, 653
of the broader masses, through rhetoric and poetics
379
intellect
18, 123, 134–152, 154–156, 158–159, 217, 219, 245, 300, 304, 321–326, 378, 383, 385, 392–395, 398, 403–405, 410, 415, 417, 459, 475, 482, 485–486, 491–492, 519, 577–578, 583–584, 586, 618, 643, 655, 657
able to distinguish of itself what is good and what is bad
403
acquired
135, 137, 142, 144, 152, 394
active
134, 136–140, 144, 152, 300, 321, 326, 394, 404–405, 417, 482, 491, 578, 583
actual
135, 142, 144, 152, 394
celestial
135–136, 138–139, 141, 145–146, 152, 155–156, 217, 405
dispositional / possessing disposition
18, 135, 140, 142, 152, 159, 394
first
134, 404, 482, 519, 643
four stages of development
394
grasps itself intellectually
519
holy
140, 394
human
135–139, 142, 155, 324, 326, 383, 393, 405, 482
immaterial substance
136
innate
326
material
18, 135, 152, 394
potential
152
practical
149–152, 154, 459
theoretical
149–152, 154
universal
322–324, 326
intellect, doctrine
491
intellection
134–140, 142–145, 155–156
accounts of knowledge
581
scientific
153, 189, 385, 650
understanding of God
393
intellects, celestial/cosmic
134, 136, 138–139, 141, 145–146, 152, 155–156, 217, 321, 392, 405
intellects, immortal
135
intelligibles
19, 123, 130, 132–145, 152, 155–156, 159, 168, 170–172, 389, 394–395
primary
135, 142, 152, 159, 170, 172, 394
secondary
135, 168, 170–172, 394
intentionality (intentio)
153
invisible, the (al-ġayb)
139–140
irascible faculty
142, 152
Isagoge
165–166, 168, 172, 641, 643–644, 648, 651–652, 654–655
Ismāʿīliyya / Ismāʿīlī
4, 6, 9, 59–60, 65, 131, 315–316, 321–325, 346–347, 387, 454–455, 470, 478, 481, 580
Jewish; Jews
viii, ix, 5, 14, 248–249, 394, 404, 424, 485–488, 491–492, 512, 582
Judaism, reception of al-Ġazālī’s in
424
judgment (taṣdīq)
125, 156, 167, 169–170, 173, 186, 189–190, 194–105, 469
jurisprudence, methods/principles of (uṣūl al-fiqh). see principles of jurisprudence
jurisprudence
8–11, 15–18, 23, 26, 63, 65, 119, 311, 377, 385–388, 391, 401–403, 505, 512, 616–617, 649
jurists
16–17, 22–23, 26, 382, 385–388, 391
justice
16, 23, 149, 158, 326, 328, 399, 406, 408, 655
Kākūyid
69, 127, 296, 485
kalām
10, 12–15, 120, 134, 144, 187, 189, 223, 230, 235, 252, 309, 311, 325, 348, 388, 391, 393, 395–396, 401, 406, 420, 422, 454, 470, 473, 482, 490–493, 505–506, 604, 616–617, 620–623, 626
kingship
147–148
knowledge
about domination
309–310
acquired vs. necessary
393–394
demonstrative
184–190
of truth
642
prophetic
158
through presence (ʿilm ḥuḍūrī)
576
universal
309–310
Late Antiquity. see tradition, ancient/late ancient
latency
243
law
Islamic
11, 15, 17, 25–26, 345, 348, 359, 387, 401, 420, 595
religious/prophetic
142–143, 145–149, 158, 201, 213, 327, 403–404, 466, 475, 478–479, 499, 505
Šāfiʿī school of
16, 27, 311, 344, 352, 403, 420, 475, 477–479, 499, 511, 625
laws
common to all sciences
206
of natural science
142
lawgiver
201
legacy, spiritual (waṣiyya)
606
legal scholars
16–17, 19, 27, 348, 421, 499, 543
legal science. jurisprudence
17, 377, 385, 512
legislation, prophetic. see law, religious/prophetic
letter correspondence
between al-Šahrastānī and al-Īlāqī
458, 460
between al-Siǧistānī and al-Tawḥīdī
383
Ibn Sinā’s
61, 65, 69, 132, 297–304
lexicography
19–20
library
23–24, 26–28, 61, 63, 119–121, 181, 183, 225, 227, 252, 296, 301, 303, 462, 521, 541, 604, 649
life after death/afterlife (soul, its destiny after death)
145–147
light
643
and darkness
577
as evident
576–577
divine
384, 395, 400, 405
of lights (nūr al-anwār)
577
light emanations (partaw)
577
light metaphor
384
light symbolism
583
light, doctrine by Suhrawardī
542, 579, 581
linguistic and literary theory
18–21
literary theory
20, 21, 196, 20
logic
4, 6, 9–12, 16–18, 20, 21, 23, 27, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 121–122, 124–129, 131, 136, 142, 145, 151, 161–177, 183–184, 186, 190–191, 193–194, 197, 199–200, 206, 213, 227, 251, 289, 292, 299–302, 310, 378, 380–383, 385–390, 401, 409–412, 419–421, 466–467, 469–472, 479, 497, 499, 504–505, 540, 579–580, 604, 617–620, 623–624, 640, 644–648, 651–652, 654–656
as a method
251
as indispensable for theology
388
as the instrument of philosophy
63, 121, 646
at madrasas
27
benefit of
169
definition of
169
Ibn Sīnā’s restructuring of
167
significance in the religious disciplines
386
study at al-Azhar University
471–472
subject matter of
168
versified
131
lunar sphere
141, 404, 417, 482
madrasa
11, 25–29, 161, 304, 311–312, 345, 415, 420, 423, 462, 471–472, 497, 505, 511, 513–514, 543, 604, 606, 617, 625–626
magic
141, 542, 623, 654
magnitudes, of bodies
229
Mālikī
17, 250
Maʾmūnids
24
Manichaeans
644
masses (al-ʿawāmm) (public, populace)
129–130, 140, 147, 327, 348, 379, 396, 401–402, 404, 406
materia medica
248, 650
materialists. Dahrites
14
mathematics
5, 61, 63–64, 121, 127, 134, 146, 199–200, 206, 213, 232, 381–382, 448, 467, 498–499, 505, 645, 647–648, 655
at the madrasa
26
matter
135, 139, 145, 151, 159, 170, 200, 204, 217–220, 234–235, 238, 240–242, 244–245, 321, 323–324, 326, 578, 586
as ‘dark substance’
577
as inert substratum
217
as relative privation
234
discussion on its non-corporeal nature
506
in an argument
186
of proposition
173–175
of syllogisms; syllogistic matter
162, 164, 172–173, 184, 186
prime
152, 322, 414, 506
Māturīdī
14–15
meaning (maʿnā, pl. maʿānī)
19, 78, 95, 153, 171, 389, 562
inner (bāṭin) and outer (ẓāhir)
403–405, 503
primary notions
159
secondary intelligibles
135, 168, 170–172, 394
medicine
5, 7, 9, 15, 22–23, 27, 60, 63, 65–66, 131, 139, 142–143, 145, 153, 248–249, 291, 381, 458, 460, 466, 485–486, 504, 512–514, 520, 645, 648–649, 653–654
melancholic
90
metaphorical level of interpretation
582
metaphysica generalis
213
metaphysica specialis
203, 213
metaphysics
3–6, 12, 28, 61, 63, 67, 69, 121, 124, 126–129, 131–134, 138, 146, 148, 167, 171–172, 187, 198–216, 220, 223, 226, 244–245, 251, 292–293, 299–300, 302, 309–310, 377, 381–383, 389–390, 408–411, 419, 449, 469, 479–480, 482, 489, 510, 517–521, 579–580, 583, 617–618, 620, 647, 651–652
as a demonstrative science
205
as a source of error
382
categorical
171–172
its subject matter
214
metathesis
173, 175
Neo-Platonic
12
of the imagination
580
meteorology
216, 246–247, 251, 466, 499, 642, 646, 650–651, 654
metonymies
20
microcosm and macrocosm
324
middle terms
60–61, 63, 123, 130, 136–140, 142–145, 147, 155, 157, 160, 162, 164, 185–186, 188, 190
mimesis (Aristotelian)
196
mineralogy
651
minima
230, 231, 242
miracle
101, 106, 124, 133, 141, 351, 370, 375, 408, 417–418, 475, 542, 567, 621, 623
mirror, metaphor of
97, 144, 361, 366, 395, 399, 401
mirrors of princes
420, 423
modal subalternation
173
modality, alethic vs. temporal
174–178, 181
modality, modalisation
164, 173–184
Mongols
510, 624, 648
Monophysites
656
motion of the heavens
229, 237
motion, movement
134, 149–150, 152, 188, 212, 216–241, 294–296, 323–325, 327, 405, 412, 469, 578, 581, 646
absolute vs. relative upward motion
241
Aristotle’s definition
225
as an additional quality in Suhrawardī
578
as change
216
as process of change
224
as the first actuality of potential
228
as the ἐντελέχεια of potential
224
in a ‘traversal’ and ‘medial’ sense
225
of infinity
235
of sakīna
584
of the soul
640–641
of time
239
positional
228–229
rectilinear vs. circular
216
relation to the categories
227–228
motive faculty; faculty of movement
149, 152
mover, unmoved
220, 519
Muǧāhidiyya madrasa
28, 462, 471
mundus imaginalis
578
Murǧiʾa
9
music, musical theory
63, 121, 246–247, 292, 301–302, 448, 584, 647, 655
Muʿtazila; Muʿtazilī
6, 8–10, 13–15, 229, 381, 388, 392, 403, 454, 473–476, 581, 643
mysticism; mystics
124, 253, 311, 478, 540, 581–582, 653–654
absent in Ibn Sīna
139, 252–253
mythos, psychagogic power
582
name, relation to the named
388
natural philosophy
4, 12, 65, 199–202, 206, 212–214, 216–217, 223, 235, 244–245, 384, 656
natural sciences
63, 124, 133, 142, 153, 188, 216, 240, 247, 310–311, 469, 513, 617–619, 640, 648–649, 651, 653, 655
naturalisation (acculturation) of Greek philosophical thought
132
nature
Aristotle’s definition
219–220
as a cause in a passive or active sense
220
as principle for individual substances
220
conception as universal
221
Ibn Sīnā’s definition
221–223
nature, innate; natural disposition (fiṭra, ġarīza)
159, 394–395
natures, divine (vs. hypostases)
656
necessary being; necessary existent
134, 160, 203, 205, 212, 251, 303, 411, 506, 577, 618–621
necessitarianism
619
necessity
5, 134, 174, 176–178, 182–183, 186–188, 194–195, 407, 416–418, 490, 619
descriptional (waṣfī)
183, 187–188
essential (ḏātī)
187
Neo-Empedocles
580
Neo-Platonism; Neoplatonic
4, 12, 68, 121, 123, 133, 203, 207–208, 215, 221, 304, 377, 426, 490, 517–519, 577, 582, 621, 641, 643, 657
Neo-Pythagoreanism
121, 580
Neo-Stoicism
580
Niẓāmiyya madrasa
26–28, 296, 304, 311–312, 345–348, 415, 478–479, 497, 505, 511
noetics
133, 160, 395, 408
nominalism
415
nutritive faculty
149, 152
observatory
307, 448, 462, 604
occasionalism
14, 311, 406–407, 416, 418, 420, 425, 622
one qua one
204
ontology
12–13, 15, 134, 145, 204–208, 211–213, 311, 395, 622, 626
opinion
391
oppositeness
205
organization of philosophical texts
617
Organon
11, 63, 121, 131, 161, 165–167, 175, 193, 195–196, 385–386, 388, 390, 410, 469–471, 516–517, 641, 644, 647–648, 654
otherness
205
Ottoman
18, 27, 252, 422–423, 586, 626
parable
399–400, 581
paradigm shift
5
paradise
141, 145, 160, 326–327, 650
paranormal phenomena
139–140
paraphilosophy
129, 251–252
paraphrase
80, 92, 194, 197, 202, 308, 515, 518
particulars
134, 154, 155–156, 159, 171, 205, 219, 234, 388, 408, 415, 422, 576
passions, restraint and moderation
399
passions/affections (infiʿālāt)
216, 247
pedagogical
122, 192, 290, 470
perception
133–134, 139, 142, 150, 153–154, 156, 158–160, 200, 324, 326, 384, 491
Peripatetics. see tradition, Aristotelian/Peripatetic
Persian (neo-Persian language)
5, 18, 59, 62, 66, 69, 127, 200, 203, 246, 252, 289, 292, 296, 300, 307, 314, 316, 320–321, 342, 396, 448–449, 454–456, 466, 470, 498, 539–542, 576, 580, 582–583, 605–606, 649, 652
first philosophical work in Persian
69, 127, 200
linguistic revival of Persian language
62
persuasion (taṣdīq. knowledge of truth
)
194–195, 197
persuasion, kinds/means of
79, 106, 193–195
petitio principii
191
philosopher-king
579
Philosophy of Illumination; Illuminationism
576, 580, 584, 586
philosophy
as mere illusion
504
classification of its four subsections in Ġazālī
381
deconstruction of
381
dissemination in Ḫurāsān
306
divine
520
heterodox
252
Ibn Sīnā’s (allegedly) mystical/esoteric
252
in accordance with religious law
466
in accordance with revelation
488
inadequacy of its demonstrative method
504
incorporation of kalām teachings
490
of illumination (išrāq)
542, 576, 578, 580, 584, 586
‘philosophical’ vs. Islamic
252
post-Avicennan
580
practical
121, 126, 132, 142, 144–149, 201–202, 205–206, 213, 646, 651, 653, 655
selective adoption
381,
theoretical
121, 134–135, 198–200, 206, 213, 381, 647, 655
phlegm
143
phlegmatic
143
phonetics
131
physician (profession)
22
physics
6, 28, 61, 63, 67, 69, 121, 126–129, 132–134, 147, 164, 200–201, 216–224, 226–230, 232–233, 235–240, 242, 244–245, 247, 251, 292–293, 299–300, 302, 377, 381–384, 390, 408–411, 419, 579, 581, 645–647, 651–652
as a source of error
382
subject matter
216
pilgrimage
143
al-Ġazālī’s
347
Nāṣir-i Ḫusraw’s
314
al-Šahrastānī’s
478
ʿUmar al-Ḫayyām’s
449
place
224–229, 237–238, 240, 242, 322, 324, 326
Platonism; Platonic
122–123, 136, 144, 147, 191, 206–207, 326, 389, 396, 398–400, 406, 517, 542, 576, 577–579, 582, 640–641, 646, 655
poems, philosophical-didactic
131
poetry
61, 119, 131, 195–196, 307, 316, 321, 326, 448, 467
poetics
18–19, 21, 61, 119, 131, 165, 187, 193, 195–198, 307, 316, 321, 326, 379, 448, 467, 646–647, 651, 656
polemic
6, 13, 211, 420, 454, 478, 487, 492, 506, 645
politics
17, 63, 120–121, 134, 142, 145–149, 201–202, 213, 345, 382–383, 390, 408, 651, 653, 655
polymath
249, 514, 645
possibility
5, 174, 177–178, 181–183, 188–189, 408, 411, 414
posteriority
205, 239
potentiality
134–135, 151–152, 163, 207, 217, 225, 227–228, 231, 235, 325
prayer
124, 136, 143, 146, 162, 449, 641, 653
predestination
102–103, 553, 643
predicables
168–169
predicate, mode/modality of
174, 181
preserved tablet (al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ)
362, 368, 375, 401, 405–406
Presocratics
640–641
primary qualities
216, 243–244
principles
axiomatic
159
epistemological
201
first
126, 146, 152, 156, 205, 214, 219, 380, 519
of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh)
15–17, 26, 385, 401, 421, 423, 474
of motion as efficient cause
222
of science/scientific
170, 185–186, 189, 200, 206, 517
of syllogisms
148, 157
priority
205, 212, 214, 218, 239, 325, 389
privation
205, 218–219, 234–235
probing and dividing (al-sabr wa-l-taqsīm)
355, 388, 616
prolegomena literature
193, 205–208
propaedeutics
542, 579
propagation, of philosophical content
129
prophecy
124, 133, 137, 139–140, 142, 145, 147–148, 201–202, 206, 309–311, 322, 392, 475, 621
prophet
26, 130, 139–141, 143, 146–148, 158, 201, 303, 326, 382, 390, 394, 397, 401, 410, 423, 459, 478–479, 488, 543–544, 584, 621
prophetology
205
propositions/premises
absolute
176–180, 182–184
approved on authority
148
based on assumptions
158
based on concession
157
based on data from self-reflection
186
based on data of reflection
157
based on data of the imagination
157
based on data with implicit syllogisms
157, 186
based on experience
157, 160, 186
based on estimation (wahm)
157, 411
based on ḥads (‘intuitive’ comprehension)
157, 186
based on prevailing opinion
158
based on primary data
157, 186
based on sense-data
186
based on transmission
157, 186
based on universally recognised data
158
categorical
179–180
conditional hypothetical
179–180
conjunctive hypothetical
173
demonstrative
184–188
dialectical
166
disjunctive hypothetical
173, 179–180
hypothetical
175, 179–180, 184
its epistemic status
186
legal, only as probable
387
modal/modalised
176, 181
necessity
176, 178, 182–183, 185
poetic
197
possibility
176–178
primary
151
unmodalised
178
proprium
168, 173, 580
providence
90, 102, 146, 220, 564
pseudo-science
301
psychology (science of soul)
5, 153, 155, 202, 216, 245, 300, 309–310, 342, 383, 392, 394–397, 408, 475, 491, 623
psychology, Aristotelian
131, 153, 640–641
Pythagoreans
121, 206
Qarā-Ḫānids
25, 65, 498, 500, 605
Qarā-Ḫiṭāy
459, 498, 500, 605
quadrivium
63, 121, 292, 647
quality
205, 219, 226–230, 242, 244
quantification
173–175, 179
quantifier, mode of
174
quantity
205, 216, 219, 226–229, 231, 235, 238, 242, 578, 655
quatrains
447–448, 455–456
question-and-answer format
645
questions (masʾala), scientific
170, 616–619, 621
quiddity
170, 212, 411, 491, 519, 619
Quran; Quranic
9, 13, 16, 19, 21, 26, 60, 63, 68, 130–131, 250, 322–323, 327, 378–379, 387–388, 391, 393–394, 401–402, 405, 418, 478–479, 486, 503, 542, 577–578, 582–584
alleged imitation by Ibn Sīnā
68
of the philosophers
251
Quranic exegesis/ interpretation; commentary
8–9, 11, 13–14, 26, 345, 384, 392, 402, 420, 474, 476–480, 605, 618, 625
Ismāʿīlī
478
philosophical, established by Ibn Sīnā
129–130
raǧaz
131
rationalism
120, 253, 608, 625
readership, target
125, 127, 141, 379–380, 396, 402–403
realities of things
170
reality, external
171, 209, 451
reality, mental
171, 209, 451
reductio, reduction
76, 79, 180–182, 231, 354–355, 357, 388
reference, types of (logical-semantic)
20
reform
of Ibn Sīnā’s philosophy
619
of the study of philosophy
617
relation
205, 219, 227, 566
between essence and existence
214
between name and named
398
religion
124, 140, 149, 250, 350, 359, 362, 364, 368, 372, 375, 383, 387, 449, 455, 480, 487–488, 611, 620
religion or religious truths as image/symbol
327
religion, phenomenology of
580
religion, study of
481
religious society
158
religious tradition, Ismāʿīlī
481
Renaissance, Syriac
649
renewal of religious thought
377, 386
resolution of problems, non-demonstrative
616
resurrection, of the flesh vs. the soul
378, 395–396
revelation
129–130, 133, 139–140, 145, 148, 250–252, 310–311, 378, 383, 387–394, 401–404, 410, 492, 504, 616, 619–621, 642
includes syllogistic
387
Jewish
486
revival, Sunnī
129, 260
rhetoric
49, 79–80, 90, 106, 187, 193–198, 308, 354, 379, 646–648
rule of the major
176, 181, 183
rule of the weaker
181
Samanids
24, 61–66, 96, 119–120
Sattelzeit (“saddle period”)
1–3
scholia
653
science
apodictic/demonstrative
205, 382, 385, 619
divine
249
of illumination (išrāq)
541
of revelation
403
of the path to the hereafter
403
of right conduct
403–404
of the states of the heart
403
philosophy of
470
theoretical
199–202
universal
249
sciences
ancient
462, 485, 604, 650
canon of
60
history of
5
occult
514
philosophical
141, 163–164, 249, 291, 299, 382, 484, 514
practical
61, 63–64, 91, 144, 146, 644, 653
religious
470
seal of the philosophers
5, 252
secondary causation
407
secondary causes
103, 377, 407, 621
secretary, Ibn Sīnā’s
293
self-awareness
133, 157, 160, 491, 493
self-reflection
160, 186
Seljuks
24–26, 315, 345, 498, 513, 544, 625
semantics
18–20, 164, 173, 207, 357, 360, 367, 388–389, 390, 396
sense/sensory/sensual perception
77, 86, 94, 133, 150, 153–154, 156, 158–160, 324, 350–351, 366, 368, 374, 491, 547, 549–550, 554–555
senses
external
97, 104, 109, 114, 139, 141–142, 149–150, 152, 155–157, 159–160, 320, 361, 366, 546–547, 551, 555–556, 560, 563, 574–575
internal
84, 92, 97, 104, 109, 114, 136, 149–150, 153, 159, 320, 360, 366, 546, 551, 556, 563, 574–575, 579, 585
sensory organ
156
Shiites
10, 13, 251, 298, 316, 476, 478–479
signs, necessary vs. non-necessary (in the Rhetoric)
194
Silk Road
62
similarity with God (taʿalluh)
578–579, 646
Sīmurġ
327, 567, 571, 573, 583–584
skepticism
160, 350, 371, 383–385, 417, 455
social formations
126
son of God
656
sophistical fallacies
78–79, 165, 167, 190–193
soteriology
136
soul
5, 18, 51, 72, 77, 80, 83–84, 90–92, 96–110, 113–118, 124–125, 131–136, 138–161, 201, 216, 221–222, 248, 296, 299–301, 305, 308–301, 317–328, 350–351, 355, 359–370, 373, 376, 392–393, 395–400, 404, 452
animal/vegetative
83–84, 97, 101, 103, 109–110, 114, 149, 152, 222, 326, 551, 563, 569
as a single whole without many distinct powers
491
as child of the intellect
322
as image and parable of God
505
as immaterial substance
133, 153, 160, 475, 557
carnal vs. rational soul
327–328
definition of
133, 153, 551
education/discipline of
359, 362–365, 398, 402, 461
fate/survival after death
91, 97–99, 102, 116–117, 138, 145, 156, 159, 251, 308, 310, 453, 560, 575, 612, 641
holy
393
human
91, 98–99, 114, 138, 251, 575
of the Prophet
158
rational
51, 66, 72, 77, 91–92, 97–99, 101–102, 104–105, 109, 115, 117, 124–125, 132–135, 138, 142–146, 148, 153, 299, 324, 326, 328, 393, 400, 453, 546–547, 551, 554, 556–557, 559, 563, 567, 573, 575, 584, 612, 640, 650
relationship to body: like the relation of a wielder of an instrument to the instrument
134
tripartition (Platonic)
655
soul, doctrine of. see Psychology
soul, Platonic division of. see soul, tripartition
souls, celestial
90, 92, 375, 491, 519, 565, 581
souls, transmigration of
585
space
243, 320, 323, 413, 563, 614, 622
empty. vacuum
238, 240, 556
infinite extension of
95, 235–237, 240, 493
limits of
482
occupying space (mutaḥayyiz)
113, 157, 229–234, 376
species
20, 74, 78–79, 82, 89, 100–101, 108, 150, 160, 168, 171–172, 189, 204–205, 217, 219, 242, 245, 318, 354, 358, 373–374, 452, 491, 548, 554, 562, 565, 579, 655
species of quantity
238
sphere
celestial
88, 97, 101, 104, 123, 126, 134–135, 137, 140–144, 151, 159–160, 308, 325, 405, 412, 415, 417, 450, 475, 546, 548–555, 558–559, 565, 569–570, 573–575, 578
cosmic
417
intelligible
393
lunar
404
music of
584
spiritual being
327, 576
square of opposition
179
state, governance of
147–148, 201
Stoics
9, 121, 580, 585, 640
structure, ontological
618
subject matter, scientific
168, 169–172, 185, 200, 202–206, 212–214, 216–217, 222
of logic
170–171
of metaphysics
203, 213–214, 300, 618
of natural philosophy
217
of physics
216
of psychology
216
spirit
393
substance
74, 83, 85, 89, 94, 101, 133, 136, 151, 153–154, 178–179, 188, 205, 207, 216, 219–223, 227, 242–244, 319, 355, 370, 373, 376, 547–552, 554, 556–560, 564–566, 568, 574–575, 612, 641, 643
dark (i.e., material)
577
divine
389, 556
immaterial
80, 100, 393, 395
luminous vs. dark
578
of humans
393
Sufism/Sufis
7, 116, 311, 316, 348–351, 353, 359–360, 362–363, 365–366, 368, 392, 397, 400–404, 416, 452–453, 455, 459, 461, 478, 542, 564, 567, 571, 573–574, 579–581, 583–586, 623
summae
69, 98, 126, 198–203, 213, 215, 250–251, 609, 617–618
Sunni, Sunnis
6, 11, 14–15, 251, 315–316, 321, 358, 397, 438, 478, 544, 602
supposition, mental
176
syllogism, syllogistic
75–76, 78, 136, 142–143, 157, 159–160, 162–164, 170, 176, 180, 186–187, 192, 354–357, 370, 387–388
categorical
176, 180, 184, 354, 356, 387–388
connective
180
demonstrative
186, 354, 379
five basic forms
387
form vs. matters
164
fourth figure
463
hypothetical/with hypothetical premises
75–76, 180, 184
implicit
186
modal
75, 94, 165–167, 177–184, 562, 620
perfect vs. imperfect
181–182
poetic
195–197, 354
reiterative (or repetitive)
76, 180
revised ordering of
176
rhetorical
79, 194–195
rules taught in revelation
387
with at least one modal premise
184
with differently modalised premises
165
symbolism
566
symbols (conveying philosophical content)
130
syncategoremata
172–174
synthesis (of different positions/doctrines)
68, 73, 132, 166, 248, 294, 359, 392, 407, 419, 422
synthesis, Ammonian
3, 5
telekinesis
92, 106, 124, 141
teleological cause
490–491
temperament
97, 102, 109, 117, 136, 143–145, 155, 223, 248
theodicy
102–103, 146, 205, 328, 451, 454, 554
theologians
8–13, 16–17, 19, 27, 94, 116, 129, 230–233, 235, 294, 309, 311, 318, 345–346, 350, 353–355, 379, 382, 385–389, 392, 395, 403, 408, 415, 451, 470, 474–475, 557, 573, 611, 626, 643
theology
5, 8–17, 120, 129, 187, 208, 214, 223, 251–252, 309–310, 345, 349–350, 352–354, 356, 359, 379, 381, 387–388, 391, 394, 396–397, 401–403, 420–421, 470, 478, 488, 505, 512, 595, 599–600, 614–615, 621–623
Ašʿarī
311, 367, 377, 379, 392, 395, 451–455, 470, 477, 479–480, 598–599, 607–609, 613–614, 619, 621–622
Christian
13, 640, 643–645, 647–649, 653, 655
Jewish
491
Monophysite
643
Muʿtazilī
8, 102, 229, 367, 392, 403, 473–476, 480, 581, 643
philosophical
205, 211–213, 305–306, 308, 310, 319, 450, 453, 461, 488, 519, 610, 615, 618, 625, 657
theory of signs, Aristotelian
18
theurgy
133
thingness
212
thought experiment
623
thought, rational necessities of
385
tides
141
time
236–237
accompanying circumstance of the movement,
237
as measure or number of movement,
237
measure of the extension of existence,
490
topics, topoi
78–80, 343
tradition
ancient/late ancient
11, 94, 118, 121, 123, 128, 133, 166, 175, 193, 198, 220, 223, 243, 246, 249, 252, 317, 321, 343, 383, 389, 396, 399–400, 425, 519, 581, 646, 649, 655
Aristotelian/Peripatetic
5, 19, 21, 60–61, 67–68, 92, 97, 120, 121, 123, 133, 135, 141, 145, 147, 172, 175, 198, 203, 207–208, 215–220, 227, 229, 234, 238, 241, 308, 323, 326, 377, 385, 396, 399, 426, 487–488, 490, 586, 646
Galenic
139
(Neo-)Platonist
12, 68, 123, 133, 203, 208, 371, 377, 426, 487, 490, 519, 545, 576, 579, 581–582, 641
traditionalist, traditionalists
14, 292, 323, 388, 608, 625
traditions
prophetic
16, 131, 361, 394, 402
reliable
410
religious
352, 356, 358–359, 372, 390, 394, 481
transcendence, divine. see God, transcendence of
translation movement, Greek-Arabic
4, 63, 119, 129
Trinity
12, 322, 343, 357
trivium
647
true dreams
124, 140–141
truth conditions
172–173, 184
unbelief
250, 350, 368, 371, 377, 395, 422, 475
uniqueness of God. God, oneness of
212, 310, 322, 324, 388, 506, 642, 643, 657
universal concepts
134–135, 202, 206, 415
universal soul
322–323
universal/world soul
96, 319, 321–323, 324, 452
universality
171, 174, 209
universals
77, 90, 108, 133–134, 154, 156, 165, 168–169, 206–207, 209, 370, 372, 415, 452, 460, 481, 491, 519
ante rem
576
logical vs. mental
171
universe
122, 126, 134, 146–147, 220–221, 251, 404–407, 649
vacuum
81, 238–239, 490, 622
Venus, transit of
295
verification
122–124, 620–621
vision, mystical
139
voluntarism
620
waṣfī-reading
183–184, 620
will
free
454, 619–620, 649
God’s
411, 415
wine
59, 136, 143, 291
wisdom, divine
316
wisdom, of the ancient Egyptians/Persians/Zoroastrians
542, 579
world
best of all possible world
309–310, 408, 622
eternal vs. originated
412–413
intelligible
123, 154–155, 284, 391–392
of the shadow images or immaterial shapes
578
sublunar
71, 92, 104, 134, 144, 146, 155, 159, 245, 318, 326, 327, 375–376, 407, 548–549, 553, 556, 56
temporal origination
418–419, 497
world renunciation
646
worship, acts of
148, 310
worship, as obligation
454
Ẓāhiri
11
Ziyārids
24, 292
zoology
72, 216, 247–248, 251
Zoroastrianism
298, 480, 545