Transliteration Tables
1 Hebrew and Aramaic
Consonants
|
l |
â®×â¬â |
ʾ |
â®×â¬â |
|
m |
â®×â¬â |
b |
â®ï¬±â¬â |
|
n |
â®× â¬â |
Ḡ|
â®×â¬â |
|
s |
â®×¡â¬â |
g |
â®×â¬â/â®ï¬²â¬â |
|
Ê¿ |
â®×¢â¬â |
d |
â®×â¬â/â®ï¬³â¬â |
|
p |
â®ïâ¬â |
h |
â®×â¬â |
|
f |
â®×¤â¬â |
v |
â®×â¬â |
|
á¹£ |
â®×¦â¬â |
z |
â®×â¬â |
|
q |
â®×§â¬â |
ḥ |
â®×â¬â |
|
r |
â®×¨â¬â |
á¹ |
â®×â¬â |
|
Å |
â®ï¬«â¬â |
y |
â®×â¬â |
|
sh |
â®ï¬ªâ¬â |
k |
â®ï¬»â¬â |
|
t |
â®×ªâ¬â/â®ïâ¬â |
kh |
â®×â¬â |
-
The sign ʾ is omitted when initial (e.g., Ä«sh for â®×Ö´×שׁâ¬â).
-
The doubling of letters prefixed by the definite article and in biblical âvayyiqtolâ forms is generally not indicated (e.g., ha-kÄtÅ«á¸, not hak-kÄtÅ«á¸; va-yÅʾmer, not vay-yÅʾmer).
Vowels
|
Ä |
â®âÖ¸×â¬â/â®âÖ¸â¬â (gÄdÅl) |
a |
â®âÖ·â¬â (furtive: ä) |
Ä |
â®âÖ²â¬â |
|
Ä |
â®âÖµ×â¬â/â®âÖµ×â¬â/â®âÖµâ¬â |
e |
â®âÖ¶×â¬â/â®âÖ¶×â¬â/â®âÖ¶â¬â |
Ä |
â®âÖ±â¬â/â®âÖ°â¬â (vocal) |
|
Ä« |
â®âÖ´×â¬â |
i |
â®âÖ´â¬â |
Å |
â®âÖ³â¬â |
|
Å |
â®â××â¬â/â®×Ö¹â¬â/â®â×â¬â |
o |
â®âÖ¸â¬â (qÄá¹Än/ḥÄá¹Å«f) |
||
|
Å« |
â®ï¬µâ¬â |
u |
â®âÖ»â¬â |
-
The signs Ä« and Å« are also generally used in cases of scriptio defectiva (e.g., nÄá¸Ä«Ê¾ for â®× Ö¸×Ö´×â¬â [= â®× Ö¸×Ö´××â¬â] and qÅ«m for â®Ö»×§×â¬â [= â®×§ï¬µ×â¬â]).
2 Arabic and Judaeo-Arabic
Consonants
|
q |
â®×§â¬â/â®Ùâ¬â |
z |
â®×â¬â/â®Ø²â¬â |
ʾ |
â®×â¬â/â®Ø¡â¬â/â®Ø§â¬â |
|
k |
â®×â¬â/â®Ùâ¬â |
s |
â®×¡â¬â/â®Ø³â¬â |
b |
â®×â¬â/â®Ø¨â¬â |
|
l |
â®×â¬â/â®Ùâ¬â |
sh |
â®×©â¬â/â®Ø´â¬â |
t |
â®×ªâ¬â/â®Øªâ¬â |
|
m |
â®×â¬â/â®Ù â¬â |
á¹£ |
â®×¦â¬â/â®Øµâ¬â |
th |
â®×ªÌâ¬â/â®Ø«â¬â |
|
n |
â®× â¬â/â®Ùâ¬â |
Ḡ|
â®×¦Ìâ¬â/â®Ø¶â¬â |
j |
â®×Ìâ¬â/â®Ø¬â¬â |
|
h |
â®×â¬â/â®Ùâ¬â |
á¹ |
â®×â¬â/â®Ø·â¬â |
ḥ |
â®×â¬â/â®Øâ¬â |
|
w |
â®×â¬â/â®Ùâ¬â |
Ạ|
â®×Ìâ¬â/â®Ø¸â¬â |
kh |
â®×Ìâ¬â/â®Ø®â¬â |
|
y |
â®×â¬â/â®Ùâ¬â |
Ê¿ |
â®×¢â¬â/â®Ø¹â¬â |
d |
â®×â¬â/â®Ø¯â¬â |
|
gh |
â®×â¬â/â®Øºâ¬â |
dh |
â®×Ìâ¬â/â®Ø°â¬â |
||
|
a/at |
â®×Ìâ¬â/â®âÙØ©â¬â |
f |
â®×¤â¬â/â®Ùâ¬â |
r |
â®×¨â¬â/â®Ø±â¬â |
| â |
The sign ʾ is omitted when initial and followed by a vowel (i.e., without waá¹£la; thus: iqtidÄr for â®Ø§Ùتدارâ¬â, yet ḥasaba ʾqtidÄr for â®Øسب Ù±Ùتدارâ¬â), as well as when final in plural verbs (i.e., when functioning as al-alif al-fÄá¹£ila; thus: yaÊ¿malÅ« rather than yaÊ¿malūʾ). |
| â |
â®ÙØ©â¬â is represented by at when in construct or when the following word begins with alif (e.g., al-qiṣṣat al-Å«lÄ for â®Ø§ÙÙصÙØ© اÙØ£ÙÙÙâ¬â). |
Vowels
|
a |
â®âÙâ¬â |
Ä |
â®âÙاâ¬â (and â®Ùâ¬â maqṣūra) |
|
i |
â®âÙâ¬â |
Ä« |
â®âÙÙâ¬â (and final â®âÙÙÙâ¬â; yet non-final: iyy) |
|
u |
â®âÙâ¬â |
Å« |
â®âÙÙâ¬â (and final â®âÙÙÙâ¬â; yet non-final: uww) |
-
Before alif al-waá¹£l the vowels â®âÙاâ¬â, â®âÙÙâ¬â, and â®âÙÙâ¬â are respectively represented by a, i, and u (thus: Ê¿alayhuma ʾl-salÄm for â®Ø¹ÙÙÙ٠ا Ù±ÙسÙا٠â¬â, fi ʾl-kalÄm for â®ÙÙ Ù±ÙÙÙا٠â¬â, and abu ʾl-kadhib for â®Ø§Ø¨Ù Ù±ÙÙذبâ¬â).
-
TanwÄ«n, though generally not indicated, is represented by un (for â®âÙâ¬â), an (for â®âÙâ¬â, â®âÙاâ¬â, â®âÙÙâ¬â, or, when denoting any of the previous, final â®×â¬â), or in (for â®âÙâ¬â or, when denoting the previous, final â®×â¬â).
-
The resolved diphthongs â®âÙÙÙâ¬â (< â®âÙÙÙâ¬â) and â®âÙÙÙâ¬â (< â®âÙÙÙâ¬â) are respectively represented by aï and aü.