References
Adelkhah, Fariba. 2015. The Thousand and One Borders of Iran: Travel and Identity. Translated by Andrew Brown. Abingdon: Routledge.
Afary, Janet and Kamran Afary. 2022. Molla Nasreddin: The Making of a Modern Trickster, 1906–1911. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Afary, Janet and Kevin B. Anderson. 2005. Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Afshari, Reza. 2001. Human Rights in Iran: The Abuse of Cultural Relativism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Aghaie, Kamran S. 2001. The Karbala Narrative: the Karbala Narrative: Shīʿī Political Discourse In Modern Iran in the 1960s and 1970s. Journal of Islamic Studies 12(2): 151–76.
Aghaie, Kamran S. 2004. The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi’i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Alavi, Seyed Ali. 2020. Iran and Palestine: Past, Present, Future. Abingdon; New York: Routledge.
Ale-Ahmad, Jalal. 1997. Gharbzadegi: Weststruckness. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers.
Althusser, Louis. 1984. Essays on ideology. London: Verso.
Amanolahi, Sekandar. 2005. A Note on Ethnicity and Ethnic Groups in Iran. Iran and the Caucasus 9(1): 37–42.
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Arjomand, Said Amir. 1988. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran. New York: Oxford University Press.
Arjomand, Said Amir. 2009. After Khomeini: Iran Under His Successors. New York: Oxford University Press.
Asad, Talal. 1986a. The Concept of Cultural Translation in British Social Anthropology. In Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, edited by James Clifford and George E. Marcus, pp. 141–64, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Asad, Talal. 1986b. The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam. Occasional paper series. Washington, D.C.: Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University.
Asad, Talal. 1993. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Asad, Talal. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Asad, Talal. 2018. Secular Translations: Nation-State, Modern Self, and Calculative Reason. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ayoub, Mahmoud M. 1978. Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi’ism. New York: Mouton.
Bajoghli, Narges. 2019. Iran Reframed: Anxieties of Power in the Islamic Republic. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Bajoghli, Narges. 2023. The perils of producing revolutionary moderation: entertainment, style, and the ‘Islamic Che’ in Iran, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. Early view 1–18.
Bajoghli, Narges and Vali Nasr, Djavad Salehi-Isfahani, and Ali Vaez. 2024. How Sanctions Work: Iran and the Impact of Economic Warfare. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Balandier, Georges. 1992. Le pouvoir sur scenes. Paris: Balland.
Bayat, Asef. 1997. Street Politics: Poor people’s movement in Iran. New York: Columbia University Press.
Beheshti, Seyyed Mohammad. 1395 [2016/2017]. Dāstān-e Tehran. Tehran: Daftar-e pezhuhesh-haye farhang.
Bergson, Henri. 1956. The two sources of morality and religion. Trans. by R. Ashley Audra and Cloudesley Brereton, with the assistance of W. Horsfall Carter. New York: Doubleday.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge.
Casanova, José. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
de Certeau, Michel. 1984. The practice of everyday life. translated by Steven Rendall. Berkeley; London: University of California Press.
Chehabi, Houchang E. 1997. Ardabil Becomes a Province: Center-Periphery Relations in Iran. International Journal of Middle East Studies 29(2): 235–53.
Chelkowski, Peter (ed.). 1979. Taʿziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran. New York: NYU Press.
Chelkowski, Peter (ed.). 2010. Eternal Performance: Taʿziyeh and Other Shiite Rituals. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Cole, Juan, Kenneth Katzman, Karim Sadjadpour and Ray Takeyh. 2005. A Shia Crescent: What Fallout for the United States? Middle East Policy 12: 1–27, accessed 6 November 2025: doi:.
Copeman, Jacob. 2009. Introduction: Blood Donation, Bioeconomy, Culture. Body & Society 15(2): 1–28.
Deacon, Lucy. 2024. Karbala in the Taʿziyeh Episode: Shiʿi Devotional Drama in Iran. Leiden: Brill.
Deeb, Lara. 2006. An Enchanted Modern: Gender and Public Piety in Shi’i Lebanon. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Dodd, Savannah. 2014. Religion for Revolution: Shifting Perceptions of Bodily Ritual in the Lebanese Shi‘a Community. Al-Jami ah Journal of Islamic Studies 52(2): 375–89.
Durkheim, Émile. 2008. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. translated by Carol Cosman. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eade, John and Michael Sallnow. 1991. Introduction. In Contesting the Sacred: Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage, edited by John Eade and Michael Sallnow, pp. 1–29. Oregon: Illinois University Press.
Ebersole, Gary. 2000. The Function of Ritual Weeping Revisited: Affective Expression and Moral Discourse, History of Religions, (3): 211–46.
Eickelman, Dale F. 1987. Changing Interpretation of Islamic Movements. In Islam and Political Economy of Meaning, edited by W.R. Roff, pp. 13–30. London: Croom Helm.
Eickelman, Dale F. 1998. The Middle East and Central Asia. An Anthropological Approach, Third Edition, Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Eickelman, Dale F. and Piscatori James P. 1996. Muslim Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Elling, Rasmus. 2013. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini. New York: Palgrave Macmilla.
Ende, Werner. 1978. The Flagellations of Muḥarram and the Shi῾ite ‘Ulamā’. Der Islam: Journal of the History and Culture of the Middle East 55 (1): 19–36.
Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. 1956. Nuer Religion. Oxford: AClarendon Press.
Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. 1965. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford: A Clarendon Press.
Fischer, Michael. 2003. Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Fischer, Michael and Mehdi Abedi. 1990. Debating Muslims: Cultural Dialogues in Postmodernity and Tradition. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison, Trans. by Alan Sheridan, London: Allen Lane.
Foucault, Michel. 2005. What Are the Iranians Dreaming About? In Appendix of Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism, pp. 203–10.
Foucault, Michel. 2007. Security, territory, population lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–78, translated by Graham Burchell, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.
Geertz, Clifford. 1979. Suq: the bazaar economy in Sefrou. In Meaning and order in Moroccan society: Three Essays in Cultural Analysis, edited by Cliford Geertz and Hildred Geertz, Lawrence Rosen, pp. 123–264. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Geertz, Clifford. 1980. Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Ghamari-tabrizi, Behrooz. 2016. Foucault in Iran: Islamic Revolution after the Enlightenment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Golkar, Saeid. 2015. Captive Society: The Basiji Militia and Social Control in Iran. New York: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Columbia University Press.
Good, Mary-Jo DelVecchio and Byron J. Good. 1988. Ritual, the state, and the transformation of emotional discourse in Iranian society. Cult Med Psych 12, 43–63.
Gruber, Christiane. 2016. Nazr Necessities: Votive Practices and Objects in Iranian Muharram Ceremonies, In Ex Voto: Votive Giving across Cultures, edited by Ittai Weinryb, pp. 246–75, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
von Grunebaum, Gustave E. 1951. Muhammadan Festivals. New York: Henry Schuman.
Haeri, Shahra. 1989. The Law of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Iran. New York: Syracuse University Press.
Hakoda, Tetz. 2013. Fūkō no Tōsō: Tōchisuru Shutai no Tanjō. Tokyo: Keio University Press (in Japanese).
Heider, Karl. 2015. The Rashomon Effect: When Ethnographers Disagree. American Anthropologist 90(1): 73–81.
Hirschkind, Charles. 2006. The Ethical Soundscape: Cassette Sermons and Islamic. New York: Counterpublics. Columbia University Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric and Terence Ranger. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holbraad, Martin and Morten Axel Pedersen. 2017. The Ontological Turn: An Anthropological Exposition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hussain, Ali. 2005. “The Mourning of History and the History of Mourning: The Evolution of Ritual Commemoration of the Battle of Karbala.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 25: 78–88.
Hyder, Syed Akbar. 2006. Reliving Karbala: Martydom in South Asian Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Irani, Akbar. 1370 [1991/92]. Hasht Goftār Pirāmun-e Haqiqat-e Musiqi-ye Ghanāyi. Tehran: Sāzmān-e Tablighāt-e Eslāmi, Hozeh Honari, Daftar-e Motāle‘āt-e Dīnī-ye Honar.
Kariman, Hossein. 1355 [1976/1977]. Tehrān dar goẕashte va ḥāl. Tehrān dāneshgāh-e mellī īrān.
Kawada, Junzo. 1997. Les deux complexes de la culture sonore en Afrique occidentale: le complexe mande et le complexe hausa, in Cultures sonores d’ Adrique, edited by Junzo Kawad, pp. 5–49, Tokyo: University of Foreign Studies, Institut de recherches sur les langues et cultures d’Asie et d’Afrique.
Keddie, Nikki (ed.). 1983. Religion and Politics in Iran: Shi‘ism from Quietism to Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Keddie, Nikki R. 2006. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution (Updated Edition), New Haven: Yale University Press.
Khomeini, Ruhollah. 2015. Islamic government: governance of the jurist. Translated by Hamed Algar. Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Work.
Khosravi, Shahram. 2008. Young and Defiant in Tehran. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Khosronejad, Pedram. 2012. Introduction: Unburied Memories. Visual Anthropology 25 (2012): 1–21.
Kirmanj, Sherkoa and Sadq, Abdulla Kukha. 2018. Iran’s Foreign Policy towards Iraq and Syria: Strategic Significance and Regional Power Balance. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 43(1/2): 152–72.
Korom, Frank. 2003. Hosay Trinidad: Huharram Performances in an Indo-Caribbean Diaspora. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kuroda, Kenji. 2015. Iran ni okeru Shūkyō to Kokka: Gendai Shīa-ha no Jissō (Religion and State in Iran: the Reality of Modern Shiite), Kyoto: Nakanishiya Shuppan.
Latour, Bruno. 2009. The Making of Law: An Ethnography of the Conseil d’Etat. New Jersey: Wiley.
Levi, Erik. 1994. Music in the Third Reich. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lienhardt, Godfrey. 1953. Modes of thought in primitive society. New Blackfriars 34 (399): 269–77.
Luizard, Pierre-Jean. 2012. The revival of Shia rituals in Iraq since the fall of Saddam Hussin’s regime: permanence and evolution. In Saints and their Pilgrims in Iran and Neighbouring Countries, edited by Pedram Khosronejad, pp. 143–64, Wantage: Sean Kingston Publishing.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1981. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. London: Duckworth.
Madanipour, Ali. 1998. Tehran: the making of a metropolis. Chichester: J. Wiley.
Mahmood, Saba. 2005. Politics of Piety. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mahmood, Saba. 2013. Sexuality and Secularism, Religion. In The Secular, and the Politics of Sexual Difference, edited by Linell E. Cady and Tracy Fessenden, pp. 47–58, New York: Columbia University Press.
Marei, Fouad Gehad, Yafa Shanneik and Christian Funke (eds.) 2024. Shiʿi Materiality Beyond Karbala: Religion That Matters. Leiden: Brill.
Masoudi, Reza. 2018. The Rite of Urban Passage: The Spatial Ritualization of Iranian Urban Transformation. New York: Berghan Books.
Mauss, Marcel. 2001. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, New York and London: Routledge.
Mavadat, S Khanafira. 2023. Iran in the Sadrist version of Iraqi nationalism. Digest of Middle East Studies 32(3): 164–83.
Meftahi, Ida. 2016. Gender and Dance in Modern Iran: Biopolitics on stage. New York: Routledge.
Miller, Donald. 2013. ‘Pentecostalism as a Global Phenomenon’, in Donald E. Miller, Kimon H. Sargeant, and Richard Flory (eds.), Spirit and Power: The Growth and Global Impact of Pentecostalism, pp. 1–20, New York: Oxford University Press.
Mohaddesi, Javad (ed.) 1391 [2012/13]. Farhang-e ‘Āshūrā. Qom: Nashr-e Ma’rūf.
Morikawa, Tomoko. 2007. Shiʿite pilgrimage to the sacred ʿAtabāt. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press (in Japanese).
Mozafari, Parmis. 2013. Dance and the Borders of Public and Private Life in Post-Revolution Iran. In Cultural revolution in Iran: contemporary popular culture in the Islamic Republic, edited by Annabelle Sreberny and Massoumeh Torfeh, pp. 95–109. London: I.B. Tauris.
Nakash, Yitzhak. 1993. An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the Rituals of ʿĀshūrāʾ. Die Welt des Islams 33(2): 161–81.
Nakash, Yitzhak. 1994. The Shi’is of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Nakash, Yitzhak. 1995. The Visitation of the Shrines of the Imams and the Shi’i Mujtahids in the Early Twentieth Century. Studia Islamica 81: 153–64.
Norton, Augustus Richard. 2005. “Ritual, Blood, and Shiite Identity: Ashura in Nabatiyya, Lebanon.” TDR (1988–) 49(4): 140–55.
Oda, Makoto. 1997. The Price of Postmodern Anthropology, Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (in Japanese) 21(4): 807–75.
Osanloo, Arzoo. 2009. The Politics of Women’s Rights in Iran. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ostovar, Afshon. 2016a. “Sectarian Dilemmas in Iranian Foreign Policy: When Strategy and Identity Politics Collide” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, accessed 6 November 2025: www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13024.
Ostovar, Afshon. 2016b. Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran’s Revolutionary Guards. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pinault, David. 1999. Shia Lamentation Rituals and Reinterpretations of the Doctrine of Intercession: Two Cases from Modern India. History of Religions 38(3): 285–305.
Pinault, David. 2001. Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India. New York: Palgrave.
Rahimi, Babak. 2011. Theater State and the Formation of Early Modern Public Sphere in Iran: Studies on Safavid Muharram Rituals, 1590–1641 CE. New York: Brill.
Rahimi, Babak and Mohsen Amin. 2020. Digital Technology and Pilgrimage: Shiʿi Rituals of Arbaʿin in Iraq. Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture 9(1): 82–106.
Rahimi, Babak and Peyman Eshaghi. 2019. Introduction In Muslim Pilgrimage in the Modern World edited by Babak Rahimi and Peyman Eshaghi, pp. 1–46, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Rahmani, Jabar. 1393 [2014/15]. Taghīrāt-e Manāsek ʿAzādārī-ye Moharram: Ensānshenāsī-ye Manāsek ʿAzādārī-ye Moharram. Tehran: enteshārāt-e tīsā.
Ram, Haggay. 1996. Mythology of Rage: Representations of the “Self” and the “Other” in Revolutionary Iran. History and Memory 8(1): 67–87.
Roff, William R. 1987. Editor’s Introduction. In Islam and the Political Economy of Meaning, pp. 1–10.
Rolston, Bill. 2020. When everywhere is Karbala: Murals, martyrdom and propaganda in Iran. Memory Studies 13(1): 3–23.
Ruffle, Karen G. 2021. Everyday Shiʿism in South Asia. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
Sakurai, Keiko. 1999. Kakumei Iran no Kyōkasho Media: Islam to Nationalism no Sōkoku. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten (in Japanese).
Sehati-Sardrudi, Mohammad. 1394 [2015/16]. Taḥrīf Shenāsi-ye ʿāshurā va Tārīkh-e Emām Hossein. Tehran: Sharekat-e Chāp va Nashar Beinalmelal.
Shaffer, Brenda. 2002. Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity. The MIT Press.
Shaffer, Brenda. 2017. The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policy Toward the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. In The International Politics of the Armenian-Azerbaijani Conflict: The Original “Frozen Conflict” and European Security, edited by Svante Cornell, pp. 107–24, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Shariati, Ali. 1361 [1982/83]. Tashayyoʿ-e ʿAlavī va tashayyoʿ-i Ṣafavī. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e Chāpakhsh.
Shiloah, Amnon. 1995. Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-Cultural History. Detroit: Routledge.
Shirazi Faegheh. 2012. Death, the Great Equalizer: Memorializing Martyred (Shahid) Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Visual Anthropology 25: 98–119.
Siamdoust, Nahid. 2017. Soundtrack of the Revolution: The Politics of Music in Iran. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Sim, David. 2015. Arbaeen: World’s largest annual pilgrimage as millions of Shia Muslims gather in Karbala. International Business Times. 21 November, accessed 6 November 2025: https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/arbaeen-worlds-largest-annual-pilgrimage-millions-shia-muslims-gather-karbala-1531726.
Small, Christopher. 1998. Musicking: The Meanings of Performing and Listening. Hanover: University Press of New England.
Spellman-Poots, Kathryn. 2012. Manifestations of Ashura Among Young British Shi‘is In Ethnographies of Islam: Ritual Performances and Everyday Practices, edited by Baudouin Dupret, Thomas Pierret, Paulo G. Pinto and Kathryn Spellman-Poots, pp. 40–49, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Strathern, Marilyn. 1987. An Awkward Relationship: The Case of Feminism and Anthropology. Signs 12(2): 276–92.
Strathern, Marilyn. 2004. Partial Connections. Updated edition Lanham: AltaMira Press.
Szanto, Edith. 2013. Beyond the Karbala Paradigm: Rethinking Revolution and Redemption in Twelver Shi‘a Mourning Rituals. Journal of Shi‘a Islamic Studies 6(1): 75–91.
Szanto, Edith. 2014. Sex and the Cemetery: Iranian Pilgrims, Shrine Visitation, and Shi‘i Piety in Damascus. Syrian Studies Association Bulletin 19, accessed 24 January 2020: https://ojcs.siue.edu/ojs/index.php/ssa/article/view/3037 (site discontinued).
Takeyh, Ray. 2010. The Iran-Iraq war: A reassessment. The Middle East Journal 64(3): 365–83.
Talebinezhad, Ahmad. 1393 [2014/15]. vāgheʿeh dar qāb. Tehran: rownaq (=Talebinezhad, Ahmad 2022. Guide for Iranian Documentaries on ʿĀšūrāʾ “The Event in the Frame” by Aḥmad Ṭālebī-nežād. Translated by Kenji Kuroda & Kenichi Tani, Center for Modern Middle East Studies at the National Museum of Ethnology).
Tani, Kenichi and Kosuke Sakai. 2020. Realizing the existence of blind spots in the ‘West’: A systems-theoretical perspective. Anthropological Theory 20(4): 438–54.
Tehran Geographic Information Center. 2005. Atlas of Tehran Metropolis.
Thaiss, Gustav E. 1972. Religious Symbolism and Social Change: The Drama of Husain. In Scholars, Saints and Sufis, edited by Nikki R. Keddie, pp. 349–66, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Thurfjell, David. 2006. Living Shi’ism: Instances of Ritualisation Among Islamist Men in Contemporary Iran. Leiden: Brill.
Torab, Azam. 2006. Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill.
Turner, Victor. 1969. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Turner, Victor. 1974. Drama, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Vahdat Zad, Vahid. 2012. Spatial Discrimination in Tehran’s Modern Urban Planning 1906–1979. Journal of Planning History 12(1): 49–62.
Vartabedian, Julieta. 2015. Towards a Carnal Anthropology: Reflections of an Imperfect Anthropologist. Qualitative research 15(5): 568–82.
Varzi Roxana. 2006. Warring Souls: Youth, Media, And Martyrdom in Post-Revolution Iran. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo. 2009. Cannibal Metaphysics, Edited and translated by Peter Skafish, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Wagner, Roy. 1986. Symbols That Stand for Themselves. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Walbridge, Linda. 2001. The counterreformation: Becoming a Martjaʿ in the Modern World. In The Most Learned of the Shi’a: The Institution of the Marjaʿ Taqlid, edited by Walbridge Linda, pp. 230–46, New York: Oxford University Press.
Yarshater, Ehsan. 1979. Ta’ziyeh and Pre-Islamic Mourning Rites in Iran. In Ta’ziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran, pp. 88–94.
Youssefzadeh, Ameneh. 2000. The situation of music in Iran since the Revolution: The role of official organizations. Ethnomusicology Forum 9(2): 35–61.
Yurchak, Alexei. 2006. Everything was forever, until it was no more: the last Soviet generation. Princeton, N.J.; Oxford: Princeton University Press.
El-Zein, Abudul Hamid. 1977. Beyond Ideology and Theology. Annual Review of Anthropology 6: 227–54.