Other Abbreviations and Conventions
| 1s |
1st person singular |
| 1p |
1st person plural |
| 1c |
1st person common |
| 2m |
2nd person masculine |
| 2f |
2nd person feminine |
| 2sm |
2nd person singular masculine, etc. |
| 3du |
3rd person dual, etc. |
| A |
Active voice |
| A. |
Mari texts hors collection |
| AA |
Afroasiatic |
| ABSTR |
Abstract |
| Acc |
Accusative |
| Ad |
Text from Adab published in Kienast, Burkhart, and Konrad Volk. Die sumerischen und akkadischen Briefe des III. Jahrtausends aus der Zeit vor der III. Dynastie von Ur. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1995 |
| Akk |
Akkadian |
| AKT |
Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri (inventory number of a text) |
| AlT |
Tablet from Alalaḫ |
| Amh |
Amharic |
| AO |
Tablets in the collections of the Musée du Louvre |
| Aram |
Aramaic |
| Arb |
Arabic |
| Ash.M. |
Ashmolean Museum |
| Ass |
Assyrian |
| Bab |
Babylonian |
| BArm |
Biblical Aramaic |
| BE |
Bottom edge |
| BM |
British Museum |
| C |
communis (common gender) |
| C1-…-C1 |
Circumfix communis |
| ca. |
circa |
| CB |
Classic Babylonian |
| CBS |
Catalogue of the Babylonian Section. University Museum in Philadelphia |
| CCT |
Cuneiform Texts from Cappadocian Tablets in the British Museum. London |
| cf. |
confer |
| CH |
Code of Hammurapi |
| Copt |
Coptic |
| CS |
Central Semitic |
| D |
D-stem |
| Dat |
Dative |
| DEM |
Demonstrative |
| DET |
Determinative |
| Di |
Text from Diyala published in Kienast, Burkhart, and Konrad Volk. Die sumerischen und akkadischen Briefe des III. Jahrtausends aus der Zeit vor der III. Dynastie von Ur. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1995 |
| DIVN |
Divine name |
| DN |
Deity name |
| DO |
Direct object |
| Du |
Dual |
| EA |
el-Amarna (inventory number of a text) |
| ead. |
eadem |
| Ebl |
Eblaite |
| ED |
Early Dynastic |
| Eg |
Egyptian |
| e.g. |
exempli gratia |
| Emar 6/3 |
Inventory number of a text published by Arnaud, Daniel. Recherches au pays d’ Aštata. Emar VI.3. Textes sumériens et accadiens. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1986 |
| EP |
Epenthetic morpheme |
| EP |
Epistolary Perfect |
| ES |
East Semitic |
| ESA |
Epigraphic South Arabian |
| Eš |
Ešnunna (inventory number of a text) |
| EthSem |
Ethiopian Semitic |
| F |
Feminine |
| Fem |
Feminine |
| FOC |
Focus |
| G |
G-stem |
| Ga |
Text from Gasur published in Kienast, Burkhart, and Konrad Volk. Die sumerischen und akkadischen Briefe des III. Jahrtausends aus der Zeit vor der III. Dynastie von Ur. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1995 |
| Gen |
Genitive |
| Gez |
Geˤez |
| Gilg. |
Gilgameš |
| Gir |
Text from Girsu published in Kienast, Burkhart, and Konrad Volk. Die sumerischen und akkadischen Briefe des III. Jahrtausends aus der Zeit vor der III. Dynastie von Ur. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1995 |
| GN |
Geographic name |
| GT |
Gt-stem |
| Har |
Harari |
| Hazor |
Text from Hazor published in Horowitz, Wayne, Takayoshi Oshima, and Seth L. Sanders. Cuneiform in Canaan. The Next Generation. University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns, 2018 |
| Hbr |
Hebrew |
| Hit |
Hittite |
| HSM |
Harvard Semitic Museum |
| ibid. |
ibidem |
| id. |
idem |
| i.e. |
id est |
| Imp |
Imperative |
| Impf |
Imperfective |
| Inf |
Infinitive |
| JBA |
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic |
| Jib |
Jibbali |
| JPA |
Jewish Palestinian Aramaic |
| Juss |
Jussive |
| HS |
Tablets in the Hilprecht collection. Jena. |
| IM |
Iraq Museum |
| Ki |
Text from Kiš published in Kienast, Burkhart, and Konrad Volk. Die sumerischen und akkadischen Briefe des III. Jahrtausends aus der Zeit vor der III. Dynastie von Ur. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1995 |
| KL |
Text from Kāmid el-Lōz |
| kt |
Kültepe texts in the Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi in Ankara |
| KTU |
Manfried Dietrich, Oswald Loretz, and Joaquín Sanmartín, Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit; when followed by a number, this abbreviation refers to an alphabetic cuneiform text classed identically in all three editions (KTU1, KTU2, and KTU3) |
| l. |
Line |
| ll. |
Lines |
| LB |
Late Babylonian |
| LE |
Left edge |
| LE |
Laws of Ešnunna |
| LGN |
List of geographical names |
| M |
Masculine |
| M. |
Mari texts hors collection |
| M1-…-M1 |
Circumfix masculine |
| MA |
Middle Assyrian |
| Masc |
Masculine |
| MB |
Middle Babylonian |
| MH |
Middle Hittite |
| Mhr |
Mehri |
| Min |
Minaean |
| MN |
Month name |
| Mnd |
Mandaic |
| MO |
Maništušu Obelisk |
| mod. |
Modern |
| MS |
Martin Schøyen Collection. Oslo, Norway |
| MSA |
Modern South Arabian |
| Msq |
Masqan |
| N |
A given amount (for weights and measures) |
| n. |
Note |
| NA |
Neo-Assyrian |
| NB |
Neo-Babylonian |
| NBC |
Nies Babylonian Collection. Yale University, New Haven. |
| NEG |
Negation, negative |
| NH |
New Hittite |
| Nip |
Text from Nippur published in Kienast, Burkhart, and Konrad Volk. Die sumerischen und akkadischen Briefe des III. Jahrtausends aus der Zeit vor der III. Dynastie von Ur. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1995 |
| Nom |
Nominative |
| NPL |
Names and professions list |
| O |
Obverse |
| OA |
Old Assyrian |
| OAkk |
Old Akkadian |
| OArm |
Old Aramaic |
| OB |
Old Babylonian |
| Obl |
Oblique |
| obv. |
Obverse |
| Off. Arm |
Official Aramaic |
| OH |
Old Hittite |
| OP |
Old Persian |
| P |
Passive voice |
| PAkk |
Proto-Akkadian |
| Partc |
Participle |
| p.c. |
Personal communication |
| PC |
Prefixing conjugation |
| PCS |
Proto-Central Semitic |
| Perf |
Perfect |
| PES |
Proto-East Semitic |
| Pho |
Phoenician |
| Pl |
Plural |
| PN |
Personal name |
| PNWS |
Proto-Northwest Semitic |
| POSS |
Possessive |
| Prec |
Precative |
| Pres |
Present |
| Pret |
Preterite |
| Proh |
Prohibitive |
| PROX |
Proximal, proximate |
| PRS |
Present |
| PRT |
Preterit |
| PS |
Proto-Semitic |
| PSAkk |
Pre-Sargonic Akkadian |
| PTCP |
Participle |
| PWS |
Proto-West Semitic |
| Qat |
Qatabanian |
| q.v. |
quod vide |
| REL |
Relative |
| rev. |
Reverse |
| RIH |
Inventory number of a text from Ras Ibn Hani |
| RN |
River (or canal) name |
| RS |
Ras Shamra (inventory number of a text) |
| Sab |
Sabaic |
| SAkk |
Sargonic Akkadian |
| SB |
Standard (i.e. literary) Babylonian |
| SBRD |
Subordinating particle |
| SC |
Suffixing conjugation |
| scil. |
scilicet |
| Sel |
Selti |
| Sem |
Semitic |
| Sg |
Singular |
| SKL |
Sumerian King List |
| Sod |
Soddo |
| Soq |
Soqotri |
| SOV |
Subject-Object-Verb |
| SP |
Sentence particle |
| SSem |
South Semitic |
| STABS |
status absolutus |
| Stat |
Stative |
| STC |
status constructus |
| Subj |
Subjunctive |
| Sum |
Sumerian |
| s.v. |
sub voce |
| Syr |
Syriac |
| Š |
Š-stem |
| TAS |
Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ |
| TC |
Tablettes Cappadociennes du Louvre. Paris |
| TERM |
Terminative |
| Tgr |
Tigre |
| TM |
Tell Mardikh (Ebla) |
| TmE |
Inventory number of a text published by Arnaud, Daniel. Textes syriens de l’ âge du Bronze Récent. Sabadell-Barcelona: Editorial Ausa, 1991 |
| TN |
Temple name |
| Tna |
Tigrinya |
| TOPN |
Toponym |
| t-Perf |
t-perfect |
| TT |
Inventory number of a text from Qaṭna |
| UE |
Upper edge |
| Ugr |
Ugaritic |
| UM |
University Museum (Philadelphia; inventory number of a text) |
| v. |
vide |
| VA |
Verbal adjective |
| VAT |
Vorderasiatisches Museum. Tontafeln |
| Vent |
Ventive |
| Vet |
Vetitive |
| viz. |
videlicet |
| vs. |
versus |
| Wol |
Wolane |
| WS |
West Semitic |
| YBC |
Yale Babylonian Collection |
| Zwy |
Zway |