The QurʾÄn is a complex text, and it has been regarded as such since the very beginning. QurʾÄn interpretation or tafsÄ«r was already practiced by the Prophetâs nephew Ê¿AbdallÄh b. al-Ê¿AbbÄs, who used folklore and poetry to interpret his uncleâs revelations. With the passing of time, QurʾÄnic exegesis developed from a mere branch of tradition (ḥadÄ«th) into a full-fledged, independent discipline. The earliest Persian QurʾÄn commentary was a translation of AbÅ« JaÊ¿far al-ṬabarÄ«âs (d. 311/923) JÄmiÊ¿ al-bayÄn Ê¿an taʾwÄ«l Äy al-QurʾÄn, made in 345/956. The Persian commentary contained in the present volume was composed in 890/1485 in Herat by WÄÊ¿iẠKÄshifÄ« (d. 910/1504-05), a prolific author, preacher and mystic of the Timurid era. Originally meant to comprise four volumes, it was discontinued halfway the fourth sura, and is only partially reproduced in the present edition. KÄshifÄ«âs detailed, literary commentary stands out by his unique use of the esoteric properties of letters and numbers.