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Index

于Chinese Émigré Intellectuals and Their Quest for Liberal Values in the Cold War, 1949–1969
著者：
Kenneth Kai-chung Yung
Kenneth Kai-chung Yung
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Index

1958 [Joint] Manifesto 149, 176–177, 180–181
absolute truth 114–116
abstract world 139
Academia Sinica 2, 31, 39, 99, 111
academic integrity 111
academician 99
accomplice of totalitarianism 108n.121
Agrarian Reform Law 67
agricultural cooperation 68
American Seventh Fleet 39
Analects (Lunyu 論語) 119
Anarchism 91
Anarchist 106
ancient studies 104
anomie 117, 123
anti-authoritarianism 88, 123
anti-Communism 31, 37–38, 57, 61
anti-conservative 92
anti-Marxist 4
antiquarianism 170
anti-sceptical 102
antithesis 116
anti-totalitarian 16
anti-traditionalism 7, 89, 129
anti-traditionalist 6–7, 87, 110, 125, 129, 162
anti-utopian 16, 52, 57, 81
anxiety over future uncertainties 118, 166
arbitrariness 62, 87, 120
atheism 73
atheist 172
Australia 61
authentic feeling 134
authoritarian rule 22, 95, 98
authoritarianism 59, 88
authority 10, 70, 88, 89, 106, 129, 131, 134
autocracy 92, 96, 129, 152
autocratic monarch 152
autonomy of rationality 138–139
Barnes, Harry E. (1889–1968) 94
base 74
Beijing 66, 85, 90–91
benevolence 120, 156
benevolent heart 158
blueprint 16, 36, 52, 66, 69–70, 122, 186
body representative of public opinion 145–146
Bolshevik 115
Bolshevism 17
Book of rites (Liji 禮記) 140
bourgeoisie 65, 73, 90, 103
Britain 21, 38, 53n.12, 59, 77, 153
British Labor Party 61, 153
Buddhism 74, 121, 125, 180
Bukharin, Nikolai (1888–1938) 64
burning of books 158
burying of scholars 158
campaign 29, 36, 41–42, 89, 98, 135
capacity to “let go of everything” 177
capitalism 5, 12, 22, 55–56, 61, 63, 77
censorial system 80
Central Asia 74
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 74
Central daily (Zhongyang ribao 中央日報) 34–37, 86–87, 89, 91–92, 183
Central Intelligence Agency 46, 48
Central Reorganization Commission 39
Chapman, Frank 85
Chen Duxiu 陳獨秀 (1879–1942) 84, 115
Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國 (1910–1988) 33
Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 (1887–1975)
adopting Principle of the People’s Livelihood 54
concluding remarks 183–185
connection with Xu Fuguan 8, 29–34
relationship with Yin Haiguang 6, 35, 37–38, 41
relationship with Zhang Junmai 42–43
Xu Fuguan’s view on Chiang 160, 162, 181
Yin Haiguang’s view on Chiang 83–84, 88, 95
chief writer 36
China weekly (Zhongguo yizhou 中國一周) 106–107
Chinese Communist government 100
Chinese Communist Party 13, 17, 47, 55, 87, 90–91, 132
Chinese Communists 15, 39, 46, 67, 77–78, 87, 90–91, 135, 150, 176
Chinese culture
and Chinese intellectuals 167–168
and debate between liberals and New Confucian 100–101, 105
and Guomindang’s partification 110–111
and John K. Fairbank 175–177
and national reconstruction 128–130
and student spies 87
and the New Confucian manifesto 168–173, 179, 181–182
and the New Confucian manifesto 77–79
and Xu Fuguan’s cultural ideals 162–163
and Xu Fuguan’s political ideals 149–151
as an aid to modernization 137, 146
concluding remarks 186–187
relationship with Xu, Yin and Zhang 5–10, 25, 42, 64
Yin Haiguang’s reappraisal of 117–118, 124
Chinese democracy 6, 8, 13, 26, 49, 83, 90, 154, 156–160
Chinese Democratic Constitutionalist Party 46
Chinese Democratic League 43
Chinese enlightenment 84
Chinese Fighting League for Freedom and Democracy 44–49, 66–70, 72, 184–186
Chinese mainland
and attack on Chinese culture 182
and Communist domination 52, 98, 149, 161, 167
and counterattacks 39–40, 83
and free economy 154
and future democracy 50
and future liberal culture 124
and national salvation 1, 4, 6, 13, 20–21, 25–27, 29
and the Third Force 44–45, 66
concluding remarks 183–184
escape from 81, 99
future marginalization of Marxism 148
Chinese nation
and future democratic ideals 1, 3, 28, 35, 49, 53, 85–86, 125, 185
and national salvation 17, 27, 29, 93, 132, 183
and national spirit 12
and Xu Fuguan’s Confucian ideals 149–150, 162–163, 168, 172
Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang)
and Free China magazine 41
and John K. Fairbank 174
and partification 108–110
and the Third Force 46
opposition from Luo Longji 19
relationship with Yin, Xu and Zhang 6, 8, 15, 183
rivalry against Chinese Communists 17, 54–55
Xu’s view on the party 29–31, 34–35, 150
Yin Haiguang’s relationship with the party 36–39, 86, 89, 93–94, 99–100, 105–107, 110–111, 120, 122, 125
Zhang Junmai’s criticism 43–44
Chinese society 7, 19–20, 47, 92, 103, 121, 124, 139, 156, 158, 161, 181
Chinese State Socialist Party 2, 21, 43, 69
Chinese thought 23, 103, 117, 140, 176–177
Chinese tradition
and its revitalization 22–23, 25
and the Confucian manifesto 79–80, 173–176
opposition to individualism 19
relationship with democracy 3, 24, 26, 35
relationship with modernization 26, 88, 188
relationship with liberalism 10
Xu Fuguan’s view on 9–10, 149–150, 162, 182, 186
Yin Haiguang’s attack on 6–7, 86–89, 99–100, 102–104, 107–108, 110, 125, 186
Yin Haiguang’s reappraisal of 119, 125–126
Zhang Junmai’s view on 127, 129–131, 137–139, 186
Chongqing 35, 43, 86, 174
Christianity 74, 121, 177, 179–180
civic education 105
civil liberties 39
Civil War 67, 86, 89, 135, 175
class struggle 54, 65, 73–74, 77, 133–134, 150
classical liberalism 30
cognitive meaning 112, 114, 116
Cold War
and Cold War currents 15–17, 26, 51–52, 76, 81–83
Chinese liberal tradition 14, 27, 183, 186–189
legacy of Chinese intellectuals 188–189
national salvation 29
relevance to contemporary China 13
revitalization of Confucianism 76
Xu Fuguan’s relationship with 11, 161
Yin Haiguang’s relationship with 6, 8, 11, 20, 60–61, 89, 94, 123
Zhang Junmai’s relationship with 4, 6, 11, 20–22, 63, 69, 76, 182, 188
Cold War currents 14–15, 17, 26–27, 51–52, 76, 81–82, 183, 187–188
Cold War liberalism 6, 15, 17, 27, 57, 60–61, 69
collectivism 18, 93
Communism
and Cold War currents 16, 51, 76, 81,
and cultural conservatism 22
and national salvation 27, 29–30, 48, 132, 183
and New Confucian manifesto 78–79, 177, 180
Chinese liberal tradition 186, 188
Xu Fuguan’s view on 30–31, 34–35, 77–79, 150, 153–154
Yin Haiguang’s view on 6, 37–40, 52–53, 55, 57, 60–61, 86–87, 89–90, 92–94, 117, 125, 184
Zhang Junmai’s view on 4, 44, 48, 64–67, 74, 132–133, 138–139, 185
Zhang Qiyun’s view on 105
Communist China 25
Communist dictatorship 38, 63, 93
Communist International 77
community 9, 11, 17, 24, 45–46, 48, 98, 104, 131, 159
conception of the nation 132
conceptual motive power for world progress 92
concerned consciousness 8
Confucian democracy 9, 27, 161
Confucian liberal 10, 130–131, 150–151, 186
Confucian liberalism 10, 24, 129–130, 150
Confucian manifesto 194
Confucian political concepts 155, 187
Confucian studies 8, 78, 132, 135–136, 150, 161
Confucian tradition 8, 24, 27, 77–79, 81, 127, 129–131, 149–150, 155, 160, 176, 187
Confucianism
and Cold War currents 17, 27, 76, 188
and liberalism 24
and New Confucian manifesto 78–79, 81–82, 168, 170–172, 180, 182, 186
as New Confucianism 23
John K. Fairbank’s view on 174
relevance to contemporary China 13, 49
Xu Fuguan’s view on 8–9, 30, 150, 154, 161, 168, 175–176, 187
Yin Haiguang’s view on 8, 119–120, 125
Zhang Junmai’s view on 5–6, 25, 127–132, 136–138, 140–143, 146–148
Confucius 孔子 (551 BC–479 BC) 75, 120, 139, 142, 175
Congressional hearing 174, 176
consciousness of individuality 157
consciousness of the self 156
conservatism 5, 13, 14, 18, 22–24, 28, 82–83, 89, 99, 129, 186
conservative liberal 127, 129, 131
conservative liberalism 129, 132
Conservative Party 153
constitution 2, 29, 31, 36, 41, 43, 59, 64, 74, 80, 91–92, 146, 185
constitutional democracy 29, 36, 44, 131, 145, 184
constitutionalism 2, 21, 43, 156, 184
continuity 49, 72, 82, 164
controlled economy 57–58, 61
corresponded with facts 113
crisis 4, 10, 63, 94, 123, 130–131, 154, 167, 178, 186
cult of ritualized subordination 84
cultivation of persons 139
cultural chauvinism 177
cultural conservatism 5, 13–14, 18, 24, 28, 82–83, 186
cultural elite 8, 149, 162, 166–168, 181–182
cultural ideals 39, 84, 124, 162–163, 181–182, 185
cultural identity 132
cultural nationalism 131–132, 138, 168, 176–177, 181, 186
cultural nationalist 9, 127, 131–132, 137, 148, 150, 172
cultural ruffian 162
cultural values 123
cultural vanguard 87
cultural worker 167–168
culture of partification 108, 110
Dai Duheng 戴杜衡 (1907–1964) 61
decision-making power 37, 70
Declaration of Independence 142
democracy
and Cold War currents 17, 27, 52
and conservatism 22
and national salvation 14–15, 29, 186
and New Confucian manifesto 79, 168, 170, 177
early development in China 1–5
in Chinese liberal tradition 14, 24, 186
relevance to contemporary China 13, 189
Xu Fuguan’s view on 8–10, 149–161, 163, 167–168, 170, 177, 185
Yin Haiguang’s view on 6–7, 10, 26, 36–42, 52, 55–58, 60–62, 83–96, 99–100, 103, 105–107, 110, 120–121, 123–124, 184
Zhang Junmai’s view on 44–50, 63–66, 73, 75, 127–131, 133, 143, 145, 147, 185
Democracy of the Proletariat 153
democratic China 26, 61, 73, 142, 149, 154, 180
democratic enterprises 67, 69, 71
democratic form 71, 81, 153
democratic governance 8, 64, 105
Democratic review (Minzhu pinglun 民主評論) 30, 99, 152, 170, 184
democratic socialism 11, 52–53, 56–57, 61, 63, 66, 153–154
Democratic Socialist Party 70
democratic spirit 9, 92–93, 158,
democratic state-building 29, 42, 51, 66, 127, 180, 186
democratic thought 79, 81, 130, 177
democratic tradition 59, 158, 183
democratization
and Cold War currents 27
and national salvation 26, 29, 48
and New Confucian manifesto 180
and the Third Force 70
early development in China 3
relevance to contemporary China 23, 49–50
Xu Fuguan’s view on 168, 180, 185
Yin Haiguang’s view on 35, 38–40, 53, 83
Zhang Junmai’s view on 42, 48, 127, 141, 187
demonstration 90–91
Department of Central Propaganda 36
Department of Defense 34
Department of Education 111
de-politicization 66
destiny of man 114
determinism 75
dialectical materialism 74, 76, 115–116, 133
dignity of personality 133
Ding Wenjiang 丁文江 (1887–1936) 1–2, 104
direct rights of citizens 145–146
dissident 31, 33, 35, 94, 108, 119, 159, 185
distinction [between right and wrong] through reason 133
disturbance 14, 60, 87, 91, 134
Doctrine of the Mean 5, 140
dogma 93
dogmatism 120
dual character 93
Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 (1865–1936) 43
Eastern miscellany (Dongfang zazhi 東方雜誌) 85
economic ability 58
economic advantage 115
economic equality 53, 56–57, 60–62, 153–154,
economic freedom 58
economic ideals 68, 70
economic inequality 12, 61–62, 66
economic policy 66
economic power 62, 70
economic relations 74
economic self-sufficience 55
economic socialization 53
education 61, 85, 103, 105–106, 108–109, 111
educational function 135
egoism 120
émigré intellectual
and Cold War currents 14, 17, 27, 81–82
and departure from China 1, 25, 183
and national salvation 15, 26–27, 48–49, 183
and the quest for democracy 26–27, 48–49
and Third Force 4, 49
and Xu Fuguan 167
and Yin Haiguang 37, 83
and Zhang Junmai 4, 46, 48, 63, 70, 147
in Chinese liberal tradition 27, 160, 183, 188
relevance to contemporary China 11, 13, 188
émigré liberal 27, 162, 183, 187
Emperor Dezong of Tang 32, 160
Emperor Wu of Liang 32
empiricism 6, 64, 112–113, 121, 125–126
empiricist 10, 104–105, 120, 140
empiricist’s attitude 104–105, 120
emptiness 178
endless exploration 178
Engels, Friedrich (1820–1895) 75
Enlightenment 84, 142–143
equality 53, 56–57, 60–62, 92, 94, 121, 154, 157, 159
equalization of land ownership 53–54
ethics 103, 115, 119–121, 139, 171
eugenics 61
Europe 18, 63–64, 73, 142
European 18, 64, 137, 142–143, 172, 177
exclusive 74, 87, 96, 102
exemplary person 3
existence of the universe 139
experimental 113
external freedom 95
factional relationship 110
Fairbank, John K. (1907–1991) 111, 174–177
false equality 60
Fan Zhongyan 范仲淹 (989–1052) 167
fatherly image 103, 110
feeling of mildness and commiseration or compassion 179
Feigl, Herbert (1902–1988) 104
Feng Congde 封從德 (b. 1966) 13
Feng Dao 馮道 (882–954) 136
Feng Youlan 馮友蘭 (1895–1990) 85, 132, 135–136
feudalism 90
Fichte, Johann G. (1762–1814) 75
Fighting League 44–49, 66–70, 72, 184–186
firm will 133–134
forces of production 115
Ford Foundation 45, 48
formalism 110
four sprouts 139
fraternity 104
Free China (Ziyou Zhongguo 自由中國)
and Chinese liberals 52
and Cold War currents 27, 61–62, 81, 95
and democratic socialism 56–57
and Outside the Party Movement 49
and Yin Haiguang 37–39, 60, 93, 95, 183
and Zhang Junmai 73
crackdown by the Nationalist government 117, 185
criticism of the Nationalist government 39, 41, 88–89, 93, 99, 105, 184
debate with New Confucians 99–100, 162, 187
founding of the magazine 19, 183
free economy 62, 154
free election 63
Free man (Ziyouren 自由人) 100
free will 95, 98
freedom
and Cold War currents 17, 187
and conservatism 89, 129, 186
and democratic socialism 57
and liberals on Taiwan 62
and national salvation 29, 185
and revisionist democracy 4
and the Third Force 66, 69, 71–72
in Chinese liberal tradition 14–15, 17, 19, 25, 185–186
national reconstruction 1–2
relevance to contemporary China 49, 188
Tang Junyi’s view on 158
Xu Fuguan’s view on 9–10, 151, 154–156, 160, 164, 184
Yin Haiguang’s view on 7, 20, 37–38, 41, 53, 58–60, 84–87, 89, 91–98, 123–124, 183
Zhang Junmai’s view on 2–3, 20, 44, 63–64, 73, 129–130, 135, 145
freedom of assembly 156
freedom of dexing and zhixing  151
freedom of speech 3, 20, 41, 63, 155–156, 160
freedom of the state 96–98
freedom of the will 85
French Revolution 92
Fu Sinian 傅斯年 (1896–1950) 2, 37
Fudan University 90
fundamental constituent 143
Gao Changshou 高昌壽 (dates unknown) 57
generality 113
Germany 73, 98
Gibbon, Edward (1737–1794) 74
governing people 24
grand duty of loving the nation 134
grassroots culture 163–166
great commonwealth 148
Great Leap Forward 117
Great learning (daxue 大學) 139
great man 136
Gu Mengyu 顧孟餘 (1888–1972) 44, 47
Guangdong 47, 67
guerrilla 46
Guomindang Central Standing Committee 46
Hayek, Friedrich A. (1899–1992) 7, 16, 51–52, 59–62
He Lin 賀麟 (1902–1992) 23, 169
heart of self-confidence 134
helmsman of Chinese liberalism 125
Henan 68
Henle, Paul 85
hierarchy 163
high-level tradition 165–166, 168
historical determinism 75
historical materialism 65
Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945) 98
Hong Kong
and Chinese intellectuals 1, 21, 25–26, 29
and Chinese liberal tradition 82
and Cold War currents 81, 187–188
and debate between New Confucians and liberals 100, 162
and moderate socialists 70, 72,
and national salvation 29, 52, 68
and New Confucian manifesto 78–79, 170, 173
and Taiwan 83
and Tang Junyi 173
and Third Force 184
and Xu Fuguan 30, 162
and Yin Haiguang 37
and Zhang Junmai 4, 11, 42, 44–50, 184
relevance to contemporary China 50
Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China 50
Hongmen 46
Hook, Sidney (1902–1989) 75
Hu Qiuyuan 胡秋原 (1910–2004) 111
Hu Shi 胡適 (1891–1962) 1–2, 10, 37, 46, 61, 99, 101, 104, 114, 117
Huang Zongxi 黃宗羲 (1610–1695) 24, 130
human happiness 65
human life 121, 124
human nature 8–9, 77–78, 87, 100, 118, 139–140, 151, 156, 163, 166
human rights 1–3, 9, 19–21, 24, 40–41, 64–66, 71, 73, 95, 151–152, 156–157
human society 115
humaneness 139
humanism 104, 121
human-rights economy 71
ideological offensive 77
ideological strand 14, 18, 148, 150
ideology 5, 21, 76, 91
immovable as a mountain 134
impediment 26, 83, 87–88, 102, 125, 129, 186
imperialism 14, 90
imported innovation 110
inalienable rights 64
inborn qualities 62
independent personalities 20
individual
and Chinese liberal tradition 18–19, 28
and New Confucian manifesto 81, 173, 179
Luo Longji’s view on 21
Xu Fuguan’s view on 31, 152, 156, 158–159
Yin Haiguang’s view on 20, 59, 94, 97, 123
Zhang Junmai’s view on 20, 64, 76, 129–131, 134, 143–144, 147, 187
individual freedom 2, 19–20, 71, 73, 92, 97–98, 124, 129, 156, 186–187,
individualism 19, 63–64, 92
individualist 18
individuality 76, 93, 96–97, 157–158, 178
individual-society-state relationship 131, 143, 147, 149, 187
innate inequality 61
inner content of reason 158
institution of ceding the throne to the wise young 81
insurrection 91
integration
and Chinese intellectuals 169
and Chinese liberal tradition 28, 49, 187–188
and New Confucian manifesto 149, 169
and Three Prnciples of the People 56
Xu Fuguan’s view on 9, 149, 160, 187–188
Yin Haiguang’s view on 84, 100, 117, 120–121, 125–126, 140, 147, 187–188
Zhang Junmai’s view on 4, 8, 128, 138–139, 143–144, 147, 149, 187–188
integration of Eastern and Western ethics 120
integrity 75, 80, 111, 133, 167
intellectual
and Chinese liberal tradition 13, 83, 183–187
and Cold War currents 15–17, 27, 51, 62, 81–82, 187
and conflict with the Guomindang 99
and conservatism 22–24, 161, 169, 177
and debate between New Confucians and liberals 10, 99–100, 111,
and departure from China 1–3, 83
and liberalism 18–20, 52
and moderate socialism 20–22, 63
and national salvation 14–15, 26–27, 29, 48–49, 83, 128, 167, 183, 185
and New Confucian manifesto 80, 178
and relevance to contemporary China 11–13, 49–50, 188–189
and Xu Fuguan 8, 25, 149–151, 156, 162–163, 167, 181–182
and Yin Haiguang 6, 25, 37, 57, 83, 112, 117–118, 120–125, 181–182
and Zhang Junmai 4–6, 45–46, 48, 63, 69–70, 128–137, 147–148, 181–182
intellectual [human] nature 151
intellectual legacy 95
intellectual resources 5, 130–131, 150
intellectual resources of liberty 130–131, 150
intellectual tradition 13, 17, 24, 80, 186, 189
intelligence 4, 14, 30, 46, 48, 61, 124, 134
interactive triad 17, 82
internal freedom 95
international obligation 98
international stability 98
inward composure 119
Italy 98
Japan 42, 46–47, 55–56, 63, 69
Japanese invasion 5, 54, 63, 68
Jesus Christ (4 BC–c. AD 33) 75, 134
Jiaotong University 90
Jin Yuelin 金嶽霖 (1895–1984) 85, 100
Ju Zheng 居正 (1875–1951) 109
judiciary of party doctrines 109
judiciary of party members 109
June Fourth Massacre 50
Kang Youwei 康有為 (1858–1927) 161, 188
keeping states in order 139
keeping the world at peace 139
Kerensky, Alexander (1881–1970) 65
Khrushchev, Nikita (1894–1971) 77
kindness 121, 180
knowledge 16, 104, 112, 114, 121, 124, 130, 137–138, 141, 158, 163, 167–168
Korean War 39, 98
Kramers, Robert P. (1920–2002) 170
Labor Party 61, 153
laissez-faire liberalism 18–19, 57, 105, 144
Laski, Harold J. (1893–1950) 19
learning of the mind and the nature 171
Lei Zhen 雷震 (1897–1979) 19, 37–41, 49, 95, 101, 117
Lenin, Vladimir (1870–1924) 17, 64–65, 74
Li Daming 李大明 (1904–61) 46
Li Weichen 李微塵 (1903–77) 47
Li Xingwu 李省吾 (date unknown) 94
Liang Qichao 梁啟超 (1873–1929) 1, 19, 42–43, 161, 169, 177, 188
Liang Shuming 梁漱溟 (1893–1988) 3, 15, 68, 161, 169, 177
liberal Confucian 9, 130–131
liberal democracy 14, 22, 24, 96, 110, 127, 131, 156, 158–159
liberal democratic values 26, 131, 150, 155, 186
liberal education 85
liberal-minded 52
liberal-scientific 26, 140, 187
liberal tradition 6, 13–14, 20–21, 24–25, 27, 82, 150, 160, 169, 183, 186–189
liberalism
and Chinese liberal tradition 13, 28, 83, 186
and Cold War currents 15–17, 27, 57, 61, 69, 82
and conservatism 24, 129–130
and debate between New Confucians and liberals 100, 102
and history in China 18–20
and moderate socialism 21
and relevance to contemporary China 11
Xu Fuguan’s view on 8–10, 150–151
Yin Haiguang’s view on 6, 8, 57, 61, 92–93, 96, 125
Zhang Junmai’s view on 69, 132
Lin Juemin 林覺民 (1887–1911) 106
Literary Battle between Chinese and Western Culture 122
literary inquisition 170
living nation 172–173
Locke, John (1632–1704) 64
logic 85, 104, 113–114, 119, 126
logical empiricism 6, 112, 121, 125–126
logical empiricist 10
logical studies 85, 104, 113
lone fellow 32
lone king 33
love of the state 107
low-level tradition 164–166, 168
Lu Zhi 陸贄 (754–805) 160
Luo Hongzhao 羅鴻詔 (1897–1956) 101
Luo Longji 羅隆基 (1898–1965) 2–3, 15, 19, 21, 43, 132n.27
Luo Mengce 羅夢冊 (1906–1991) 70–71
MacIver, Robert M. (1882–1970) 123
mainland China 12, 134
Manchu 110
mandate of heaven 79
man-eating 115
Manifesto of the Revolutionary Alliance 53
Mao Zedong 毛澤東 (1893–1976) 90, 159, 174–175
Marshall, George C. (1880–1959) 45
martyrdom 133–134, 137
Marx, Karl (1818–1883) 65, 74, 76, 116, 144
Marxism 12, 25, 54, 63–64, 74, 76–77, 112, 115–117, 125, 136, 148, 186, 188
Marxism-Leninism 90
Marxist 12, 54, 75–76, 91, 103, 115–116
mass line 135
materialist 74–76, 115–116, 172, 177
May Fourth iconoclasm 7
May Fourth Movement 26, 84–89
May Fourth Spirit 83–88, 100, 102, 125, 129, 186
Mei Yunli 梅蘊理 100
Mencius 87, 120, 133, 139n.57, 140–143
metabolic replacement 100, 103
metabolism 121
metaphysical 95, 103–104, 112, 114–116, 152
metaphysical foundation of logic 104
metaphysics 14, 104, 113–115
method of defining and classification 146
methodology 85, 113–114, 120, 145
middle of the road policy 175–176
middle parties 90
mind 9, 16, 74–76, 88, 92, 95, 103, 133–134, 138–139, 148, 171–172, 174, 178
Ming dynasty 128
minority rights 64
misconception 98, 169–170, 186
mixing different schools 140
mode of production 65, 75
model of Sino-Western cultural integration 138, 160
moderate socialism
and Chinese liberal tradition 13–14, 18, 20–21, 24, 25, 28, 83
and Cold War currents 27, 187–188
and conservatism 25
Yin Haiguang’s view on 8, 52, 57, 61–62
Zhang Junmai’s view on 4–5, 70, 73–74, 81–82, 147
modern democracy 8, 100, 147, 152, 155, 159–160
modernity 8, 57
modernization
and Cold War currents 27
and conservatism 22
and New Confucian manifesto 171–173, 180
and relevance to contemporary China 12
and the Guomindang 108
Liang Shuming’s view on 3
Xu Fuguan’s view on 9, 181
Yin Haiguang’s view on 6, 26, 87–88, 104
Zhang Junmai’s view on 127–128, 131–132, 137–138, 140–141, 143, 147–148, 187
Mongol 75, 134
monist 102
monopoly 41, 66
monumental simplicity 116
moral [human] nature 151
moral innovator 131–132, 148
morality 8, 10, 63, 80, 123–124, 137–138, 141, 143–144, 148, 152, 171
Mou Zongsan 牟宗三 (1909–1995) 8, 77–78, 100–101, 132, 137, 152, 157, 161, 168–169, 186
multiparty competition 64
Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945) 98
Mutai Risaku 務台理作 (1890–1974) 165
myth of rule by virtue 174–175
Nanjing 36, 68, 108–109
National Assembly 43
national bourgeoisie 90
national defence 55
National Defence Council 33
National Economic Committee 72
national independence 5, 66, 93
National Qinghua University 35, 85
national reconstruction 5, 66, 127–128, 147, 154
national renaissance 5, 133
National renaissance (Zaisheng 再生) 133
nation-saving 83
national salvation 1, 7, 26–27, 29, 39, 42, 48, 51–52, 68, 83, 132
national scale 59–60
national self-sufficiency 69
National Southwestern Associated University 35, 75
National Taiwan University 37, 110, 117
national will 128
nationalism 56, 131–132, 138, 168, 176–177, 181, 186
Nationalist government
and freedom 2
and John K. Fairbank 175
and moderate socialists 72
and national salvation 15, 29
and New Confucian manifesto 173
and Tprinciple of the People’s Livelihood 54
Xu Fuguan’s view on 31, 33–35, 154, 184
Yin Haiguang’s view on 36–38, 40, 55, 86, 88–89, 93, 95, 98–99, 108, 110, 125, 184, 186
Zhang Junmai’s view on 4, 43–46, 48, 68, 185
Nationalist regime 38, 83, 111, 154
nationalization 54, 66, 72n.119
natural rights 142
naturalism 104, 172
nature of dual protagonists 152, 155
Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889–1964) 77
Neo-Confucian 23, 130, 138
Neoliberal 12, 13
New Asia College 70
New Confucian
and Chinese liberal tradition 24
and Cold War currents 27, 52, 76, 78, 81, 187
and conservatism 23
and cultural nationalism 132, 187
and debate with liberals 100–102, 125, 162
and New Confucian manifesto 78–81, 137, 150, 168–182
and relevance to contemporary China 11–13, 161
and rule of virtue 158–160
and Western democracy 157–158
contribution to the development of Confucianism 8, 161
Xu Fuguan’s view on 25, 162
Yin Haiguang’s view on 87–88, 99, 102–104
Yu Yingshi’s view on 146
Zhang Junmai’s view on 5, 25, 130–131, 135
New Confucianism 23–24, 30, 102, 146, 168
New Democracy 90–91, 153
New Left 12, 13
new system of slavery 60
New Youth (Xin qingnian 新青年) 84
New Zealand 61
non-absolute 113
non-action 81, 159
non-democratic political organization 98
non-Marxist 183
objectivized 155
obstinacy 33, 120
official 4, 33, 38, 45, 80, 99, 106, 109–110, 133, 136, 144–146, 155
official historiographer 80
old possession 142, 155
omniscient 102
one-party dictatorship 36, 63
opportunity 21, 41, 52, 56, 60, 111, 184
organization 29, 41, 45, 47, 69–70, 97–98, 109, 185
Oriental thought 177–178
Orwell, George (1903–1950) 17, 58
Outside the Party Movement 49
outward extension of reason 157
parent-officials 106
parliament 64, 70, 144–145, 152, 155
parliamentary democracy 73, 160
parliamentary election 61
partification 108–110
partify the judiciary 109
party platform 54
past and the present existing together 165
peaceful coexistence 77
Peking University 2
people of action 122–123
people of ideas 122–123
People’s Political Council 43
perseverance 178
Persia 172
person of unyielding character 133
personality 33–34, 47, 61, 92, 100, 122, 133
petty bourgeoisie 90
phenomenal world 139
phenomenon and substance 139
philosophy
Confucian 8
and New Confucian manifesto 137, 140, 171, 178
and Xu Fuguan 149, 156, 161
and Yin Haiguang 35–37, 58, 60, 85, 89n.29, 112–115, 126
and Zhang Junmai 74, 130, 135–136, 147
physical strength 61, 143
planned economy 58, 61–62, 66, 70, 72, 105
planned education 106
political agitator 111
Political Consultative Conference 43
political content 153–154
political democracy 56, 58, 60–62, 153n.12
political democratization 53
political figures 155
political form 153–154, 157
Political Information Society 42
political institution 63, 130
political meaning 61
political philosophy 60, 89n.29, 115, 156, 161
political platform 36, 73, 153
political power 16, 62, 152, 154–155, 159
political strategies 132
political structure 115
political system 12, 24, 80, 96, 115, 130–131, 145, 147, 150, 152
politics
and Cold War currents 17
and liberalism 18
and moderate socialism 21
and New Confucian manifesto 173
and relevance to contemporary China 13
Lei Zhen’s view on 40
Mao Zedong’s view on 90
Xu Fuguan’s view on 151–152, 155, 167–168
Yin Haiguang’s view on 33, 35, 40, 96, 103, 107
Zhang Junmai’s view on 2, 42, 49, 74, 129–130, 144, 146
Zhang Qiyun’s view on 105
Popper, Karl R. (1902–1994) 7, 16–17, 51–52, 58–60, 62, 124, 187
positivist discourse 126
posteriori  116
posthumous title 80
post-May-Fourthian 84
power holders 62, 88
principle of [being] people-based 152
Principle of the People’s Livelihood 53–56
priori 116
private business 66, 70
private enterprises 73, 105, 154, 186
private ownership 18, 66, 186
private property 66
progressive 54, 162–164
progressive culture 162
proletarian dictatorship 65, 144
proletariat 63, 73, 90, 153
property ownership 66
propriety 139
protagonist of politics 152, 155
protest 47, 90–91
Putai Island 46
putting the laws in order 24
Qian Mu 錢穆 (1895–1990) 76, 99, 145–147
Qing government 110
quantitative 113
rationalism 92, 142–143, 172
rationality 20, 63, 138–139, 142, 144
reason 75, 133, 143, 152, 157–158, 178
reconciliation 127, 140, 154
Red Scare 16
regularity 74, 164
regulation of families 139
relations of production 63, 74, 115
religion 41, 74, 87, 94, 115, 120, 129, 142, 165, 170–171
religious spirit 171
representative democracy 152, 154–155
representative government 160
Republic of China 2, 6, 44–45, 105, 107, 176
Republican China 17, 82
Republican era
and Chinese liberal tradition 13, 17, 21, 24, 27, 183, 186, 188
and Cold War currents 82
and liberalism 19
and moderate socialism 20, 57
and national salvation 14
and New Confucian manifesto 169, 174, 177
and relevance to contemporary China 189
and Third Force 45
and Yin Haiguang 83, 89
and Zhang Junmai 4, 128, 132, 184
Reconstruction of Chinese nation 1
respect for renxing 159
restorationist 88, 162
revisionist democracy 4
revolution 15, 18, 63, 65, 76, 90, 92, 105, 129, 134, 177
revolutionary change 22
revolutionary education 106
revolutionary-democratic party 36
revolutionism 93
right to vote 41, 65
righteousness 120–121, 134, 139
rights-and-duties-based democracy 149
role model for intellectuals 120
Roman Empire 74
rule by non-action 81
rule of law 2, 8, 13, 18, 63, 127, 141, 146, 156, 160
rule of rites 3
rule of the great unity 3
rule of virtue 8, 26, 131, 142, 157, 160, 175
rural reforms 68
Russell, Bertrand (1872–1970) 7, 85, 121
Russia 38, 63, 65, 74, 77, 91, 98
sage-worshipping 102
San Francisco 46, 127
sceptical 24, 102, 113
School for the Study of Many Languages 42
science
and conservatism 23
and liberals 52
and New Confucian manifesto 171, 176, 178
and the Guomindang 108–109
science versus metaphysics controversy 14
Xu Fuguan’s view on 20
Yin Haiguang’s view on 26, 84–85, 88–89, 92, 100, 103–104, 110, 112–117, 119–121, 123, 126, 186
Zhang Junmai’s view on 75
science versus metaphysics controversy/debate 14, 104, 115
scientific
and New Confucian manifesto 173–174, 176
innovation 2
method 17
Yin Haiguang’s view on 26, 84–85, 88, 102–104, 112–117, 120–121, 124–126, 147, 181, 186–187
Zhang Junmai’s view on 75, 140–141
scientific humanism 121
scientific knowledge 112, 114, 124
scientific laws 75
scientific model of cultural integration 147
scientific principles 103–104, 113, 117, 181
scientific values 84, 126
Second World War 16, 77, 90
seeds of democratic thought 79, 81, 130
seeking compromise 140
self-consciousness 74, 149, 158–160, 163–166
self-consciousness of high-level tradition 166
self-consciousness of the individual 158
self-criticism 100, 135–136
self-emancipation 84
self-exile 1, 183
self-exiled 3
self-interest 120–121
self-reflection 139
self-sufficiency 22, 67, 69
sense of anxiety over future uncertainties 166
sense of duty 141
sense of loss 121, 123
sense of responsibility 141, 166
sense of security 178
Shanghai 42, 90
Shen Junru 沈鈞儒 (1875–1963) 15
Shi Fuliang 施復亮 (1899–1970) 15
Shun 81, 159
simple certainty 116
Sino-Japanese War 4, 21, 30–31, 35, 43, 54, 68, 173–174
Sinologist 168, 170, 172
Sinology 171
slaves 60
social class 54, 65–66, 92
social contract 156–158
social engineering 59, 124, 187
social justice 20, 73, 145
social order 18, 88, 103, 144
social standing 102
social welfare system 66, 105
socialism
and Chinese liberal tradition 13–14, 18, 24, 28, 83, 186
and Cold War currents 17, 27, 57–58, 62, 81–82, 187
and liberalism 8
and moderate wing 20–21, 56–57, 63
and relevance to contemporary China 11
and the middle parties 90
Xu Fuguan’s view on 153–154
Yin Haiguang’s view on 6, 52–53, 58–61, 81, 187
Zhang Junmai’s view on 4–5, 21, 25, 65–66, 69–70, 73–74, 81, 143, 145, 147–148, 188
socialist heaven 115
socialist state 2, 21, 43, 61–62, 69, 148
socialist system 60, 70
societal identity 130
Socrates (470 BC–399 BC) 75
solitary one 32–33
son of May Fourth 84
Song dynasty 128
Song of the Upright Spirit 133
Song-Ming Confucianism 172
source of political power 152, 155
Soviet Communist Party 77
Soviet Union 63, 65–66, 73–74, 77, 93, 106, 115, 135, 188
spirit of “appreciating what is at the present moment” 177
spirit of freedom 151
spirit of liberalism 151
spirit of martyrdom 133–134, 137
spirit of objectivity 120
spirit of the mind 178
spiritual condition of liberal life 156
spiritual freedom 129–130
spiritual life 118, 171, 179
spiritual state 119
St. John’s University 90
Stalin, Joseph (1878–1953) 17, 77, 98
state capitalism 55–56
state planning 66
state-building 22, 29, 42, 51, 66, 68–69, 81, 127–128, 132, 139, 147, 162, 180, 186–187
state-owned corporations/enterprises 72, 105
Stuart, John Leighton (1876–1962) 45
student spies 87, 91
Sun Baoyi 孫寶毅 (dates unknown) 70
Sun Yat-sen 孫逸仙 (1866–1925) 36, 38, 53–54, 56–57, 105, 107, 183
superstructure 74, 115
suppression 62, 94, 159
supreme god 172
supreme power 94, 110
synthesis 5, 25, 116
system of democratic centralism 36
system of state chancellorship 80
Taiping Rebellion 110
Taiwan
and Chinese liberal tradition 82
and Cold War currents 57, 81–82
and democracy 15
and Hong Kong 49–50
and liberals 19
and national salvation 15, 26–27, 29–50
and New Confucian manifesto 78–79
and relevance to contemporary China 23–24, 49–50
arrival of Chinese intellectuals 1, 21, 25–26, 52
Weng Qingping’s view on 72
Xu Fuguan’s view on 8–10, 25, 30–35
Yin Haiguang’s view on 6, 35–42, 57, 60–61
Zhang Junmai’s view on 4, 11, 25, 42–48
Taiwan Strait 24, 39, 98, 168
Talmon, J.L. (1916–1980) 58, 96
Tan Hu 譚護 (date unknown) 46
Tang Junyi 唐君毅 (1909–1978)
and Xu Fuguan 8
and debate with liberals 101, 103
and New Confucian manifesto 78–79, 137, 168–170, 173–174, 182, 186
criticism of Hu Shi 99
view on democracy 152, 157–158, 160–161
Tao Xisheng 陶希聖 (1899–1988) 35
Taoism 125, 180
technology 92, 124, 141, 176
Temporary Provisions 31, 36, 38, 43
testimony 173–174
the self 113, 118, 156
theory of heavenly principles 142
theory of human nature (renxinglun) 8
theory of the virtuous nature 139
thesis 55, 116
thinking and the function of mind 138
Third Force 4, 42–47, 49, 128, 184–185
Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) 142–143
Thorez, Maurice (1900–1964) 63
thoughts of possession 179
Three Principles of the People 36, 53–54, 56, 89, 93–94, 109, 183
Tianjin 91
tolerance 38, 76, 93–94
Tong Guanxian 童冠賢 (1894–1981) 44
Tongji University 90
totalitarian democracy 96
totalitarianism 16–17, 38, 57–58, 89, 93–97, 108, 174, 177
tradition
and Chinese liberal tradition 13–14, 17, 20–21, 25–27, 35, 183, 186–189
and Cold War currents 14, 77–78
and conservatism 22–25
and liberalism 19–20
and moderate socialism 20, 57, 59
and national salvation 14
and New Confucian manifesto 79–82, 173–176, 186
and relevance to contemporary China 176
relationship with modern values 3
Xu Fuguan’s view on 8–11, 149–150, 155, 158, 160–169, 182
Yin Haiguang’s view on 6–7, 86–89, 99–105, 107–108, 110–111, 117, 119–121, 125–126
Zhang Junmai’s view on 73, 127–131, 137–139, 145, 148
traditionalism 102, 186
traditionalist 10–11, 52, 102, 110–111
tragic sense of insecurity 123
Training Institute for Judges 109
transcendental existence 113
transformation 10, 130
united front 43, 77
United States
and Chinese intellectuals 29
and John K. Fairbank 174–176
and Korean War 39
and middle parties 90
and New Confucian manifesto 173–176
and Red Scare 16
and Tang Junyi 79n.151, 169
and the Soviet Union 77
and Xu Fuguan 159
and Yin Haiguang 7, 38
and Yu Yingshi 1
and Zhang Junmai 21, 25, 45–48, 69, 83, 127, 134, 142, 169–170
United States Office of Strategic Services 174–175
unity
and Free China 39
and liberalism 18
and New Confucian manifesto 150, 168, 171, 177, 180, 186
the rule of great unity 3
Xu Fuguan’s view on 34, 159, 164–165
Zhang Junmai’s view on 26, 48, 127–128, 131, 138, 141–144, 147, 149, 187
Zhang Qiyun’s view on 105
unity of knowledge and action 138, 141
unity of knowledge and morality 141
unity of virtue and law 26, 127, 131, 142–144, 147, 149
universal 18, 49, 113, 180
universal characteristics of human nature 139
universal values of humankind 124
universalist 18
University of Nanking 36
unlimited pursuit 178
unscientific 16, 102–103, 112, 116, 186
upper-class culture 163, 165–166
upright citizen 20
utopian 16–17, 51–52, 57, 59, 89, 124, 187
value judgment 114, 163
value standard 63
value system 96, 115
value-free 113
vast flowing energy 133
village compact 3
virtue
rule of virtue 8, 26, 142, 157, 160, 174–175
unity of virtue and law 26, 143–144, 147, 149
Xu Fuguan’s view on 32, 155, 157, 159–160, 175
Yin Haiguang’s view on 117, 120, 126, 147
Zhang Junmai’s view on 26, 74, 127, 131, 139, 141–144, 147, 187
virtues of a ruler 32, 155
vital force 139
vitality 10, 130–131, 150
Voice of China (Zhongguo zhi sheng 中國之聲) 47
Wang Dan 王丹 (b. 1969) 13
Wang Juntao 王軍濤 (b. 1958) 13
Wang Shijie 王世杰 (1891–1981) 111
Wang Yangming 王陽明 (1472–1529) 128, 138, 141
Wang Yuxiu 王聿修 (dates unknown) 62
warlord 90
Waseda University 42
Washington, George (1732– 1799) 171
Washington D.C. 45
way of a ruler 155
way of an official 155
Wen Tianxiang 文天祥 (1236–1283) 75, 133–134
Weng Qingping 翁青萍 (1902–1951) 72
West German socialist 73–74
Western civilization 3, 73, 92, 161
Western culture 100–101, 110–111, 141, 171, 176–179
Western philosophy 140
Westernized liberal 10, 130
Westernized liberalism 10, 130
whole world becoming a commonwealth 81
whole world is a single family 180
will to power 179
wisdom of being curvilinear and spiritual 178
wisdom of how to make culture long-standing 179
world culture 63, 78–79, 101, 160
World daily (Shijie ribao 世界日報) 127
world progress 20
world unity 150, 168, 177
Wu Minxiong 伍民雄 (date unknown) 118
Wuhan 68
Xiao Gongquan 蕭公權 (K.C. Hsiao, 1897–1981) 147
Xiong Shili 熊十力 (1885–1968) 3, 30, 149, 161, 169
Xishui 30
Xu Fuguan 徐復觀 (1903–1982)
and Confucianism 8–9, 24, 26–27, 187
and New Confucian manifesto 78, 137
and relationship with Chiang Kai-shek 8, 184
and relationship with Yin Haiguang and liberals 83, 87, 99, 101, 117–118, 125–126
and Zhang Junmai 131, 142, 147, 185
Chinese liberal tradition 13–14, 20, 186
Cold War currents 77–78, 183
Confucian ideals 149–182
life in Taiwan 25
national salvation 15
national salvation 29–35, 48, 183
quest for Chinese democracy 3, 26–27, 48
relevance to contemporary China 11, 188
Xu Gaoruan 徐高阮 (1911–1969) 111
Xunzi 荀子 (c. 310 BC–c. 235 BC) 140
Yan Fu 嚴復 (1854–1921) 1, 19, 37, 188
Yao 81, 159
Yin Haiguang 殷海光 (1919–1969)
and economic quality 153
and his model of a democratic China 26, 83–126, 147, 149
and liberalism 19–20
anti-traditionalism 7
appreciation of Confucian values 117–124, 187
Chinrese liberal tradition 13–14, 25, 186
Cold War currents 6, 27, 51–62, 187
debates with New Confucians 9
departure from China 3
national salvation 15, 29, 35–42, 48–49, 183–185
relationship with Xu Fuguan 162
relevance to contemporary China 11, 188
rule of law 8
Yu Yingshi 余英時 (b. 1930) 1, 146–147, 188–189
Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 (1859–1916) 42, 159
Zeng Xubai 曾虛白 (dates unknown) 56–57
Zhang Dongsun 張東蓀 (1886–1973) 2, 43, 132n.27
Zhang Fakui 張發奎 (1896–1980) 44–47
Zhang Foquan 張佛泉 (1907–1994) 2, 19, 95, 101
Zhang Guotao 張國燾 (1897–1979) 47
Zhang Jian 張謇 (1853–1926) 161
Zhang Junmai 張君勱 (Carsun Chang, 1887–1969)
and Chinese liberal tradition 13–14, 25, 125–126, 186
and Cold War currents 27, 187–189
and Confucianism 8, 186–1878
and his model of a democratic China 128–148, 160, 181–182
and liberalism 20
and moderate socialism 2–5, 20–21, 26, 63–76, 81, 153–155, 186
and national salvation 15, 29, 42–49, 83, 183–184
and New Confucian manifesto 78, 168–173, 182
and relationship with Xu Fuguan 149
and relevance to contemporary China 11, 21
and Third Force 4, 44–50, 185
Zhang Qian 張騫 (164 BC–114 BC) 74
Zhang Qiyun 張其昀 (1901–1985) 105, 111
Zhang Shenfu 張申府 (1893–1986) 85
Zhang Shizhao 章士釗 (1881–1973) 169
Zhou Dewei 周德偉 (1902–1986) 51, 62
Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130–1200) 139
Zi Youren 資友仁 56

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Chinese Émigré Intellectuals and Their Quest for Liberal Values in the Cold War, 1949–1969

丛编： Ideas, History, and Modern China, 卷： 25
Cover Chinese Émigré Intellectuals and Their Quest for Liberal Values in the Cold War, 1949–1969
ISBN:
9789004466043
出版社:
Brill
印刷出版日期:
04 Oct 2021
  • Subjects
    • Asian Studies
      • East Asia
      • China
    • History
      • Modern History
      • Intellectual History
      • Chinese History
Front Matter
Preliminary Material
Copyright page
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Introduction China Rescue, Democratization, and the Émigré Schools of Thought in the Cold War Era
Chapter 1 Saving China from Communism and Fighting for Democracy: Prioritizing the Two Tasks
Chapter 2 The Influence of Cold War Currents on Chinese Émigré Intellectuals
Chapter 3 In Search of a Liberal-Scientific Modern China: The Case of Yin Haiguang
Chapter 4 Balancing Tradition and Modernity: The Case of Zhang Junmai
Chapter 5 Confucian Ideals for the Chinese Nation with a Liberal Tendency: The Case of Xu Fuguan
General Conclusion
Back Matter
Selected Bibliography
Index

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