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The Saqqara Necropolis through the New Kingdom
Biography of an Ancient Egyptian Cultural Landscape
Series: - Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, Volume: 131
Author:
This book is the first comprehensive monographic treatment of the New Kingdom (1539â1078 BCE) necropolis at Saqqara, the burial ground of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis, and addresses questions fundamental to understanding the siteâs development through time. For example, why were certain areas of the necropolis selected for burial in certain time periods; what were the tombsâ spatial relations to contemporaneous and older monuments; and what effect did earlier structures have on the positioning of tombs and structuring of the necropolis in later times? This study adopts landscape biography as a conceptual tool to study the long-time interaction between people and landscapes.
Nico Staring, DPhil (2016), Macquarie University, Sydney, is a postdoctoral researcher (Chargé de recherches) of the F.R.S.âFNRS at the University of Liège. He has published numerous journal articles and book chapters about Ancient Egyptian funerary archaeology and tomb iconography.
Acknowledgements
List of Figures, Plates and Tables
Abbreviations
1 A Quiet and Desolate Plateau, Once Bustling with Life
â1.1âIntroduction
â1.2âThe âWalking Deadâ at Saqqara
â1.3âProblems and Research Questions
â1.4âA Few Notes on Landscape Archaeology
â1.5âLandscape Biography
â1.6âStructure of This Study
2 Exploring Landscape: Layerdness, Temporality, Authorship
â2.1âThe Layered Landscape
â2.2âLandscape and Temporality
â2.3âLandscapeâs Temporal Paradox
â2.4âThe Landscape Connecting Moments in Time
â2.5âLandscape Authorship
â2.6âPitfalls of Desired Life-Paths
â2.7âLandscape, Temporality, and Heritage Practices
â2.8âLandscape and Social Norms
3 The Memphite Necropolis at Saqqara in the New Kingdom
â3.1âTopography of the North Saqqara Plateau and Its Eastern Escarpment
â3.2âThe North Saqqara Wadiâs: A Network of Desert Roads
â3.3âThe River Nile and Its Changing Floodplain
â3.4âA Scattered Cemetery?
â3.5âThe Necropolis as a Space Inhabited by the Living and the Dead
â3.6âA Myriad of Tomb Numbering Systems (and Their Absence)
â3.7âIntroducing a New Tomb Numbering System for the Saqqara New Kingdom Necropolis
â3.8âMemphite Tombs and Tomb Clusters Not Included in This Study
4 The Unas South Cemetery
â4.1âExtent of the Cemetery
â4.2âHistory of Excavation
â4.3âNotes on the Site before the New Kingdom
â4.4âThe New Kingdom before the Amarna Period
â4.5âThe Expanding Cemetery in the Reign of Amenhotep III
â4.6âThe Amarna Period
â4.7âPost-Amarna Period: Reign of Tutankhamun
â4.8âExcursus: The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb
â4.9âTransition of the 18th to the 19th Dynasty
â4.10âThe Cemeteryâs Lateral Growth in the Early 19th Dynasty
â4.11âReign of Ramesses II, First Half
â4.12âReign of Ramesses II, Second Half
â4.13âThe âLabyrinthâ at Its Most Complex: Towards the End of the New Kingdom
5 The Teti Pyramid Cemetery and the Cliff of Ankhtawy
â5.1âSetting the Scene
â5.2âA New Kingdom Cemetery Founded on the Remains of the Old Kingdom
â5.3âMethodological Problems with Virtually Recreating a Largely Lost Cemetery
â5.4âNotes on the Extent of the Cemetery
â5.5âA Cemetery of Pit-Burials
â5.6âEvidence for Above-ground Markers of Pit-Burials
â5.7âThe Earliest Evidence for Tomb Chapels: Reign of Amenhotep III
â5.8âLate 18th Dynasty: Amarna and Post-Amarna Period
â5.9âRamesside Period
â5.10âRock-Cut Tombs in the Cliff of Ankhtawy
6 The Dead and the Living in the Memphite Cultural Landscape
â6.1âThe Place of the Tomb in the Memphite Cultural Landscape
â6.2âThe Sokar Festival at Memphis
â6.3âFrom Object to Landscape: The Sokar Festival and the Stela of Ptahmose (mma 67.3)
â6.4âThe Cemetery En Route to the Serapeum
â6.5âTemples of Millions of Years and Their Relationship to the Necropolis
â6.6âOn Wadiâs and Pyramid Causeways: Accessing the Teti Pyramid Cemetery
â6.7âClosing Note on the Landscape of the Living East of the Teti Pyramid Cemetery and the Cliff of Ankhtawy
7 Saqqara through the New Kingdom: Synthesis and Final Thoughts
â7.1âA Cultural Landscape Forever in the Making
â7.2âUnas South Cemetery
â7.3âTeti Pyramid Cemetery and the Cliff of Ankhtawy
Catalogue of New Kingdom Tombs at Saqqara
Bibliography
Index
List of Figures, Plates and Tables
Abbreviations
1 A Quiet and Desolate Plateau, Once Bustling with Life
â1.1âIntroduction
â1.2âThe âWalking Deadâ at Saqqara
â1.3âProblems and Research Questions
â1.4âA Few Notes on Landscape Archaeology
â1.5âLandscape Biography
â1.6âStructure of This Study
2 Exploring Landscape: Layerdness, Temporality, Authorship
â2.1âThe Layered Landscape
â2.2âLandscape and Temporality
â2.3âLandscapeâs Temporal Paradox
â2.4âThe Landscape Connecting Moments in Time
â2.5âLandscape Authorship
â2.6âPitfalls of Desired Life-Paths
â2.7âLandscape, Temporality, and Heritage Practices
â2.8âLandscape and Social Norms
3 The Memphite Necropolis at Saqqara in the New Kingdom
â3.1âTopography of the North Saqqara Plateau and Its Eastern Escarpment
â3.2âThe North Saqqara Wadiâs: A Network of Desert Roads
â3.3âThe River Nile and Its Changing Floodplain
â3.4âA Scattered Cemetery?
â3.5âThe Necropolis as a Space Inhabited by the Living and the Dead
â3.6âA Myriad of Tomb Numbering Systems (and Their Absence)
â3.7âIntroducing a New Tomb Numbering System for the Saqqara New Kingdom Necropolis
â3.8âMemphite Tombs and Tomb Clusters Not Included in This Study
4 The Unas South Cemetery
â4.1âExtent of the Cemetery
â4.2âHistory of Excavation
â4.3âNotes on the Site before the New Kingdom
â4.4âThe New Kingdom before the Amarna Period
â4.5âThe Expanding Cemetery in the Reign of Amenhotep III
â4.6âThe Amarna Period
â4.7âPost-Amarna Period: Reign of Tutankhamun
â4.8âExcursus: The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb
â4.9âTransition of the 18th to the 19th Dynasty
â4.10âThe Cemeteryâs Lateral Growth in the Early 19th Dynasty
â4.11âReign of Ramesses II, First Half
â4.12âReign of Ramesses II, Second Half
â4.13âThe âLabyrinthâ at Its Most Complex: Towards the End of the New Kingdom
5 The Teti Pyramid Cemetery and the Cliff of Ankhtawy
â5.1âSetting the Scene
â5.2âA New Kingdom Cemetery Founded on the Remains of the Old Kingdom
â5.3âMethodological Problems with Virtually Recreating a Largely Lost Cemetery
â5.4âNotes on the Extent of the Cemetery
â5.5âA Cemetery of Pit-Burials
â5.6âEvidence for Above-ground Markers of Pit-Burials
â5.7âThe Earliest Evidence for Tomb Chapels: Reign of Amenhotep III
â5.8âLate 18th Dynasty: Amarna and Post-Amarna Period
â5.9âRamesside Period
â5.10âRock-Cut Tombs in the Cliff of Ankhtawy
6 The Dead and the Living in the Memphite Cultural Landscape
â6.1âThe Place of the Tomb in the Memphite Cultural Landscape
â6.2âThe Sokar Festival at Memphis
â6.3âFrom Object to Landscape: The Sokar Festival and the Stela of Ptahmose (mma 67.3)
â6.4âThe Cemetery En Route to the Serapeum
â6.5âTemples of Millions of Years and Their Relationship to the Necropolis
â6.6âOn Wadiâs and Pyramid Causeways: Accessing the Teti Pyramid Cemetery
â6.7âClosing Note on the Landscape of the Living East of the Teti Pyramid Cemetery and the Cliff of Ankhtawy
7 Saqqara through the New Kingdom: Synthesis and Final Thoughts
â7.1âA Cultural Landscape Forever in the Making
â7.2âUnas South Cemetery
â7.3âTeti Pyramid Cemetery and the Cliff of Ankhtawy
Catalogue of New Kingdom Tombs at Saqqara
Bibliography
Index
This book is of interest to students and scholars, libraries, and institutes of Egyptology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and cultural geography; in particular those interested in landscape archaeology and mortuary studies.