Animal Transportation Association (AATA), 2005. AATA manual for the transportation of live animals by road. T.C. Harris, Redhill, UK, 94 pp.
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 2016. The AVMA guidelines for the humane slaughter of animals. AVMA, Schaumburg, IL, USA, 64 pp.
Algers, B. and Atkinson, S., 2014. Mechanical stunning. In: Devine, C. and Dikeman, M. (eds.) Encyclopedia of meat sciences. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, pp. 413-417.
Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines, 2021. Land transport of livestock. Available at: http://www.animalwelfarestandards.net.au/land-transport/
Banu, C., 2009. Food industry treatise. ASAB Publishing House, Bucharest, Romania, pp. 113-119.
Broom, D.M. and Johnson, K.G., 1993. Stress and animal welfare. Chapman and Hall, London, UK, 211 pp.
Broom, D.M., 2008. The welfare of livestock during road transport. In: Appleby, M., Cussen, V., Garcés, L., Lambert, L. and Turner J. (eds.) Long distance transport and the welfare of farm animals. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 157-181.
Broom, D.M., 2014. Welfare of transported animals: factors influencing welfare and welfare assessment. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Livestock handling and transport. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 23-38.
Bulens, A., Van Beirendonck, S., Van Thielen, J. and Driessen, B., 2013. Functionarissen voor het dierenwelzijn: handboek. KU Leuven|Thomas More Kempen, Geel, Belgium, 144 pp.
Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), 2021. Health of animals regulations. Part XII: transport of animals-regulatory amendment. Interpretive guidance for regulated parties. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/2385wnt8
Cáraves, M. and Gallo, C., 2007. Characterization and evaluation of the stunning systems used for horses in Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 39: 105-113.
Casamassima, D., Palazzo, M., Presutti, T. and Cinone, M., 2008. Parametri fisiologici in cavallo di razza araba sottoposti a prove di salita sul trailer utilizzando due tipi di doma. Ippologia 3: 13-19.
Cavallone, E., Di Giancamillo, M., Secchiero, B., Belloli, A., Pravettoni, D. and Rimoldi, E.M., 2002. Variations of serum cortisol in Argentine horses subjected to ship transport and adaptation stress. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 22: 541-545.
Clark, D.K., Friend, T.H. and Dellmeier, G., 1993. The effect of orientation during trailer transport on heart rate, cortisol and balance in horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38: 179-189.
Cockram, M., 2020. Condition of animals on arrival at the abattoir and their management during lairage. In: Grandin, T. and Cockram, M. (eds.) The slaughter of farmed animals. Practical ways of enhancing animal welfare. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 49-77.
Consortium of the Animal Transport Guides Project (CATGP), 2018. Guide to good practices for the transport of horses destined for slaughter. Available at: http://animaltransportguides.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/EN-Guides-Horses-final.pdf
Council of Europe Committee of Ministers (CECM), 1987. Recommendation No. R (87) 17 of the Committee of ministers to member states on the transport of horses. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/zvasvuav
Collins, M.N., Friend, T.H., Jousan, F.D. and Chen, S.C., 2000. Effects of density on displacement, falls, injuries, and orientation during horse transportation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67: 169-179.
Cregier, S.E., 1982. Reducing equine hauling stress: a review. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2: 186-198.
Cross, N., Versnel, C., Cawdell-Smith, J. and Phillips, C., 2008. Effects of lighting conditions on the welfare of horses being loaded for transportation. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 3: 20-24.
Cuddeford, D., 2003. Equine nutrition, Crowood Press Ltd, Marlborough, UK, 160 pp.
Dai, F., Zappaterra M., Minero, M., Bocchini, F., Riley, C.B. and Padalino, B., 2021. Equine transport-related problem behaviors and injuries: a survey of Italian horse industry members. Animals 11: 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010223
Doherty, O., Booth, M., Waran, N., Salthouse C. and Cuddeford, D., 1997. Study of the heart rate and energy expenditure of ponies during transport. Veterinary Record 6: 589-592.
Ekesbo, I. and Gunnarsson, S., 2018. Farm animal behaviour: characteristics for assessment of health and welfare. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 342 pp.
European Commission (EC), 2005. European Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations and amending. Official Journal of the European Union L 3, 5.1.2005: 1-44.
European Commission (EC), 2017. Preparation of best practices on the protection of animals at the time of killing. Final Report. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 397 pp.
Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC), 2003. Report on the welfare of farmed animals at slaughter or killing. Part 1: red meat animals. Defra Publications, London, UK, 72 pp.
Faucitano, L. and Lambooij, B., 2019. Transport of pigs. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Livestock handling and transport. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 307-327.
Fazio, E., Medica, P., Cravana, C. and Ferlazzo, A., 2013. Cortisol response to road transport stress in calm and nervous stallions. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 8: 231-237.
Finnie, J.W., 1995. Neuropathologic changes produced by non-penetrating captive bolt percussive captive bolt stunning of cattle. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43: 183-185.
Fraser, A.F., 2010. The behaviour and welfare of the horse. CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK, 255 pp.
Friend, T.H., 2000. Dehydration, stress, and water consumption of horses during long-distance commercial transport. Journal of Animal Science 78: 2568-2580.
Friend, T.H., Martin, M.T., Householder, D.D. and Bushong, D.M., 1998. Stress responses of horses during a long period of transport in a commercial truck. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212: 838-844.
Gallo, C., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. and Gibson, T., 2022. Cattle. In: Faucitano, L. (ed.) Preslaughter handling and slaughter of meat animals. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 62-116.
Garifulovich, K.S., Kaspievna, M.S., Satyvaldievich, A.R. and Kuralbaevna, T.G., 2013. About the status of meat industry in Kazakhstan and in the World, Middle-East. Journal of Scientific Research 17: 434-439.
Gaughan, J.B., Mader, T.L., Holt, S.M. and Lisle, A., 2008. A new heat load index for feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 86: 226-234.
Gibson, T.J., Bedford, E.M., Chancellor, N.M. and Limon, G., 2015. Pathophysiology of free-bullet slaughter of horses and ponies. Meat Science 108: 120-124.
Grandin, T., 1980. Livestock behavior as related to handling facilities design. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems 1: 33-52.
Grandin, T., 1989. Behavioural principles of livestock handling. Professional Animal Scientist 5: 1-11.
Grandin, T., 1990. Design of loading facilities and holding pens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28: 187-201.
Grandin, T., 1999. Safe handling of large animals (cattle and horses). Occupational Medicine 14: 195-212.
Grandin, T., 2008. Engineering and design of holding yards, loading ramps and handling facilities for land and sea transport of livestock. Veterinaria Italiana 44: 235-245.
Grandin, T., 2014a. A whole systems approach to assessing animal welfare during handling and restraint. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Livestock handling and transport. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 1-13.
Grandin, T., 2014b. Behavioural principles of handling cattle and other grazing animals under extensive conditions. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Livestock handling and transport. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 39-64.
Grandin, T., 2014c. Improving welfare and reducing stress on animals at slaughter plants. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Livestock handling and transport. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 421-450.
Grandin, T., 2014d. Behaviour principles of handling beef cattle and the design of corrals, lairages, races and loading ramps. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Livestock handling and transport. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 80-109.
Grandin, T., 2015a. Welfare during transport of livestock and poultry. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Improving animal welfare: a practical approach. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 222-246.
Grandin, T., 2015b. Improving livestock, poultry, and fish welfare in slaughter plants with auditing programs. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Improving animal welfare: a practical approach. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 164-193.
Grandin, T., 2015c. How to improve livestock handling and reduce stress. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Improving animal welfare: a practical approach. CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK, pp. 69-95.
Grandin, T., 2020a. Behavioural principles of stockmanship and abattoir design. In: Grandin, T. and Cockram, M. (eds.) The slaughter of farmed animals. Practical ways of enhancing animal welfare. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 90-110.
Grandin, T., 2020b. Recommended captive bolt stunning techniques for cattle. Available at: https://www.grandin.com/humane/cap.bolt.tips.html
Gregory, N.G., Lee, C.J. and Widdicombe, J.P., 2007. Depth of concussion in cattle shot by penetrating captive bolt. Meat Science 77: 499-503.
Harper, M., 2017. Ethical question of the month – December 2017. Canadian Veterinary Journal 58: 1253.
Harvey, A., 2020. End-of-life options and the problems with horse slaughter. Available at: https://horsesandpeople.com.au/end-of-life-options-for-horses-and-the-problems-with-slaughter/
Hoopes, K.H., 2018. Caring for horses in cold weather. Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA, 4 pp.
Horse Meat Federation, 2016. Manual for the animal welfare of horses during transport and slaughtering. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/2ue22bf2
Houpt, K.A. and Houpt, T.R., 1988. Social and illumination preferences of mares. Journal of Animal Science 66: 2159-2164.
Houpt, K.A. and Wickens, C.L., 2014. Handling and transport of horses. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Livestock handling and transport. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 315-341.
Hultgren, J., 2022. Avoiding live-animal transport to slaughter: mobile abattoirs. In: Faucitano, L. (ed.) Preslaughter handling and slaughter of meat animals. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 390-434.
Iacono, C.M., Friend, T.H., Johnson, R.D., Krawczel, P.D. and Archer, G.S., 2007a. A preliminary study on the utilization of an on board watering system by horses during commercial transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 105: 227-231.
Iacono, C.M., Friend, T., Keen, H., Martin, T. and Krawczel, P., 2007b. Effects of density and water availability on the behaviour, physiology, and weight loss of slaughter horses during transport. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 27: 355-361.
Ireland, J., Clegg, P., McGowan, C., McKane, S., Chandler, K. and Pinchbeck, G., 2012. Comparison of owner-reported health problems with veterinary assessment of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom. Equine Veterinary Journal 44: 94-100.
Jonsson, L., Roepstorff, L., Egenvall, A., Nasholm, A., Dalin, G. and Philipsson, J., 2013. Prevalence of clinical findings at examinations of young Swedish warmblood riding horses. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 55: 34.
Knowles, T.G., Brown, S.N., Pope, S.J., Nicol, C.J., Warriss, P.D. and Weeks, C.A., 2010. The response of untamed (unbroken) ponies to conditions of road transport. Animal Welfare 19: 1-15.
Leadon, D., Waran, N., Herholz, C. and Klay, M., 2008. Veterinary management of horse transport. Veterinaria Italiana 44: 149-163.
Lenz, T.R., 2009. The unwanted horse in the United States: an overview of the issue. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 29: 253-258.
Living on the Land, 2021. Reduce mud & keep water clean. Sacrifice areas. Available at: https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/2079/2014/02/sacrifice-areas.pdf
Luz, C.S.M., Fonseca, W.J.L., Vogado, G.M.S., Fonseca, W.L., Oliveira, M.R.A., Sousa, G.G.T., Farias, L.A. and Sousa Júnior, S.C., 2015. Adaptative thermal traits in farm animals. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 4: 6-11.
Mal, M.E., Friend, T.H., Lay, D.C., Vogelsang, S.G. and Jenkins O.C., 1991. Behavioural responses of mares to short-term confinement and social isolation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 31: 13-24.
Marlin, D., Kettlewell, P., Parkin, T., Kennedy, M., Broom, D. and Wood, J., 2011. Welfare and health of horses transported for slaughter within the European Union Part 1: methodology and descriptive data. Equine Veterinary Journal 43: 78-87.
Mars, L.A., Kiesling, H.E., Ross, T.T., Armstrong, J.B. and Murray, L., 1992. Water acceptance and intake in horses under shipping stress. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 12: 17-20.
McGreevy, P., 2004. Equine behavior. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 24: 397-398.
McGreevy, P., 2012. Equine behavior – a guide for veterinarians and equine scientists. W.B. Saunders, London, UK, 378 pp.
Medica, P., Bruschetta, G., Cravana, C., Ferlazzo, A. and Fazio, E., 2019. Effect of transportation on the sympatho-adrenal system responses in horses. Research in Veterinary Science 125: 401-404.
Messori, S., Visser, E.K., Buonanno, M., Ferrari, P., Barnard, S., Borciani, M. and Ferri, N., 2016. A tool for the evaluation of slaughter horse welfare during unloading. Animal Welfare 25: 101-113.
Micera, E., Moramarco, A.M. and Zarrilli, A., 2012. Reduction of the olfactory cognitive ability in horses during preslaughter: stress-related hormones evaluation. Meat Science 90: 272-275.
Miranda-de la Lama, G.C., González-Castro, C.A., Gutiérrez-Piña, F.J., Villarroel, M., Maria, G.A. and Estévez-Moreno, L.A., 2021. Horse welfare at slaughter: a novel approach to analyse bruised carcasses based on severity, damage patterns and their association with pre-slaughter risk factor. Meat Science 172: 108341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108341
Morgan, K., 1998. Thermoneutral zone and critical temperatures of horses. Journal of Thermal Biology 23: 59-61.
Needham, T. and Hoffman, L.C., 2022. Species destined for non-traditional meat production: 1. African game species, cervids, ostriches, crocodiles and kangaroos. In: Faucitano, L. (ed.) Preslaughter handling and slaughter of meat animals. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 312-347.
Neveux, C. Melac, E., Ferard, M. and Pousset, N., 2017. LED lighting eases and secures the loading of horses and appeases them during confinement in a stationary horse trailer. Proceedings of the 13th International Equitation Science Conference, Wagga, Australia.
Nivelle, B., Vermeulen, L., Van Beirendonk, S., Van Thielen, J. and Driessen, B., 2020. Horse transport to three South American horse slaughterhouses: a descriptive study. Animals 10: 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040602
Padalino, B., 2015. Effects of the different transport phases on equine health status, behavior, and welfare: a review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 10: 272-282.
Padalino, B., 2017. Transportation of horses and the implications for health and welfare. PhD-thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Padalino, B., Davis, G.L. and Raidal, S.L., 2020. Effects of transportation on gastric pH and gastric ulceration in mares. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 34: 922-932.
Palenik, S., Blechova, H. and Palanska, O., 1980. Chemical composition and quality of the meat of cold and warm blooded foals. Zirocisna Vyroba 25: 269-278.
Pawshe, M.D., Badhe, S.R., Khedkar, C.D, Pawshe, R.D. and Pundkar, A.Y., 2016. Horse meat. In: Caballero, B., Finglas, P. and Toldrá, F. (eds.) Encyclopedia of food and health. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 353-356.
Peeters, H., 2020. Horse. The Eriskay Connection, Breda, the Netherlands, 208 pp.
Purswell, J.L., Gates, R.S., Lawrence, L.M., Jacob, J.D., Stombaugh, T.S. and Coleman, R.J., 2006. Air exchange rate in a horse trailer during road transport. Transactions of the ASABE 49: 193-201.
Raidal S.L., Love, D.N. and Bailey, D.G., 1995. Inflammation and increased numbers of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract of horses within 6 to 12 h of confinement with the head elevated. Australian Veterinary Journal 72: 45-50.
Raidal, S.L., Love, D.N. and Bailey, D.G., 1996. Effects of posture and accumulated airway secretions on tracheal mucociliary transport in the horse. Australian Veterinary Journal 72: 45-49.
Randall, J.M., Duggan, J.A. and Alami, M.A., 1995. Influence of motion and vibration on animals. Fleischwirtschaft 75: 158-160.
Raycklyeft, D.J. and Love, D.N., 1990. Influence of head posture on the respiratory tract of healthy horses. Australian Veterinary Journal 67: 402-405.
Robelin, J., Boccard, R., Martin-Rosset, W., Jussiaux, M. and Trillaud-Geyl, A., 1984. Caracteristiques des carcasses et qualités de la viande de cheval. In: Jarrige, R. and Martin-Rosset, W. (eds.) Le cheval. INRA, Paris, France, pp. 601-610.
Rødbotten, M., Kubberød, E., Lea, P. and Ueland, Ø., 2004. A sensory map of the meat universe. Sensory profile of meat from 15 species. Meat Science 68: 137-144.
Roy, R.C. and Cockram, M.S., 2015. Patterns and durations of journeys by horses transported from the USA to Canada for slaughter. Canadian Veterinary Journal 56: 581-586.
Roy, R.C., Cockram, M.S. and Dohoo, I.R., 2015a. Welfare of horses transported to slaughter in Canada: assessment of welfare and journey risk factors affecting welfare. Canadian Journal Animal Science 95: 509-522.
Roy, R.C., Cockram, M.S., Dohoo, I.R. and Riley, C.B., 2015b. Injuries in horses transported to slaughter in Canada. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 95: 523-531.
Roy, R.C., Cockram, M.S., Dohoo, I.R. and Ragnarsson, S., 2015c. Transport of horses for slaughter in Iceland. Animal Welfare 24: 485-495.
Saslow, C.A., 2002. Understanding the perceptual world of horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 78: 209-224.
Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SNSCA), 1999. Resolución No. 97/1999. Créase el Registro nacional de medios de transporte de animales. características técnicas. habilitación. condiciones para el embarque y transporte. lavado y desinfección. Disposiciones Generales. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/udf7v3bb
Shearer, J.K. and Ramirez, A., 2013. Procedures for humane euthanasia. Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, 13 pp.
Siniscalchi, M., Padalino, B., Lusito, R. and Quaranta, A., 2014. Is the left forelimb preference indicative of a stressful situation in horses? Behavior Processes 107: 61-67.
Snow, D.H., Harris, R.C., MacDonald, I.A., Forster, C.D and Marlin, D.J., 1992. Effects of high-intensity exercise on plasma catecholamines in the thoroughbred horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 24: 462-467.
Stanciu, S., 2015. Horse meat consumption – between scandal and reality. Procedia Economics and Finance 23: 697-703.
Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management (SCARM), 2002. Livestock at slaughtering establishments. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia, 34 pp.
Stanislawczyk, R. and Znamirowska, A., 2005. Changes in physicochemical properties of horsemeat during frozen storage. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria 4: 89-96.
Stull, C.L., 1997. Physiology, balance, and management of horses during transportation. Proceedings of the Horse Breeders and Owner Conference. Red Deer, AB, Canada.
Stull, C.L., 1999. Responses of horses to trailer design, duration, and floor area during commercial transportation to slaughter. Journal of Animal Science 77: 2925-2933.
Stull, C.L., 2001. Evolution of the proposed federal slaughter horse transport regulations. Journal of Animal Science 79: E12-E15.
Stull, C.L., 2012. The journey to slaughter for North American horses. Animal Frontiers 2: 68-71.
Tasker, W.J., 1990. Transport problems. Equine Behaviour 25: 19-20.
Tateo, A., Padalino, B., Boccaccio, M., Maggiolino, A. and Centoducati, P., 2012. Transport stress in horses: effects of two different distances. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 7: 33-42.
Taylor, M. and Sieverkropp, E., 2013. The impacts of US horse slaughter plant closures on a western regional horse market. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 38: 48-63.
Terlouw, E.M.C., Arnould, C., Auperin, B., Berri, C., Le Bihan-Duval, E., Deiss, V., Lefèvre, F., Lensink, B.J. and Mounier, L., 2008. Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research. Animal 2: 1501-1517.
Transport Quality Assurance (TQA), 2011. Commercial transportation of equines to slaughter: final rule. US Federal Register 76: 173. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/u255eyhz
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1994. Transportation of animals. USDA, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/twenty-eight-hour-law
Uruguay Government, 2009. Ley Uruguaya No. 18.471. Tenencia responsable de animales. Uruguay Government, Monteviedeo, Uruguay. Available at: https://legislativo.parlamento.gub.uy/temporales/leytemp2855352.htm
Van Dierendonck, M.C. and Spruijt, B.M., 2012. Coping in groups of domestic horses – review from a social and neurobiological perspective. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 138: 194-202.
Vermeulen, L., Van Beirendonck, S., Van Thielen, J. and Driessen, B., 2019. A review: today’s practices about the fitness for travel on land of horses toward the slaughterhouse. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 29: 102-107.
Waran, N.K., 1993. The behaviour of horses during and after transport by road. Equine Veterinary Education 5: 129-132.
Waran, N.K., Robertson, V., Cuddleford, D., Kokoszko, A. and Marlin, D.J., 1996. Effects if transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards on their behaviour and heart rate. Veterinary Record 139: 7-11.
Waran, N., Leadon, D. and Friend, T., 2007. The effects of transportation on the welfare of horses, In: Waran, N. (ed.). The welfare of horses. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 125-150.
Weeks, C.A., McGreevy, P. and Waran, N.K., 2012. Welfare issues related to transport and handling of both trained and unhandled horses and ponies. Equine Veterinary Education 24: 423-430.
Werner, M. and Gallo, C., 2008. Effects of transport, lairage and stunning on the concentrations of some blood constituents in horses destined for slaughter. Livestock Science 115: 94-98.
Woods, J. and Shearer, J.K., 2015. Recommended on-farm euthanasia practices. In: Grandin, T. (ed.) Improving animal welfare: a practical approach. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 194-221.
Chapter 4: Horses
in Preslaughter handling and slaughter of meat animalsSearch for other papers by B. Driessen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by D. Marlin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by J. Buyse in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed