Index of Names
ʿAbd al-Ġāfir al-Fārisī (d. 451–529/ 1059–1134)
344–346
ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī (d. 629/1231)
3, 7, 22, 249, 300, 487, 514–516, 541–543
ʿAbd al-Malik II
65
ʿAḇdīšōʿ Bar Berīḵā (d. 717/1318)
656
ʿAbduh, Muḥammad (1849–1905)
471
al-Abharī, Aṯīr al-Dīn (d. 663/1265)
471, 624
Abraham
347, 418
Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Īrānšahrī
322
Abū l-Barakāt al-Baġdādī (d. between 555–566/1160–1170)
6–7, 22, 25, 29, 178, 449, 484–493, 503, 581, 616
Abū Bišr Mattā (d. 328/940)
10, 19, 23, 125, 193
Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 150/767)
348
Abū l-Ḥasan Saʿīd ibn Hibatallāh (d. 495/1101)
485
Abū Hāšim ibn al-Ǧubbāʾī (d. 321/933)
13
Abū l-Huḏayl (d. 235/849)
392
Abū l-Ḥusayn al-Baṣrī (d. 436/1044)
15, 474–476
Abū l-Maʿālī ʿAlī ibn al-Asad
316
Abū l-Maʿālī Muḥammad ibn ʿUbayd Allāh (ca. 485/1092)
315
Abū l-Maʿālī Ṣāʿid ibn Aḥmad al-Uṣūlī
476
Abū l-Qāsim al-Kaʿbī al-Balḫī (d. 319/931)
13
Abū Qurra
651
Abū Saʿd al-Hamaḏānī (Maǧd al-Dawla’s vizier)
68
Abū Zaid al-Balḫī
23
ʿĀdil (Sultan of the Ayyūbids, r. 596–615/ 1200–1218)
513
Aetius
640
al-Afḍal (Sultan of the Ayyūbids, r. 582–592/ 1186–1196)
513
Afrāsiyāb
561
Afrīdūn
561
Ahwānī, Aḥmad Fuʾād
191
Akbar (emperor of the Mughals)
568
ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla (Kakuyid ruler, d. 422/ 1041)
59, 69, 127, 213, 296, 298, 409
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ibn Qumāǧ
459
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Tekiš (gest. 617/1220)
605
Alexander the Great
657
Alexander of Aphrodisias
13, 120, 163, 178, 207–208, 220–221, 511, 514, 517–518
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
303
ʿAlī ibn Asad ibn al-Ḥāriṯ (emir of Badaḫšān)
317
Alī ibn Maʾmūn (ruler of Gurgānǧ, r. 387–399/ 997–1009)
65
Alp-Arslān (r. 455–465/1063–1072)
al-Āmidī, Sayf al-Dīn (d. 631/1233)
17, 611
al-ʿĀmirī, Abū l-Ḥasan (d. 381/992)
8, 24, 294
Ammonius (d. after 517)
646
al-Andarasbānī (d. after 569/1173)
474
Andronicous von Rhodes
216, 517
ʿAnqarawī, Ismāʿīl (d. 1041/1631–1632)
586
al-Anṣārī, Abū l-Qāsim (Salmān ibn Nāṣir, d. 512/1118)
345–346, 477–478, 501, 603–604
Aristotle
4, 13–14, 18, 60, 64, 77, 97–98, 108, 120–126, 128, 130, 133, 137, 139, 153, 157, 161, 163–167, 172–173, 175–179, 180–182, 184, 187–189, 191, 194–199, 205–208, 214–218, 220–227, 230–233, 237–239, 242, 247–248, 249, 302, 310, 350, 385, 397, 467, 513, 517–520, 579, 640, 642–6, 647, 650–656
al-ʿArūḍī, Abū l-Ḥasan
64, 72, 449
al-Ašʿarī, Abū l-Ḥasan (d. 324/935–936)
14
al-ʿAššārī, Ibrāhīm ibn Bakkūš
4
Athanasius of Balad
648, 655
Atsız (Ḫwārazmšāh)
480
ʿAṭṭār, Farīd al-Sīn
572
Augustine
398, 342–3
Aurangzēb (emperor of the Mughals)
550
ʿAyn al-Quḍāt al-Hamaḏānī (d. 525/1132)
462, 367
Bağdatlı Paşa
113, 459, 604, 607
Bahāʾal-Dīn Sām (d. 602/1206)
605–606
Bahmanyār ibn Marzubān (d. 458/1066–1067?)
97, 296–298, 306, 309, 610
Bahrām ibn Ḫwaršīd ibn Yazdyār, Abū Manṣūr
298
al-Bāqillānī (d. 403/1013)
223, 394
Bar Šakkō, Yaʿqōḇ/Severus (d. 638/1241)
644–647, 655
Bar Ṣalībī, Dionysius Jakob (d. 566/1171)
644, 653
al-Baraqī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad
64, 105, 110
Bardesanes
641
Bar Hebraeus
424, 486, 623–624, 644–645, 648, 651, 653
Berkyārūq (r. 487–498/1094–1104)
452
Baruch ben Melek
485
al-Basṭāmī, Bāyazīd
542
al-Bayḍāwī (d. ca. 700/1300)
626
al-Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr al-Dīn Abū l-Ḥasan (Ibn Funduq, d. 565/1169–1170)
59, 306, 311, 449, 450, 459, 460, 466, 479, 484, 486, 498, 492, 499, 505, 541
al-Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān (d. ca. 442/1050)
65, 96, 111, 303, 492, 501, 651
al-Birzālī, ʿAlam al-Dīn (d. 699/1300)
520
al-Birzālī, Zakī al-Dīn (gest. 636/1239)
520
Bišr ibn al-Muʿtamir (d. 210/825)
13
Brentano, Franz
153
The Brethren of Purity. see Iḫwān aṣ-Ṣafāʾ
Bryson
71, 118
al-Būṣīrī, Abū l-Qāsim Hibatallāh (d. 598/1201)
512–513
Corbin, Henry
253, 542, 578, 580, 582
al-Ḍabbī, Abū Muḍar Maḥmūd ibn Ǧarīr (d. 508/1115)
474
al-Ḏahabī (d. 748/1347)
344, 510, 512
Damascius
13
al-Daštakī, Ġiyāṯ al-Dīn (d. 949/1542)
585
al-Dawānī, Ǧalāl al-Dīn (d. 900/1502)
546, 550, 585
Democritus
230, 640
Descartes, René
384, 425
Ḍirār ibn ʿAmr (d. 180/796 or 200/815)
12–13
Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn Abū l-Qāsim (also: Abū Ḥafṣ) ʿUmar ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Ṭabarī al-Makkī
603
Ḏū l-Nūn al-Miṣrī
542
Empedocles
317, 564–565, 580, 640
Ephrem the Syrian
644, 647
Epicurus
230–232
Euclid
4, 73, 246, 292, 461
Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 607/1210)
3, 7–8, 16–17, 25, 27–29, 118, 128, 170, 251, 300, 320, 422, 448, 462, 469, 476, 493, 497–498, 500, 504–506, 514, 519, 521, 540, 581, 604, 606–608, 610–612, 614–616, 618–624, 626, 647, 650
Faḫr al-Mulk ibn Niẓām al-Mulk (d. 500/ 1106)
346, 348, 452
Falak al-Maʿālī Manūčihr (Ziyārid sultan, d. 420/1029)
292
al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr (d. 339/950)
1, 4, 8, 16, 19, 21, 23, 105–106, 112, 122, 126, 133, 163, 170, 175, 193–196, 208, 210, 215, 247, 250, 307, 350, 379–380, 382–383, 385–386, 394–395, 404–406, 461, 467, 489–490, 513–514, 515–518, 579, 647, 655
al-Fāramaḏī, Abū ʿAlī
345
al-Farġānī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (d. after 247/861)
294
Farīdūn
544, 566
Fenārī, Šamsaddīn Meḥmet (d. 834/1431)
626
Fitzgerald, Edward (1809–1883)
448
Frank, Richard M.
407
al-Ǧābirī, Muḥammad
252
Gabriel
567, 575, 579, 584
al-Ǧāḥiẓ (d. 255/868–869)
19
Ǧahm ibn Ṣafwān (d. 128/745–746)
12
Galen
4, 22, 85, 109, 120, 132, 139, 143, 155, 248–249, 373, 398, 410, 455, 515, 574, 623, 652
Ǧamāl al-Mulk, Abū Ǧaʿfar Muḥammad (d. 485/1092)
304
al-Ǧanzī, Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā (d. 549/1154)
462
Gaon Samuel ben Eli (d. ca. 593/1197)
492
al-Ǧaṣṣāṣ, Abū Bakr (d. 370/980)
11, 16
al-Ġazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad (d. 505/1111)
3, 6, 7, 11, 15, 17, 27–28, 106, 115, 223, 250, 299, 309, 377–381, 405, 409–411, 420–422, 455, 459, 462, 467, 470, 473, 475, 478–479, 489, 492–493, 500–501, 503–506, 512, 516, 540, 558–560, 572, 580–581, 604, 619, 621, 623, 652
al-Ġazālī, Aḥmad
347
Gemistos Plethon
580
Genghis Khan
624
al-Ǧīlī, Maǧd al-Dīn (d. before 596/1199)
6, 28, 462–463, 540, 604
Ġiyāṯ al-Dīn Muḥammad (gest. 599/1203)
600, 606
Gregory of Nyssa
13
Gregory Thaumaturge (3rd cent.)
641–642
al-Ǧubbāʾī (d. 303/915–916)
10, 13, 474
Gundissalinus, Dominicus
122
al-Ǧurǧānī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081)
21
al-Ǧurǧānī, Abū l-Hayṯam Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥasan
317
al-Ǧurǧānī, Abū l-Qāsim
96
al-Ǧurǧānī, as-Sayyid aš-Šarīf (d. 816/ 1413)
25, 626
Gutas, Dimitri
1, 60, 64, 153, 162, 167, 185, 214, 309, 378, 517
al-Ǧuwaynī, Abū l-Maʿālī (d. 478/1085)
15, 28, 309, 345–346, 415, 477–478, 603–60
al-Ǧūzǧānī, Abū ʿUbaid (d. after 428/1037)
6, 58–59, 61–62, 66, 68–70, 91, 108–109, 117, 127, 130, 166, 184, 200, 246, 290–297, 304
Ḥāǧǧī Ḫalīfa
458–459, 499, 607–608, 611, 613
al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī (d. 110/728)
398
al-Ḥasan al-Qaṭṭān al-Marwazī (d. 548/ 1153)
311
al-Ḫayyām, ʿUmar (d. 517/1123–1124 or 526/1131–1132)
6, 23, 25, 307, 343, 349, 448–449, 500, 450–456, 459, 485
al-Ḫāzin, Abū Ǧaʿfar Muḥammad (d. ca. 360/ 970)
295
al-Ḫāzinī, ʿAbdarraḥmān (fl. 515/1121)
447, 449
Hegel, G.W.F. (1770–1831)
3
Heraclitus
640
Hermannus Alemannus (d. 1272)
198
Hermes
564, 566, 579
al-Ḥillī, al-ʿAllāma (d. 726/1325)
172, 474, 476, 625
al-Hindī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbdallāh (ca. 529/1135)
6, 461
Job of Edessa (d. 220/835)
647
Hipparchus
87
Hippocrates
7, 249, 372, 515
Hišām ibn al-Ḥakam (d. 179/795)
13
Hocazāde
422
Homer
80
al-Ḫuḍayrī, Maḥmūd
297
Hume, David
425
al-Ḫūnaǧī, Afḍal al-Dīn (d. 646/1248)
177, 180, 624
Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq
642, 650
al-Ḥusaynī, ʿAlī ibn Nāṣir (Ṣadr al-Dīn Abū l-Ḥasan, d. after 622/1225)
459, 498
al-Ḫusrawšāhī (d. 652/1254)
613, 624
al-Ḫuwayyī, Šams al-Dīn (d. 637/1240)
471, 624
al-Ḫwāfī, Abū l-Muẓaffar Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (d. 500/1106)
478
Ḫwāndamīr, Ġiyāṯaddīn ibn Humām al-Dīn (d. ca. 942/1535–1536)
60, 62, 66
al-Ḫwānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (d. 1313/1895)
297, 300
al-Ḫwārazmī, Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad (Abū Muḥammad ibn ʿAbbās ibn Arslān, d. 568/1172)
473, 476, 478
Hypsicles
246
Ibn Abī l-Ḫayr
93, 114, 117
Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa (d. 668/1270)
58–59, 297, 301–302, 459, 462, 471, 485–486, 488, 493, 500, 510–511, 513–514, 539, 541, 543, 458, 604, 606, 613–614, 624
Ibn al-ʿAdīm (d. 660/1262)
520
Ibn al-ʿArabī, Abū Bakr (d. 543/1148)
347
Ibn ʿArabī, Muḥyī al-Dīn (al-Šayḫ al-Akbar, d. 638/1240)
580
Ibn ʿAsākir (d. 571/1175)
344
Ibn al-Aṯīr (d. 630/1233)
344, 448
Ibn Bāǧǧa, Abū Bakr ibn al-Ṣāʾiġ (Avempace, d. 533/1138)
10, 25
Ibn Daʾud, Abraham (d. 575/1180 or 576/1181)
424
Ibn Ezra, Abraham (d. 562/1167)
486–487
Ibn Funduq. see al-Bayhaqī
Ibn al-Fuwaṭī (d. 723/1323)
462, 511, 604
Ibn al-Ǧawzī (d. 597/1201)
344–345, 539
Ibn Ġaylān al-Balḫī (fl. 580/1184)
6, 25, 312, 457, 492, 497, 501–503, 616
Ibn Ǧinnī (d. 392/1002)
387
Ibn al-Ḥāǧib (d. 646/1248)
17
Ibn Ḫaldūn (d. 808/1406)
11–15, 166, 420, 620, 623
Ibn Ḫallikān (d. 681/1282)
344, 357, 477, 485–486, 510, 520, 539, 543, 604
Ibn al-Ḫammār (d. after 407/1017)
2
Ibn al-Ḫaṭīb al-Ġarnāṭī, Lisān al-Dīn (d. 776/1374)
586
Ibn al-Hayṯam (d. 430/1040)
317, 343
Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064)
11, 16
Ibn Hindū (d. 423/1032 or 420/1029)
24
Ibn al-ʿImād
59
Ibn Kammūna (d. 683/1284)
540, 564, 585
Ibn al-Malāḥimī (d. 536/1141)
6, 474–476, 485
Ibn al-Murtaḍā (d. 840/1437)
474–476
Ibn al-Naǧǧār al-Baġdādī (d. 643/1245)
344
Ibn Qayyim al-Ǧawziyya (d. 751/1350)
251, 625
Ibn Qudāma (d. 631/1233)
17
Ibn Raqīqa
541
Ibn al-Rūmī
196
Ibn Rušd, Abū l-Walīd (d. 594/1198)
3, 7, 18, 22–24, 29, 131, 161, 178, 195–198, 217, 245, 249, 252, 357, 367, 379–380, 403, 422–425, 510, 518, 581, 586
Ibn al-Šaʿʿār (d. 644/1256–57)
462, 506, 603–605
Ibn Šaddād (d. 632/1235)
512, 539, 543
Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ
463
Ibn al-Samḥ (d. 418/1027)
15, 23, 193, 474
Ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī
10
Ibn Sīnā (Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusain ibn ʿAbdallāh, d. 428/1037)
3, 5–7, 11, 12, 15–20, 21, 24, 114, 181, 289–293, 294, 296–299, 300–303, 306, 308–311, 322, 365, 369, 373–374, 377, 378, 380–382, 386, 392–395, 397, 405–409, 411, 422, 424, 448, 451–452, 453–454, 462, 466, 468–469, 470, 474–476, 480–482, 487–488, 490–493, 498, 502–505, 511, 513–514, 516, 518–519, 540, 541, 545, 556, 570, 572, 576, 577–580, 585, 609–613, 615, 617–623, 625, 651
Ibn al-Sūrī (d. 640/1242)
520
Ibn al-Tātalī (d. 587/1191)
512
Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328)
251, 422, 476, 493, 621, 625
Ibn al-Ṭayyib, Abū l-Faraǧ (d. 435/1043)
3, 5, 15, 19, 22, 24, 110, 168, 294
Ibn al-Tilmīḏ (d. 560/1165)
487
Ibn Ṭufayl (d. 581/1185)
7, 25, 367, 404, 422
Ibn Tūmart
421
Ibn Ṭumlūs (d. 620/1223)
22, 25, 197
Ibn ʿUnayn (d. 630/1233)
520
Ibn Zayla (d. um 440/1048–1049)
6, 23, 92, 117, 290–291, 296, 299, 301–303
Ibn Zurʿa, ʿĪsā (d. 389/1008)
24
Ibrāhīm al-Marwazī
22, 23
Iftiḫār al-Dīn (Šayḫ of the Madrasa al-Ḥallāwiyya)
543
al-Īǧī, ʿAḍud al-Dīn (d. 756/1355)
626
Ignatius III. (618/1222–649/1252)
645
Ignatius IV. (650/1253–655/1258)
645
Iḫwān al-Ṣafāʾ
4, 59, 321, 461, 569, 582, 647, 652
al-Īlāqī, Šaraf al-Zamān (d. 536/1141)
6, 22, 459–461, 467, 479–480, 501–502
ʿImād al-Dīn Abū Bakr ibn Qarā Arslān (Artuqid prince)
544, 556
ʿImād al-Dīn al-Kātib al-Iṣfahānī (d. 597/1201)
512, 539
Isḥāq ibn ʿEzra
484, 487
Isḥāq ibn Ḥunayn
642, 650
Ismāʿīl Muntaṣir (Samanid prince)
65
Ismāʿīl al-Zāhid (d. 402/1012)
60
Jacob
568–569
Jacob of Edessa
642, 647, 651
Jesus
550
John of Dārā
642
John Philoponus
13, 95, 163, 221–223, 121, 321, 325, 415, 641, 648
Joseph
568–569, 584
Kamāl al-Din Ibn Yūnus (d. 639/1242)
512, 644–647
Kamālpašazāde (d. 941/1534)
423
Kant, Immanuel
3, 425
Karabāǧī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī (d. 942/1535)
423
al-Kaššī, Zayn al-Dīn
624
al-Kātibī al-Qazwīnī, Naǧm al-Dīn (d. 675/1276)
237, 471
Kay Ḫusraw
561, 566
Kierkegaard, Søren
343
al-Kindī, Abū Yūsuf (d. after 247/861)
1, 3, 4, 8, 23–24, 130, 208, 210, 236, 302, 382, 383, 394–395, 415, 518–519
al-Kirmānī, Abū l-Qāsim
67, 96, 107–108, 111, 113, 163, 293–294, 299, 301–302
al-Kirmānī, Ḥamīd al-Dīn
321
al-Kiyā, Abū Ǧaʿfar
96–97, 297
al-Kiyāʾ al-Harrāsī (d. 504/1110)
345–346
Koselleck, Reinhard
1–3
al-Lawkarī, Abū l-ʿAbbās (d. after 503/1109)
6, 23, 24, 297, 299, 303, 306, 307, 308–312, 448, 459, 467, 469, 479, 487, 498, 505, 558
Leibniz, G.W.
441
Leo Africanus (al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad al-Wazzān, d. after 1550)
342
al-Madīnī, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad (d. 494/1100)
478
Madkour, Ibrahim
161, 166, 471
Maǧd al-Dawla Rustam (Būyid ruler)
66–68, 297
Maǧd al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ǧaʿfar al-Mūsawī
479
Maḥmūd (Ġaznavid sultan)
65
Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad Tapar (r. 511–525/ 1118–1131)
486
Maimonides. see Mošeh ben Maimon
al-Makkī, Abū Ṭālib (d. 386/996)
350, 397, 542
Malebranche, Nicolas
425
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir (son of Sultan Saldin)
543–544
Malik-Šāh (r. 465–485/1072–1092)
307, 345–346, 448
Mani
641
Manūčihr ibn Qābūs (Ziyarid ruler)
66
al-Māridīnī, Faḫr al-Dīn (d. 594/1198)
541
Markion
641
Masʿūd (Ġaznavid Sultan)
59
Masʿūd ibn Muḥammad Tapar (r. 529–547/1134–1152)
486
al-Masʿūdī, Šaraf al-Dīn (d. after 582/1182)
6, 25, 28, 462, 492, 496, 498–500, 502–503, 611, 615
al-Maʿṣūmī (d. ca. 430/1038–1039)
6, 96, 290–291, 298–300, 304–305
al-Māturīdī, Abū Manṣūr (d. 333/944)
14, 415
al-Mawṣilī, Abū l-ʿIzz Yūsuf ibn Muḥammad al-Māzarī (d. 536/1141)
250
al-Mayhanī, Asʿad (d. 523/1130 or 527/1132–1133)
311, 479
Mehmed II
422–423
Mīr Dāmād (d. 1041/1631–1632)
546, 585
Mīr Zāhid al-Harawī (d. 1101/1689)
550
Miskawayh (d. 421/1030)
23–24, 365, 397–399, 651
Mošeh ben Maimon (Maimonides, d. 601/ 1204)
14, 249, 424, 492, 512, 521
Moses
303, 542, 561
Moses Bar Kepha
640–643, 647, 650–651, 653
Muhammad
108, 303, 350, 402, 452, 459, 461
Muḥammad ibn Riḍwān ibn Manūčihr (ruler of Širwān)
612
Muḥammad ibn Surḫ-i Nīsābūrī
314, 317, 343
Muḥammad Tapar ibn Malik-Šāh (r. 498–511/1105–1118)
485, 487
al-Muḥāsibī, al-Ḥāriṯ (d. 243/857)
317, 343
Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad (d. 602/1206)
Mullā Ḫusraw (d. 885/1480–1481)
18
Mullā Ṣadrā (d. 1050/1640–1641)
114, 237, 312, 471, 546, 580, 585–586
al-Munḏirī, Zakī al-Dīn (d. 656/1258)
603
Munšī-i Yazdī (ca. 730/1330)
541
al-Muqtaḍī (Caliph, r. 530–555/1136–1160)
485
Mūsā al-Kāẓim
479
al-Mustanǧid (caliph, r. 555–566/1160–1170)
485
al-Mustanṣir (caliph, r. 623–640/1226–1242)
315, 319, 513
al-Mustaršid (caliph, r. 512–529/1118–1135)
485–486
al-Mustawfī, Abū Ṣaʿd (d. 494/1101)
26
al-Mustaẓhir (caliph)
346
Naǧm al-Dīn Kubrā
581
al-Naḫšabī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (d. 332/943)
321
al-Nasawī, Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdarrahīm (ca. 473/1080–1081)
450–451
al-Nāšiʾ, Abū l-ʿAbbās (d. 293/906)
10
al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh (caliph)
544
Nāṣir-i Ḫusraw (d. ca. 465/1072)
314–328
Nāṣir al-Dīn Malik-Šāh (d. 593/1196–1197)
596, 605
Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Marwazī (Abū l-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn Abī Tawba, Sanǧar’s vizier, 521/1127–526/1132)
479
al-Nātilī
60–61, 63
al-Nawbaḫtī, Ḥasan ibn Mūsā (d. ca. 305/ 917)
10
al-Nayrīzī, Abū l-ʿAbbād ibn al-Faḍl (fl. late 4th/9th cent.)
295
al-Nayrīzī, Maḥmūd (d. after 943/1536)
546, 585
al-Naysābūrī, Muʿīn al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd (d. ca. 590/1194)
306–307, 448–449
Naẓīf ibn Yumn al-Rūmī
4
al-Naẓẓām (d. before 232/847)
13, 229, 643
Nemesius of Emesa
321, 641
Nicolaus of Damascus
106, 120, 247–248, 644, 650–651
Nicomachus of Gerasa
73, 86, 246
al-Nihmī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan (d. after 885/1480)
521
Niẓām al-Mulk (d. 485/1092)
26, 345–346, 348, 452
Niẓāmī ʿArūḍī (d. after 551/1156)
62, 66, 297, 298
Nūḥ ibn Manṣūr (r. 365–387/976–997)
63
Obermann, Julian
416
Olympiodorus
656
Origen
624
Pascal, Blaise
343, 398, 425
Paul of Persia
647
al-Pazdawī, Abū l-Yusr (d. 493/1099–1100)
15
Philo of Alexandria
582
Plato
4–5, 7, 71, 93, 116, 120, 126, 191, 207, 249, 303, 317, 350, 372, 397, 399, 515–517, 564, 566, 579–581, 640
Plotinus
92, 121, 322, 515, 517–518, 578, 643
[Ps.]-Plutarch
317, 321
Porphyry
13, 73, 93, 168, 321, 641, 643, 648, 652, 654–655
Proclus
121, 325, 515, 517, 518, 642–643
Ptolemy
71, 73, 86, 98, 247, 292, 295–296, 650
Pythagoras
317, 350, 564, 565, 640
Qābūs ibn Wušmgīr (Ziyarid ruler)
66
al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Ǧabbār (d. 415/1025)
95, 474
al-Qāḍī al-Fāḍil (d. 596/1200)
512
al-Qarṭāǧannī, Ḥāzim (d. 684/1285)
198
al-Qazwīnī, Zakariyyāʾ ibn Muḥammad (d. 682/1283)
647
al-Qifṭī, Ǧamāl al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Yūsuf (d. 646/1248)
58, 448–449, 453, 485–486, 492–493, 500, 506, 511, 513–514, 520, 604–606
Qiwām al-Dīn Abū n-Naǧm (or Abū l-Maʿālī) al-Mustawfī
26, 604, 609, 613
Qumāǧ (d. 548/1153)
459
al-Qūnawī (d. 672/1274)
253
al-Qušayrī, Abū Naṣr ʿAbdarraḥīm (d. 514/1120)
478
al-Qušayrī, Abū l-Qāsim (d. 465/1072)
478
Qusṭā ibn Lūqā (3rd/9th cent.)
653
Quṭb al-Dīn al-Šīrāzī (d. 710/1311 or 716/1316)
111, 296, 546, 556, 585
al-Rāḏakānī, Aḥmad (oder ʿAbd al-Malik)
345
al-Rāġib al-Iṣfahānī
365, 397–399
Raimundus Martini (d. ca. 1285)
425
al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr (d. 313/925)
4, 22, 317–320, 322, 425, 492
al-Rīzī, Ismāʿīl ibn Muḥammad (ca. 679/1280)
564, 585
Rukn al-Dīn Sulaymān-Šāh
544, 550
al-Šāḏilī, Abū l-Mawāhib al-Tūnisī (d. 882/1477)
586
al-Ṣafadī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḫalīl ibn Aibak (gest. 764/1363)
344, 499, 500, 511, 613, 616, 624
Šāfiʿī, Muḥammad (d. 204/820)
16, 17, 19, 27, 311, 352
Šāh Ǧahān (Mughal emperor)
550
Sahl ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Tustarī
564
al-Sahlī, Abū l-Ḥusayn (or Ḥasan) Aḥmad
65, 96, 114
al-Šahrastānī, Abū l-Fatḥ (d. 548/1153)
6, 311, 452, 458–460, 466–468
al-Šahrazūrī, Šams al-Dīn (d. after 687/1288)
59, 291, 297–298, 301, 306, 448, 459, 466, 485, 493, 540–543, 546, 564, 585, 593, 606, 624
Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī (d. 462/1070)
5
Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Ayyūbī (Saladin)
512, 539, 543–544
Samāʾ al-Dawla (r. until 414/1023)
68–69
al-Samʿānī, ʿAbdalkarīm ibn Muḥammad (d. 562/1166)
344
Samawʾal al-Maġribī
487
Šams al-Dawla, Abū Ṭāhir (r. 387-ca. 411/997–ca. 1020)
290, 450
Sanǧar ibn Malik-Šāh (d. 552/1157)
344, 348–449, 452, 459, 466, 479–480, 498
Šaraf al-Dīn Yūsuf
513
al-Saraḫsī, Aḥmad ibn al-Ṭayyib
24
al-Saraḫsī, Ṣadr al-Dīn (d. after 622/1225)
498
al-Ṣarīfīnī, Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad (d. 641/1243)
344–345
al-Šāriʿī, Abū l-Qāsim (d. ca. 595/1198)
512–514
al-Sāwī, ʿUmar ibn Sahlān (d. after 536/1141)
6, 23–24, 28, 460, 462, 466–471, 479, 485, 492, 499, 501–502, 540–541, 566, 572, 578
Sergius of Rēšʿainā
640, 646–648, 650
Severus Seḇōḵt
648
Sextus Empiricus
13
al-Siǧistānī, Abū Sulaymān (d. ca. 374/985)
24, 383
al-Siǧistānī or al-Siǧzī, Abū Yaʿqūb (d. after 361/971)
317–318, 321, 326
al-Ṣiġnāḫī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq
303, 311
al-Sīrāfī, Abū Saʿīd (d. 368/979)
10, 19
al-Šīrāfī, Nūḥ ibn Yūsuf
501
al-Šīrāzī, al-Muʾayyad fī l-dīn (d. 470/1078)
315
Socrates
317, 350, 372
Stephan Bar Ṣudaile
654
Stephanus Alexandrinus
648
Strauss, Leo
129
al-Subkī, Tāǧ al-Dīn (d. 771/1370)
344, 420
al-Suhrawardī, Abū l-Naǧīb ʿAbd al-Qāhir (d. 563/1168)
539
al-Suhrawardī, Šihāb al-Dīn (d. 587/1191)
3, 7, 462, 469, 471, 492–493, 512
al-Suhrawardī, Šihāb al-Dīn Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar (d. 632/1234)
482
Sulṭān-Šāh
605
al-Ṭabasī, Quṭb al-Dīn (d. 539/1145)
311
Ṯābit ibn Qurra (d. 288/901)
22, 295, 317
al-Tabrīzī, Maqṣūd ʿAlī
539–540
al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn (d. 793/1390)
25, 626
Tāǧ al-Mulk
69, 346
al-Taḥtānī al-Rāzī, Quṭb al-Dīn (d. 766/1364)
625
al-Tawḥīdī, Abū Ḥayyān (d. 414/1023)
10, 24, 383
Tekiš ibn Īl Arslān (Ḫwārazm-Šāh, r. 567–596/ 1172–1200)
604–605, 607–610, 613
Thales
640
Themistius
94, 120, 163, 178, 208, 514, 517, 519
Theodor Bar Konī
643, 647
Theodosius (d. 283/896)
654
Theophrastus
4, 94, 178, 181, 460, 642
Thom, Paul
177
Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274)
217, 245
al-Tifāšī (d. 651/1253)
520
Tīmūr
25
al-Ṭūsī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn (d. 877/1472)
422
al-Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn (d. 672/1274)
20, 23, 117–118, 179, 181–183, 188, 191–192, 197, 237, 251, 312, 422, 493, 498, 506, 611, 625, 651, 653
al-Tustarī, Badr al-Dīn (d. 732/1332)
542, 564, 625
al-Urmawī, Sirāǧ al-Dīn (d. 682/1283)
624
al-Urmawī, Tāǧ al-Dīn (d. 655/1257–1258)
624
Walzer, Richard
1
Waṭwāṭ, Rašīd al-Dīn
502, 504
Yaḥyā Ibn ʿAdī (D. 363/974)
19, 23, 107
Yaḥyā ibn Ḥamza (d. 745/1344)
476
Yaʿqūbī (d. 284/897)
655
Yehuda ha-Lewi (d. 535/1141)
424
Yōḥannān Bar Zoʿbī (ca. end of 6th/12th, beginning of 7th/13th cent.)
644–645, 654–656
Yūsuf Ibn Šamʿūn [Joseph ben Judah Ben Simeon] (d. 623/1226)
520
al-Zabīdī, Murtaḍā (d. 1205/1791)
344, 423
Ẓahīr al-Dīn Abū l-Maḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Masʿūd ibn al-Zakī al-Ġaznawī
498
Ẓahīr al-Dīn (or Ẓahīr) al-Fārisī
471
al-Zamaḫšarī (d. 538/1144)
474
Zulayḫā
568–569