Index
A Catalogue of the Bon Kanjur
33, 38, 286
Agön Zangpo (A mgon bzang po)
2, 14, 37, 169, 170, 208
second king of Lo Monthang
37
son of Amepal
2, 14
Aldenderfer, Mark
xxiii, 11, 98
and archaeology
xxiii
Amepal (15th c.)
2, 14
of Gungthang
2, 169
and Kingdom of Lo
2
Annapurna massif, region
4, 7
and Annapurna Conservation Area Project
187, 188, 290
archaeological paper fragments
see paper fragments
Athans, Peter
xi
Atiśa
2
and Mustang visit
2
Āyurveda
252
Indian medicine
and books related to poison
256, 257
and poison
252, 256, 257
Bachen (eastern Tibet)
253
and poisoning
253
Baragaon
3
dukes of
3
Bon Canon
xxi, xxii, 33-39, 49, 84, 122, 145, 146
and Ayong Rinpoche
34
and biographies of Shenrab
xxii, 34-36, 38, 39
and Ka, Katen
34-36, 145, 146
and manuscript tradition
49, 190, 191
and Mongyal Lhasey Rinpoche, Shense Namkha Wangden
34
Bon religion
2, 3, 11, 33, 35, 42-44, 49, 59, 168, 190, 197, 211
Shenrab
Bonkhor monastery
xi, 37, 168, 169, 205, 213
ruins of
xii, 168
Bonpo rituals
3, 80, 142, 147, 191, 206, 250, 251
Bonpo works, texts
xii-xiv, xxi, xxii, 3, 23, 24, 33-45, 49, 52, 53, 59, 66, 74, 122-124, 142-152, 171, 203-205, 207
Bon Canon
Buddhism, Buddhist
xi, xiv, xxi, 10-12, 14, 154, 157, 169, 174, 213, 241
Buddhist dhāraṇī
and arrival in Tibet
3, 37
and Bon rivalry
xiv,1
deities, images
191, 193, 196, 200, 204, 211, 212, 218, 222
and introduction to Lo
2, 10
and Sakya school
2, 3
and Sanskrit texts
2, 24, 34, 124, 153
and schools in Mustang
2
and Shambhala
xi
and tantra, tantric systems
xxii, 3
and texts, manuscripts
xii, xxi, 16, 22-24, 43, 44, 47, 49, 53, 123, 124, 185, 190, 263
Buddhist Canon
33-36, 58, 80, 122
Kanjur
16, 34, 35
Tenjur
34, 138
“Three Baskets” (Tripitaka)
35
Buddhist dhāraṇī
47, 48
format
88, 200
handwritten dbu chen script
84
and materials (ink, paper)
84, 96
’Bum section (Mardzong collection)
35-37, 45
and dedication
37, 38
and Ka ’dus
39
and Khams brgyad
37, 39
and Khams rtsa nges pa’i mdo correspondence
39, 40
Cabezón, José
33
and Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre
33
Caves of Upper Mustang
ix-xii, xxiii,
cliff dwellings (sky caves)
x, xi, 10
China, Chinese
3, 4, 6, 10, 171
and borders
1, 4, 7
and ink, paper
171, 177, 178
and poison
259, 262, 265, 268, 276
and Tibet
6, 101, 171, 252
and trade, trade routes
6, 8, 98, 174
Choede Monastery (Lo Choede; Glo bo chos sde)
xvi, xvii
missing manuscripts
and antique museum
ix, 193
and cultural objects (of Jhyampa, Thubchen monasteries)
14
and Student Welfare Committee
xvii, 193
and Tashi Goyen (15th c. founder)
14
and texts, manuscripts
xv, 14
and Tiji festival
14, 193
Chusang village
5, 11, 100
Clark, Liesl
xi
Coburn, Broughton
ix, 122
and cave discovery (2008)
ix
and Peter Athans
ix
codicology
xxi, 17, 19, 52
and codicological template
21
and research, material study
22, 49, 50, 124, 167, 178
Da Col, Giovanni
253
and patterns of hospitality
253
Devkota, Fidel
xiii
and research in Dhe village
xiii
dhāraṇī, dhāraṇīs
see Buddhist dhāraṇī
Dhaulagiri massif
4, 7
Dhungel, Ramesh K.
1, 10
and The Kingdom of Lo (Mustang): A Historical Study
10
mDo ’dus
36, 42, 43
Shenrab
as oldest Shenrab biography
36
mDo rgyud chen text
42, 207, 221
Dobrowolski, Zdzisław and Rajmund Radziewicz
xxiii, 19
and manuscript portal
19
Dolpo region
5, 16, 39, 152, 171, 173, 174, 205, 207, 214, 222, 251, 259
Drakpa Gyaltsen (Grags pa rgyal mtshan)
128, 140, 214
Sakya lama
128
Drigum Tsenpo
251
eighth king of Tibet
251
dug lha (poison god)
253
poison
dug ’phyung (“expulsion of poison”)
251
poison
Dunhuang
23, 154, 171, 251
International Dunhuang Project (IDP)
23
and manuscripts, texts
47, 80, 83, 251
Dzar village, South Mustang
46
and Klu ’bum version
46
rDzogs chen (Great Perfection)
36, 169, 205
as highest Bonpo doctrine
36
fibres
see paper science
Fisher, James F.
5
and Tarangpur village (Dolpo)
5
folios
x, xii-xviii, 25, 37, 52, 262
missing manuscripts
conservation and removal of
xiv, xv, xviii, 121, 122, 191, 194, 198, 199, 201
organizing of
16-18, 21
packing and transport of
xvi, 122
and photography, documentation
xvi, xxi, 17, 19-21, 121-123, 201
Francke, A.H.
43
and gZer mig translation
43
Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von
5
and James F. Fisher
5
and Thakali and Nepal borderlands
5
Gar Gonpa
2, 14
as oldest monastery
14
Gelek
see Nagru Geshe Gelek Jinpa
Gesar epic
251
and poisoning
251
Ghami’s Mani wall
2, 14
Gorkha
3, 4
and conquest of Nepal
3
Gungthang
2, 169
Tibetan principality of
2
rGyud bzhi
254, 258, 259, 261
Four Treatises
254
Tibet medical texts
254
and toxicology
254, 257, 258
Helman-Ważny, Agnieszka
xxi-xxiii
and Mardzong manuscript project
xxi, xxii
hidden valleys
xi
Himalaya Mountains, region
xi, xii, 1-4, 14, 27, 101, 115, 168, 169, 171, 172
and climate
197
and landform
190
and passes
4, 98
Hoffmann, Helmut
43
and Religions of Tibet
43
India
2, 3, 168, 259
artistic influence from
2
and Bon texts
2, 3
and book formats
25, 53
and Nepal
5, 6, 98, 101, 173, 174, 185
and poison
255, 257
and trade, trade routes
5, 6, 98, 173, 174
Indian Buddhism
2, 3
and Tantric systems
265
Indian iconography, iconometry
2
Indian medicine
250, 257, 258, 261, 279
Jackson, David P.
10, 171
and The Mollas of Mustang
10
Jackson, Roger
33
Jest, Corneille
99, 114
and Himalayan passes
98, 99
Jomsom
7, 8, 175, 188
and tolls
174
and transport, roads
6, 7
Jumla, Kingdom of
3, 174, 208
Ka
34
Bon Canon
and doctrine of Shenrab
35
and four main divisions
35
Ka ’dus
39, 40, 42, 66, 68-70, 74
Perfection of Wisdom texts
as part of Perfection of Wisdom
40, 42, 66, 207
and paper, fibres
66, 69, 70, 96
Kailash, Mt
2, 38, 168, 213, 219, 223
Kali Gandaki River
x, xiii, 2-7
as Tibet-India link
5
and trade, trade routes
3-6, 98
Kalsang Norbu Gurung
43
and “Emergence of a Myth”
43
Kanjur
see Buddhist Canon
Katen
34-36, 145-149, 152
Katen collection
34, 36
Bon Canon
Kautilya
255
and Arthaśāstra (classic of statecraft)
255
Kemi Tsewang Gurung
xvi, xxiii, 17, 122, 173
Khams brgyad
37-39, 42, 203, 204, 211
Khams chen
Khams chen (Great Realms)
xii, 25, 36-42, 50, 52, 56-65, 72, 74, 77, 84, 122, 167, 168, 200-204, 208, 214
and dyes, ink
53, 54, 56-58, 63, 201
and dating of texts
169, 170
and fibres, paper used
66-68, 90, 92, 94, 96
and illustrations, illuminations
50, 56, 58, 77
and paper polishing
64
and seals
61-63
and Tibetan painting styles
57, 58
Khenpo Tenpa Yungdrung Rinpoche
40, 203, 250
and ‘gShen rab’ Quatrains (gshen rab zhes pa sho lo ka)
40
Khön Könchok Gyalpo (’Khon dKon mchog rgyal po)
128
founder of Sakya school
128
Khri bde mchog
45
and Klu ’bum versions
45
Kollmar-Paulenz, Karénina
48
and dhāraṇīs
48
Kongpo region
252, 253
and poisoners
252, 253
Kundrol Dragpa (Kun grol grags pa)
35, 38
and Bon Canon catalogue
35
Kvaerne, Per
33, 35
Ladakh
1, 2, 15, 16
Laufer, Berthold
45
Lo (Mustang)
see Mustang
Lo, Kingdom of
x, xx, 1-3, 10, 187, 204
and Lopa
1
Lo Monthang
ix-xii, xvii, xviii, xx, xxiii, 4, 6, 7, 17, 37, 122, 193, 197, 198, 203, 205, 206
Choede monastery
and Amepal, Agön Zangpo
2, 14
and Bon
xii, 1, 2, 14, 193
and Caves of Upper Mustang
ix, xi, xx, 10, 40, 121, 188, 191, 204
and monuments: Thubchen Lhakhang, Jampa Lhakhang
14, 188, 189, 191
and palace
14, 219
and UNESCO
xxiii, 13, 189
as Walled City
189
longbook (dpe cha, pothi)
25, 36, 49, 50, 53, 56, 84, 124, 142, 179, 199-201
looting
xi, xiii, xiv, 15
of art, cultural objects
15
Lopas, Lopa people
1, 6, 189
Lost Caves of Mustang
xi
by Liesl Clark and Peter Athans
xi
and “Secrets of Shangri-La” (National Geographic film)
ix, xv
Klu ’bum
xii, xxii, 36, 43-47, 74-83, 169-171
Bon Canon
and Buddhist schools
44
and doodle drawings
80, 81
and foliation
75, 77
and illustrations, illuminations
46, 77, 80
ink, paint
74-77, 80, 171
and Klu ’bum dkar po copies (Mustang)
45-47
orthography of
46, 47
and paper, fibres
104, 108, 113-118
and various versions
xii, 45-47
Lubrak village
xiii, 122, 205
and Ya ngal clan
205
Luczanits, Christian
13, 15
and cultural heritage
13
and “Tibetan Buddhist Monastery Collections Today”
15
Ludakphu cave
xiii
and manuscripts
xiii
Mahādeva
124, 262, 265
and poisons
124, 262, 265
Maheśvara
265
Man ngag rgyud
258, 260
and Four Treatises (rGyud bzhi)
257
and poisons, venoms
257-261
and Tibetan medicine
257
manuscript studies
xxiii, 15, 17, 32, 43, 190
paper science
and dating, chronology
22, 32
and genre, type
23
and inks, pigments, paints
22, 23
and methodology
17
and script and scribes
xxi, 24
manuscripts, missing
see missing manuscripts
Mardzong A text (manuscript on poisons)
xxii, 124, 125, 250-255, 262-279
poison, poisoning
and Indian toxicology
255-261
and lands where poisons are made
259, 261, 262, 265
and Mahādeva
124, 262, 265, 276
Mardzong hill
x, xiv-xvii
cave complex (cathedral caves)
x, xiv
Mardzong K text (legal work; zhal lce)
123, 241-249
missing manuscripts
Mardzong manuscript project
ix, xv, xviii, xx, xxiii, 17, 19, 26, 123, 173, 185, 186
and Choede monastery collections
ix, xv-xxi, 14, 15, 21, 49, 121, 122, 191-193, 198, 199
and ethnographic study
17, 19, 32
paper- and book-making traditions
19, 23, 173-174
Martin, Dan
33, 43-45
and A Catalogue of the Bon Kanjur
33
and Klu ’bum
44, 45
and gZer mig
43
Meyer, Fernand
257, 261
Milarepa
2
death of
251
and Mustang
2
missing manuscripts
121-166
Mohan Singh Lama xvii
and Department of Archaeology
xvii
Mu cho’i khrom ’dur
36
funerary works
36
Muktinath
2, 6, 169, 175
and cave settlements
10, 155, 189
sacred shrine of
2
Muktinath Valley
10, 155, 189
and archaeology, discoveries
10, 155
Mustang
ix-xii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xx-xxiii, 4-7, 9-13, 16, 17, 19, 23, 32, 46, 50, 52, 63, 98, 100-101, 115, 161-162, 169-178, 180, 183, 187-190, 197, 198
Lo, Kingdom of; Lo Monthang
and Buddhism
2, 3, 10, 11
and Ngari (West Tibet)
1, 2
as religious, pilgrim centre
2, 15
and Atiśa
2
and cave complexes
ix, xi, xiv, xviii, xx, 10-12, 40, 121, 171, 188, 191, 204
and China (trade)
6, 8, 98, 174
and end of royal status (2006)
4
as Khampa base
4
and Kingdom of Jumla
3, 174
and Korala border point (China)
6
and Latö (La stod) and Gungthang
and Milarepa
2
and name (meaning, origin)
1
and Padmasambhava
2
and “Raja of Mustang” title
3
and Sakya and Ngor schools
2, 3
and tourism
7, 9, 186-188
Nagano, Yasuhiko
33
and A Catalogue of the Bon Kanjur
33
Nagru Geshe Gelek Jinpa
xi, xii
and Mardzong manuscripts
xi
National Geographic
ix, xv, 10
and “Secrets of Shangri-La” film
ix, xv
Nepal
ix, 1, 5-13, 28, 98-102, 108, 115, 120, 174, 183-187, 189, 190
and Gorkha conquest
3, 4
National Archive of
184-186
and paper
28, 101, 102, 108, 114, 115, 120, 170, 171, 173, 174, 185
and Rana Prime Ministers
4
and Tibet (China) border
7, 8
and trade
3-7, 98, 173, 174, 183, 184
Newar, Newari
2, 183, 185
art and artists
2, 188
Ngari (mNga’ ris)
2, 171, 187, 219
regions and place names
2
Nine Ways of Bon
3, 35, 206, 207
Nyima Drandul Gurung
xx, xxi, xxiii, 17, 122
Nyingma tradition
14
Olmo Lungring
3, 219
sacred land of
3
Pali Canon
35
palm leaf
25, 53, 101, 171, 185
and palm-leaf books
25, 53
and paper
25, 53, 185
paper
see paper-making; paper science
paper fragments
xiii, xiv, xxi, 11, 50, 82, 98, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 117, 162
and Samar and Rhirhi caves (Upper Mustang)
98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 116, 117
paper-making
19, 23, 26, 27, 29, 72, 105, 110, 113, 117, 170, 171, 174, 175
and buffing, polishing
28, 30, 63, 64, 66, 69, 73, 82, 83, 86, 102, 104, 106, 176, 177
and floating moulds
104
and plant species
110, 114, 115, 172
and tradition, traditional processes
19, 22, 32, 104, 120, 172, 173, 177
paper science
17
paper-making
fibres and fibre analysis
17, 27, 28, 30, 66-68, 73, 84, 112, 114, 116
pigments and dyes
22, 23, 31, 56, 165, 179, 180
radiocarbon dating
23, 84, 101, 170, 171
and sieve, sieve print
27, 28, 69, 72, 83, 173, 176
and texture, thickness of paper
19, 28, 30, 31, 63, 66, 69, 73, 83, 86, 102, 104, 176
and tools and technology
19, 22, 32, 50, 83, 101, 104, 105, 120, 170, 171, 175
dpe cha
see longbook
Peissel, Michel
10
Perfection of Wisdom texts
36-42, 66, 207
and ’Bum section (Mardzong manuscripts)
36
and Khams brgyad (Eight Realms)
38, 42
and Mahāyāna Buddhist Prajñāpāramitā
36
as treasure-texts (gter ma
) 40
poison, poisoning
124, 238, 245, 246, 250-256, 278
Mardzong A; toxicology
administration of
xxii, 124, 238, 256, 260-262, 266
classification of
255-258, 260, 262
and cults
252,
and Dalai and Panchen Lamas
252
and Dunhuang literature
251
and exorcism rituals
251
and Kongpo
252, 253
and Mahādeva
124, 262, 265, 276
manual of
xxii, 124
as metaphor
250
and poison god (dug lha)
253, 254
in religious, ritual context
250
six aspects of
258
and symptoms
251, 253, 255, 256, 258, 260
and taking prosperity from humans
254
Pokhara
7, 174
Prithvi Narayan Shah (Gorkha king)
3
Gorkha
Ramble, Charles
xiv, xvi, xx-xxiii, 174
and Mardzong volumes
xiv, xx-xxiii, 19, 33, 121, 203
and removal of manuscripts
xiv, xv, 121
and translation
xxii, 19, 203, 250
Rana prime ministers
4
Reting Regent
252
Rinchen Loden Lama
xxiii, 17, 173
Rischel, Anna-Grethe
113
and plant and fibre identification
112-115
Sakya Paṇḍita Kun-ga Gyaltsen
128, 140
Sakya school
2, 3, 128, 134, 136, 137
salt, salt trade
3, 6, 174, 268, 272, 274
along Kali Gandaki River
3, 6
rock salt
269, 270, 272, 277
Samar cave
98-103, 108, 115-119
and village
98
Samdzong village
10, 11
and tombs, mortuary remains
10, 11
Samye Monastery
14, 43, 45, 146
Sanskrit
2, 24, 34, 124, 185, 256
shastra
153
and translation of texts
2, 34
and written script
24, 185
Schiefner, Anton
45
Schrom, Thomas
xxiii
Schuh, Dieter
123
Schuster, Angela M.H.
xv
Shakyamuni
34
Shambhala
xi
gShen chen klu dga’
40, 204
and treasure-texts (gter ma)
40, 204
gShen rab
see Shenrab
Shenrab (also Tonpa Shenrab, Shenrab Miwo)
xxii, 3, 34-40, 44-47, 190, 204, 207, 211-219
Yungdrung Bon
and biographies
34, 36, 42
as Buddha
34, 37
as founder of Bon
xxii, 3, 35, 42
teachings, doctrine of
3, 34-37, 39, 40, 212-215
Shenrab Miwo
see Shenrab
Simons, Angela
10
Skumanov, Sarah
xx, xxii, xxiii, 19, 32
Snellgrove, David
10
Sogde Tulku Tenpai Nima
34
and Bonpo texts
34
Srong btsan sgam po (d. 649/650)
1
Stein, Rolf
45, 46
and Klu ’bum versions
46
Suśrutasaṃhitā
256, 257
medical treatise
256, 257
swastika
59-62, 80
symbolism of
59
Szantó, Péter
124
tantra, tantric
xxii, 3, 35, 36, 162, 211, 220, 265
and texts
xxii, 36, 124, 133, 137, 142, 145, 146, 148, 257
Tauscher, Helmut
15
and Mustang written heritage
15
Tazig
3, 219
and Central Asia
3
Tenjur (bsTan ’gyur)
34, 138, 258
Buddhist Canon
and Candranandana commentary
258
Tenzin Nyima
33
and Bon Canon
33
gter ma (treasure text), gter ston
40, 43, 145, 146, 148, 171
Thubchen Lhakhang, monastery
14, 188, 189, 191, 197
Tibet
xx, 1, 4, 6
Bon religion; Buddhism
and art
2, 12, 193
and books, texts
xii, xvi, 17, 22, 26, 31, 50, 52, 53, 171, 172, 185, 252
and history, empire
1-3, 10, 32, 153, 154, 156, 187
and language, literature
33, 49, 123, 145, 153, 154, 203, 251
and law
153, 156
and paper
25, 28, 50, 53, 101, 108, 114, 115, 120, 170-172,
Tibetan Kanjur
35
and “baskets” (Vinaya, Sutra, Tantra)
35
Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre
33
Tise, Mt. Tise
see Kailash, Mt.
Tonpa Shenrab
see Shenrab
toxicology
xxii, 250, 251, 254, 257, 258, 261
poison, poisoning
and Indian traditions
255
and smoke poison
251, 255, 259
and toxic substances, paste
251, 253, 257, 259-261, 265
Tshultrim Palchen (Tshul khrims dpal chen)
42, 43
Tucci, Giuseppe
9
and Journey to Mustang
9, 10
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
xxiii, 184-189
and cultural heritage
12, 13, 189
Vagbhata
258
and Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā
258
venomous virgin (viṣakanyā)
252, 256, 259
Vinding, Michael
6
Waddell, Austin
43
Wiesner, Julius (botanist)
112
xylography (wood-block printing)
25, 49
g.yang (propensity to good fortune)
207, 221, 225, 252, 253
Yungdrung Bon (gYung drung Bon)
xiii, 35
and scripture classification
35
gYung drung rgyal mtshan (tulku)
xiii
and text identification
xiii
gZer mig
xxii, 40, 42, 43, 115, 116, 169-171, 207
canonical text
xii, 43, 71-74
one of three main Shenrab biographies
42, 43
and toxicology, poisoning
xii, 252
Xining edition of (1991)
44
Zeren, Bazhen
xx, xxi, 33
and Klu ’bum
45
Zhangzhung
3, 24
Olmo Lungring
and language, script of
3, 24, 39, 142, 145, 149, 214, 222
gZi brjid
42
largest Shenrab biography
42