This book examines the lawfulness of the forced return of irregular migrants. Its central concern is the practice of sending individuals by force to countries of which they are not nationals and with which they often lack a meaningful connection. In addition to transit-country returns, the book analyses so-called âreturnsâ to fourth countries, a misnomer used here to describe removals to states where the individual has never previously been present. Transit- and fourth-country arrangements are increasingly promoted by states in Europe and beyond as a response to unwanted migration, raising fundamental and unresolved questions under international and European law.
Ãzlem Gürakar Skribeland, Ph.D., is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oslo. Her work lies at the intersection of migration, human rights and refugee protection, with a focus on EU law and policy and on Turkey. She is co-editor of Non-signatory States in International Refugee Law (Brill, 2025).
This book will interest academics, researchers, postgraduate students, policymakers, and practitioners in EU immigration and asylum law, refugee and migration law, human rights law, international law, migration studies and migration policy.