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DaqÄʾiq al-taʾwÄ«l wa-ḥaqÄʾiq al-tanzÄ«l
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The QurʾÄn is a complex text, and it has been regarded as such since the very beginning. QurʾÄn interpretation (tafsÄ«r) was already practiced by the Prophetâs nephew Ê¿AbdallÄh b. al-Ê¿AbbÄs, who used folklore and poetry to interpret his uncleâs revelations. With the passing of time, QurʾÄnic exegesis developed from a mere branch of tradition (ḥadÄ«th) into a full-fledged, independent discipline. The earliest QurʾÄn commentary in Persian was a translation of AbÅ« JaÊ¿far al-ṬabarÄ«âs (d. 311/923) JÄmiÊ¿ al-bayÄn Ê¿an taʾwÄ«l Äy al-QurʾÄn, made in 345/956. The oldest surviving Twelver-ShÄ«Ê¿Ä« commentary to have been composed in Persian is Abu ʼl-Futūḥ al-RÄzÄ«âs (d. 552-56/1157-61) RawḠal-jinÄn wa-rūḥ al-janÄn fÄ« tafsÄ«r al-QurʾÄn. Second oldest are two commentaries by Abu ʼl-MakÄrim ḤasanÄ« (7th/13th cent.), one of them being his DaqÄʾiq al-taʾwÄ«l wa-ḥaqÄʾiq al-tanzÄ«l, whose extant part is now published in this volume. A commentary on selected verses only, its unique characteristics and broader context are explained in the editorâs introduction.