Index
A
Action chain,
65
Action-oriented,
99, 104, 106
Active thinking,
127
Adapting,
25
Additive,
56, 59, 117, 120
Additive bilingualism,
117
Adjunct model,
115
Adopt,
118, 120
Adopting,
25
Analysis,
11, 12, 16–17, 20, 32, 39, 44–43, 50–51, 60, 70, 87, 97, 135
Analytical learning,
126
Anecdote,
95
Application,
126, 128, 137, 149, 162
Appropriacy,
152
Assessment,
2–3, 6–7, 9, 11, 34, 39–40, 43, 45, 49, 51, 56, 72, 93, 100, 109, 112, 115–118, 120–121, 124, 128, 131, 133–134, 136–137, 139, 147, 161–163
Assignment,
89, 96, 115–116
Association,
67, 164
Audience,
48, 89, 91–94, 96, 127, 151
Audiolingual method,
84
Audio-visual,
105
Authentic,
41, 43
Authenticity,
143
Authority,
29, 41–45, 127, 142–143
Automaticity,
55, 64
Autonomous learning,
1, 17, 36, 106, 145
Availability,
82, 86, 102
B
Behaviorist,
56, 62–63, 68
Behavioural specifications,
102
Behaviourist,
43
Benchmarks,
107, 109
Blog,
68, 92–93
Bloom’s taxonomy,
70
Bottom-up,
44
Brainstorm,
129
C
CALLA
The Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach,
118, 122
CALLA framework,
119
Carrier topic,
114, 115
CBI (Content-based instruction),
18, 111, 115–124, 162, 164
CEFR,
43, 51, 99, 104, 108
Channel,
63, 156
Choral imitation,
65
Chunks,
81, 85–86, 154
CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning),
10, 76, 120–124
Coherence,
6–7, 50, 104–105, 109, 119, 124, 152, 156
Cohesion,
105, 152, 156–158
Cohesive devices,
149, 154
Collaborative learning,
138
Collocation,
12, 14, 81–82, 86, 88, 154
Commands,
64
Communicative,
74, 81, 85–86, 88–89, 99–108, 120, 125–126, 133, 149–150, 153–158
Communicative competence,
8, 58, 100, 149, 154–156, 158
Communicative events,
89, 106
Communicative purposes,
10, 58, 89
Communicative revolution,
108, 103
Competency,
74–73
Competency-based syllabuses,
30, 42
Comprehension,
70, 74–75, 84, 113, 115
Computer-based corpus,
81
Conceptual abstraction,
26
Concrete situations,
64, 66
Constructions,
136, 150, 162
Constructive feedback,
131
Content,
1–5, 7–10, 13, 18–21, 25–26, 28–31, 34, 39–43, 45–50, 54, 56–57, 63–64, 70–73, 76, 78, 81, 84, 87, 89, 91, 99–100, 111–125, 130–131, 136, 143, 152, 156, 162, 164
Controlled practice,
43, 57, 64
Conversations,
20, 44, 63, 75, 80, 89, 92–93, 106, 121, 154, 158–159, 168
Cooperative,
31, 86, 115
Cooperative learning,
31
Cooperative tasks,
86
CORE CLIL activators,
120, 123
Correction,
65, 134
Course outcome,
70
Course syllabi,
120
Creativity,
30, 42, 48
Criterion-referenced,
137
Critical curriculum,
33
Critical pedagogy,
33, 42
Critical theory,
149
Critiquing,
90
Cultural knowledge,
92, 105
Culture(s),
26, 29, 41–42, 44, 47, 51, 82, 89–96, 114, 122, 142, 154, 157
Cyclical,
6, 11–12, 14, 16, 76, 131
D
Decision-making,
37, 48, 50–51, 84, 135–136, 138–139, 142–146
Declarative knowledge,
105
Deductive,
41, 43
Degree of skill,
103
Deliberation,
33, 37
Demonstration,
47, 67
Description,
22, 26, 72, 87, 91, 94, 99, 104, 105, 114, 116, 149, 152, 156
Designing,
6, 22, 25, 51, 55, 58, 71, 73, 78, 125, 132–133, 161, 162, 165
Dialect,
102
Dialogue (dialog),
30, 70, 147, 157, 158
Didactic,
151
Direct approach,
84, 86
Direct assessment,
41
Discourse competence,
154, 155
Discovery,
17, 26, 32, 44, 59
Discrete point,
39, 41
Discussion,
2, 6, 28–29, 44, 81, 84, 86, 90, 94, 106, 114–115, 119, 136, 138, 150, 154–157
Dramatization,
67
Drilling,
32, 55, 64
Dynamic,
32, 55, 64
Dynamicity,
4, 6, 34, 36, 158
E
EAP (English for Academic Purposes),
49, 75, 78, 89, 116, 120, 122, 150, 158
Eclecticism,
149
Editing,
4, 49, 70, 94, 127, 134
Educational philosophy,
26–28, 36
EFL,
1, 3, 22, 49, 75, 87, 113, 124, 121, 146–147, 153, 163–164
Elective,
29
Elicitation,
72
European Language Portfolio,
106–107, 109
Ends-means,
41–42, 137
End-use needs,
39, 42
English for Specific Purpose,
69
English Language Proficiency Benchmarks,
107, 109
ESL (English as a Second Language),
51, 73–75, 78, 113, 121, 132, 147, 163
Essentialism,
29, 35
Ethnicity,
33
Evaluating,
3, 25, 29, 34, 54, 78, 115, 119, 139, 141, 157
Evaluation,
2, 22, 25–27, 34, 40, 45, 53, 66, 70, 72, 90–91, 94, 104, 109, 131, 137, 140–142, 146–147, 161
Existential competence,
105
Existentialism,
30, 36–37
Experience,
1, 3, 5, 22, 27, 31–33, 50, 54, 59, 81, 84, 93, 100, 102, 129, 132, 135, 142–145, 161–165
Experiential learning,
126, 137
Explanation,
26–27, 67, 96, 107, 121
Explicit,
16, 18, 20, 27, 32, 41, 43–44, 48–49, 57, 63, 66, 76, 86, 104, 107, 113, 116, 118, 126, 131, 137–138
Explicit language,
126, 131
Explicitly,
9, 18, 49, 55, 77, 63, 107–108, 120, 129, 131, 151–152
Explicitness,
90
Exploration,
17, 28, 34, 114–115, 136
Exposition,
95
Extending,
91, 126
Extensive,
1, 14, 86, 102, 150, 151, 163
Extra-linguistic,
101
F
Feedback,
45, 49, 94, 108, 115, 131, 153
Formative assessment,
131, 137
Form-focused,
41, 85, 127
Form-function-meaning mapping,
128
Form-oriented,
85
Frequency,
10, 12–14, 55, 81–84, 86
Functional,
1, 7, 9–11, 15, 20, 22, 34, 42, 44, 73, 81, 87, 99–101, 103–104, 108
Functional-notional syllabus,
100–101
Functions1,
10–12, 39, 42–44, 56, 58, 65, 67, 70, 100, 102–103, 109, 131, 134
G
Gender,
26, 33, 100, 149
General philosophy,
26
Genre,
1, 41, 44, 50, 52, 82, 89–97, 115, 150–151, 157–158
advertisements,
89
analysis,
97, 151, 158
instructions,
45, 64, 79, 89, 96, 106, 157
menus,
75, 89, 102
narrative,
44, 75, 97, 100
presentation,
2, 18, 25, 43, 55, 57, 64, 66, 71, 89–90, 92, 115–116, 137, 139, 150, 153–155, 157
Goal,
15–16, 19–20, 29, 42, 53, 64, 70, 89, 100–101, 107, 115, 125
Grammar,
2, 4, 5, 8–10, 12, 14, 16–19, 23, 29–39, 42, 46–47, 52, 55, 82–83, 86–88, 93–94, 100, 104, 107, 120–121, 130, 133–134, 149, 151–152, 154, 157
H
Habit formation,
55–62, 84, 137
Higher order thinking,
47
High-stakes,
45, 116
Holistic approach,
28, 135
Humanistic,
11, 40, 76, 135
Hybrid,
15, 48
I
Idealism,
26–27, 28–29, 31, 42
Imagination,
30
Immersion,
42–48, 112, 116–118, 120–124
Implementation,
14, 25–26, 28, 30, 35, 51, 60, 63, 76, 106–107, 112, 126, 131–132, 140, 147, 162
Implicit,
2, 16, 18, 20, 32, 44, 49, 59, 131, 138, 151
Indigenous Culture,
114, 122
Individual imitation,
65
Inductive,
41, 44, 63
Inductively,
63
Information gap,
44, 86
Input,
22, 32, 60, 72–73, 76, 119, 128, 123, 136, 153
Intensive,
55, 84, 86
Interaction,
16, 31, 34, 43, 45, 61, 66, 72, 84, 104, 106–107, 111, 119, 135–138, 143, 145, 156
Interaction theory,
111
Interactional,
69, 138
Interactive,
21, 51, 86, 102, 114, 138
Intercultural awareness,
105–106
Intercultural skills,
105
Intermediate,
19, 94, 96, 104, 123, 158
Interpersonal,
89, 92, 138, 150–151, 156–157
Interpersonal relationships,
89, 92
Isolated actions,
65
Isolation,
58–65
K
Know-how,
105
Knowledge,
28–36, 39–42, 44, 46, 48, 50–59, 62, 70, 82–84, 87, 92, 100, 105–106, 113, 115, 118–119, 121, 126–127, 131–132, 135, 137, 141, 144, 153
Knowledge-oriented,
29, 70
L
Language choice,
66, 81, 96, 128
Language forms,
41, 44, 57, 67, 103, 128, 130, 137
Language-act,
101
Language–Content–Task framework,
119
Language-driven,
113–114
Language for Academic Purposes,
73
Learnability,
57, 82, 86
Learner-centered,
15, 31–32, 135–136, 142
Learner-centeredness,
106, 136
Learning style,
39, 43, 142
Lesson planning,
112, 128
Lesson plans,
5, 120, 124
Lexical syllabus,
1, 11–15, 21–22, 81, 83–84, 86–88
Lexical-syntactic structural approach,
85
Lexicon,
12, 22, 103
Lexis,
11–12, 81–85, 88, 90, 93, 95, 151–152, 154
Limbo situations,
65–66
Limited-English-proficiency,
73
Linear,
5–6, 16, 3–35, 42, 44, 47, 56–58, 76, 131, 137
Lingua franca,
46, 52, 151, 153, 156, 158, 162
Linguistic needs,
116, 135
Linguistics,
13, 21, 23, 37, 44, 51, 53, 55, 60–61, 71, 78, 88, 122–124, 135, 146, 149, 157–158, 161–164, 16, 44, 52, 65, 69–71, 75–76, 79–80, 85–86, 93, 103, 105, 107–108, 115–116, 119, 122, 132, 153, 164
Listening,
1, 16, 44, 65, 69–71, 75–76, 79–80, 85–86, 93, 103, 105, 107–108, 115–116, 119, 132, 153
Logical attitude,
28
Long sequences,
65
Language for Occupational Purposes,
73
Language for Science and Technology,
73
M
Macro skills,
44, 69
Mastery,
30, 45, 47, 55, 72, 74, 112–117, 137
Materials,
1–3, 6–7, 22–23, 25, 27–28, 32, 40, 59, 64, 66–67, 69, 72–74, 78, 82–83, 87, 112, 115, 118, 120, 131, 135–136, 139, 142, 145–146, 152, 156–157, 161–162, 165, 112
Materials selection,
112
Meaning coverage,
82–86
Meaning-focused,
127, 132
Measurement,
30
Mechanical skills,
152
Mediation,
105
Mental reasoning,
27
Metaphysical,
26
Methodology,
3, 8, 8, 9, 14–16, 21–22, 40, 46, 48–49, 55–59, 81, 122, 136–137, 139, 153, 162–165
Minor sub-skills,
70
Mistakes,
60, 64, 155
Mock exam,
116
Modality,
93
Model,
41, 45, 65, 69, 71, 78, 91, 101, 112–119, 121–122, 124, 134, 135, 137, 150–151, 153, 155, 162
Modified texts,
116
Modules,
69, 123–124, 128, 130, 132
Monitoring,
50, 118, 134, 139, 143
Monologue,
70
Multimodal,
149–150, 158
Mythical situations,
64–65
N
Narrative,
44, 75, 97, 100
Non-verbal,
44, 149, 153
Norm-referenced,
41, 45, 137
Note taking,
115, 119
Notions,
10, 12, 43, 100, 102–103
O
Objective needs,
40, 41, 43
Objectives,
6, 25, 32, 34, 41–45, 47–48, 50–51, 54, 56, 61, 63, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 99–100, 102, 104, 108–109, 113, 115, 118–121, 128, 131–132, 134, 136–137, 141
Organisation,
39–40, 42, 44, 90–91, 96, 158
Outcomes-based syllabuses,
44, 47
P
Participants,
26, 63–64, 144
Particularity,
35
Patterns,
12, 14, 34, 40, 44, 59, 62, 81, 84–86, 88–89, 134, 137, 150
Pedagogical tasks,
17, 125–126
Peer assess,
131
Peers,
84, 86, 117
Perception,
103, 136
Perceptions,
30, 33, 144, 146
Perennialism,
28–29, 35
Performance objectives,
43
Person-orientated,
70, 99
Philosophy,
26–28, 30, 33–37, 42, 53–54
Phonology,
62, 107
Planning,
1–2, 25, 33, 40, 43, 50, 51–112, 15–116, 118, 121, 128–131, 133, 141, 145–146
Policy,
50, 106, 114–115, 119, 162
Possibility,
35–37, 47, 142
Postmodernism,
34, 36–37
Postmodern pedagogy,
34
Practicality,
35
Practitioners,
27, 35–36, 49, 127
Pragmatic,
8–9, 14, 18, 35, 42, 83–84, 105, 125
Pragmatism,
31–32, 35
Preferences,
30, 32, 43, 76, 138
Pre-specifications,
39, 48–49
Problem-solving,
42, 85, 135–136
Process-as-outcome,
48
Process-oriented,
42, 45–47, 50, 52
Production,
55, 57–58, 83, 85–86, 105, 107, 122
Productive,
811, 29, 63–64, 86, 121
Product-oriented,
39–40, 42, 45–46, 72, 81
Proficiency,
8–9, 19, 63, 67, 69, 73–74, 76, 100, 102, 104–109, 114–115, 120, 123, 129
Proof-reading,
127
Propositional plans,
39
Purpose,
1–2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16–21, 33, 40, 44, 56, 63, 67, 69, 73, 89, 90, 94, 96, 99, 104, 106–107, 125–128, 134, 136, 138–140, 153
Q
Questions,
8, 13, 18, 25–26, 34, 36, 44, 57, 64, 91, 96, 144, 155, 159
R
Race,
26, 33
Range,
45, 63, 766, 82–83, 86–87, 100, 105, 120, 124–126, 130, 138, 144, 149, 151, 162
Reading,
1, 16, 23, 29, 44, 51, 56, 64–65, 69–70, 73–78, 81, 84–86, 88, 91, 93–94, 102, 105, 107–108, 113, 115–116, 118–119, 121–123, 127, 132–134, 158, 163–164
Real world tasks,
17, 125, 128
Realism,
28–31, 53–54
Reality,
11, 16, 27–28, 32–35, 47, 53, 84
Real-life,
8, 12, 58, 67, 111–112, 137
Reception,
101, 105
Receptive,
63–64, 105
Reciprocal,
4, 33
Reconstructionism,
31, 33, 41–42
Recycling,
6, 79, 86, 112
Reflective thinking,
120
Registeral variation,
66
Relativity,
31
Repetition,
54–56, 62–63, 65, 84
Reviewing,
70, 121, 127135, 145
Revision,
43, 49, 64–65, 108
Rhetorical organisation,
90, 93–94
Role play,
43, 45, 84, 92
S
Scaffolding,
128
Schemata,
42, 44
Selection,
2–3, 34, 41–42, 50, 53, 55, 59, 75, 82–84, 86, 112
Self-assess,
131
Self-assessment,
40, 105–106, 109, 137
Self-directed discovery,
26
Self-expression,
30, 137
Self-organization,
34
Self-study,
84, 86
Semiotics,
62
Sequencing,
11, 41, 46, 96, 112, 136, 139
Sheltered,
112, 116, 119–120, 122–124
Simulated,
126–128
SIOP,
119, 122, 124, 162
Situational syllabus,
61–63, 66, 70, 71, 73
Situation-based,
68
Skill-based,
61
syllabus,
69–78
Skill-oriented,
69–70, 73
second language acquisition,
6, 22, 40, 42, 44, 50, 57, 59–60, 68, 82, 84, 111, 123–124, 133, 163
Slot and filler,
149
Sociocultural competence,
154–156
Sociocultural knowledge,
105
Socioeconomic status,
26
Socio-economic status,
33
Sociology,
112, 116, 149
Socio-political,
33
Speaking,
16, 21, 44, 50, 63, 65, 69–70, 7576, 79–8096, 103, 105, 108–109, 115, 117, 122, 132, 153
Specification of content,
112
Spiral,
47
Spoken discourse,
150
Spoken grammar,
154, 156–157
SPSIE,
90, 92
Standardized testing,
30
Strategy objectives,
118, 119
Structural,
5, 53–60, 71, 73, 81–82, 85, 154–156
Structural linguistics,
61, 71
Structuralist,
82
Structure,
8, 26, 34, 44, 5054, 57–58, 62–63, 67, 88–89, 92, 96, 100, 105, 113, 125, 152–153, 156
Style,
17, 39, 89, 93, 105
Subject-centered,
28–29
Subjective needs,
39
Subject matters,
28, 30–31
Sub-skills,
39, 69–70, 74, 80
Substitution drills,
65
Summative assessment,
34, 131, 137
Supportive,
46, 154
Syllabus design,
1–2, 6–7, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20–24, 39, 51–53, 55, 58–61, 67–68, 7–73, 75, 77–79, 81–82, 86, 88–89, 99, 101, 103, 107, 109, 111–113, 117–119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 138, 146, 149, 157, 161–162, 165
Synthesis,
9, 11, 14, 20, 45, 70
T
Task-based,
1, 7, 14–15, 17–18, 20–23, 32, 40–42, 50–51, 60, 78, 81, 85, 115, 119, 125–129, 131–133
syllabus,
1, 14–15, 17–18, 22, 40, 78, 125, 127–128, 132
Teachability,
57, 60, 81–82, 86
Teacher-training programs,
120
Textbooks,
2–3, 16, 29, 32, 40, 48, 54–56, 81, 84, 100, 106, 113, 121, 129
Thematic model,
113–114
Theme,
42, 107, 113–114, 119, 121, 129
Thinking,
9, 13, 47–48, 50, 75–76, 911, 120, 122, 127, 130, 134, 136, 156
Threshold Level,
34, 99, 101, 103–104, 108–109
T-level,
101–104, 107
Top-down,
8, 16, 21, 44–45
Topical approach,
113
Topic-based courses,
112
Transactional registers,
151
Transactional speaking,
69–70
Transition moves,
150
Translation,
8–9, 29, 42, 45, 47, 55–59, 84, 100
Transmissive,
43, 137
Turns,
44, 102, 156, 159
Turn-taking,
105, 158
U
Universality,
28, 34, 81
Usage,
5, 9–10, 12–20, 43, 56, 75, 81, 84, 137
User
basic,
20, 31, 47, 52, 61, 63, 67, 74, 84, 91, 101, 103–105, 113–114, 146
independent,
39, 50, 53, 74, 90, 99, 104, 107, 161,
proficient,
8, 50, 73, 104, 121, 138, 153
Utility,
83
V
Vantage,
9, 11, 14, 20, 92, 99, 104, 109
Verbal,
44, 51, 62, 97, 102, 149, 153
Visual aids,
116
Visualize,
31, 63
Voice,
36, 52, 90, 95–96, 143
W
Waystage,
94, 104, 109
WebPages,
93
Words,
3–5, 10, 12–15, 17, 44, 49, 56–58, 62–65, 67, 70, 79, 80–88, 91, 93, 100, 103, 105–106, 125–128, 143, 149, 151–154, 159
Writing,
6, 16, 44, 48–49, 52, 65, 67, 69, 70, 75, 76, 78, 85, 89, 91, 94, 96–97, 102, 105, 107–108, 113, 115–116, 118, 123, 127, 130, 132, 134, 151–152, 158–159, 163–165
Written discourse,
150