Index
Aaruul, see Qrut
Abū Hāmid
114
Acorns, as Korean food
283
Afghan language
73
Afghanistan
1
7
9
28
34
40
73
75
90
175
176
177
179
204
206
219
Bread
207
208
Dairy products
215
Drinks
216
Festivals
207
First agriculture
75
Flavorings
215
216
Food influences
219
Food words
215
Fowl
215
Kebabs
214
215
Markets
218
Meat stewed with fruit
212
213
Pasta
208
Rice
209
Sweets
216
Types of pilau
209
210
Weddings
217
218
Agriculture, advance of, spread into Central Asia
53
55
74
75
Ai Khanum
90
Al-Bīrūnī
(973
1048)
48
116
122
Al-Khwārizmī
116
Alcohol
3
199
Alcoholic drinks
191
258
261
284
Korean
284
Mongolian
258
261
Ale
57
151
Millet ale
151
Rice ale (terracina, “rice wine”)
151
Alexander the Great
90
116
117
Alfalfa
42
57
88
98
Allsen, Thomas
22
143
Almaty
32
60
Almonds
57
106
125
148
238
265
In Ibn Sīnā’s Canon
125
Wild species, in Mongolia
265
Altai Mountains
7
8
12
59
71
Altaic languages
70
Ammianus Marcellinus
99
100
129
On Hun
99
100
Amu Darya
9
28
34
Amur-Ussuri
171
Animal-style art, spread of
80
Animal life, overview
21
29
Animals, domestication
63
65
Effects of domestication
63
History of domestication in Eurasia
63
Self-taming
65
Anise
104
An Lushan 安祿山 Rebellion
105
Apples
18
32
57
60
61
94
112
148
174
181
205
236
238
Apricots
32
57
94
106
125
174
205
235
236
238
Aqsakal
126
Aquaculture
95
Aral Sea
9
18
27
29
35
Arabian spices 137
Arabs
88
104
Conquest of western Central Asia
88
104
Araq (‘araq)
51
198. See also Arkhi
Area of Central Asian nations
31
Aristotle
123
Arkhi
51
153
154
285. See also Araq
Armenian language
72
Arseniev, V. K.
175
On Tungus
175
Ash
193
Ashak
208
Āthār va Aḥyā’
144
Avars (Rouran 柔然 )
44
5
Avicenna, see Ibn Sīnā
Azerbaijan food
250
254
Food proverbs
252
Spices and flavorings
251
Sweets
253
254
Azeri, language
251
Babur
161
Bactria
90
91
Bagel
184
185
Baghdad, Mongol conquest of
132
Baklava
231
Bal
151
Balancing diet
119
Balpo Soup
193
Bamboo
125
Bamiyan
104
“Barbarian nomad,” myth of
44
Barberries, in Iran
220
Barfield, Thomas
38
Barley
31
49
57
59
75
77
81
112
120
148
173
174
178
181
235
279
283
Broth, in humoral medicine
120
In Afghanistan bread
206
Spread into Central Asia
75
Spread into China
77
Barley Samosa Noodles
188
Barley Soup
252
Bashkirs
173
Batu
131
132
Ba’urchi
143
Baysursak
246
248
Bean curd (doufu 豆腐)
48
Beans
174
176
180
284
Broad
105
Fava
235
Green (fresh)
180
Hyacinth
174
In kimchi
284
Small dry green
174. See also Mu
Beansprouts
284
Beetroot
174
Beijing 北京
130
134
Founded by the Mongols
130
Bencao Gangmu 本草綱目 (Chinese herbal)
123
Birch beer
112
Birds, hunting
25
26
Black Death
25
And rodents
25
Black-eyed peas
223
Black gram
125
Black kumiss
149
Blood, as food
195
Bolad
143
144
“Booze,”
191
Botai Culture, horse meat
76
Boza
191
270. See also “Booze”
Bread
56
119
182
184
206
208
263
279
In Afghanistan
206
208
In humoral medicine
119
In Mongolia
263
Sacredness
183
Britain
29
British
175
Influence on food
205
Bronze Age
52
76
81
Buckwheat
94
283
Buddhism
125
Buddhist travelers to China
111
Bukhara
3
73
162
204
221
Burani, eggplant dishes
212
Buran, Princess
212
Burma
133
Butter
148
197
Butter-making
197
Buudz
263
Byzantine Empire
45
88
Ca’adai Qanate
134
Cabbage
181
Chinese cabbage
284
Camels, Bactrian
41
48
66
69
78
173
192
264
269
In early Xinjiang 新疆
78
Camels, dromedary
69
Caracomos
151
Caraway, black
62
Caravan trade
2
Cardamom
49
60
125
181
202
Large cardamoms
202
Carrots
49
174
181
211
280
Varieties
211
Caspian Sea
9
52
Castoreum
146
Cassia
95
148
Cats
280
Cattle
41
42
49
65
69
78
173
181
192
264
268
280
285
Beef in Korea
285
In early Xinjiang
78
Central Asia
2
4
22
38
74
39
40
82
84
88
89
121
126
162
173
179
Center of Galenic Medicine
121
Food
2
Food un-Sinicized
178
Foodways and religion
82
Globalization
178
179
Governance
126
Herding
38
Islam
83
84
New World foods
176
177
19th and 20th century food
174
Nomads
39
40
Post-Mongol governance
173
“Race,”
74
Recent history
162
177
178
Slaving
88
89
Writings on hunting
22
Chaikhana (teahouse)
222
Champa
133
Chang’an 長安
6
Ethnic communities
6
Chang Chun 長春
148
Chariots, origin and spread to China
76
77
Charpentier, C. J.
218
Chen, Qiang
170
Cherry Concentrate
251
Cherries
32
174
238
Chestnuts
94
283
Chickens
69
196
In Afghanistan
215
Chickpeas
54
56
235
Chiles
49
162
174
176
202
205
236
281
284
China
1
12
37
47
48
54
56
77
80
86
88
92
95
102
107
132
136
178
179
280
281
379
And Central Asia
77
Animals from the West
280
Archery
79
Early contacts
79
Early dynasties
77
87
88
Economic center of world
134
Food flows
95
Foods coming to China with Eurasian connections
107
379
Gansu 甘肅 corridor
77
Greek influences
92
Han 漢 Dynasty
88
Han Dynasty and Central Asia
88
Herbal literature
102
History of agriculture
54
56
Horse
88
In Mongol Empire
133
Merged into Central Asia
92
Military technology
79
Mongol Yuan 元 Dynasty
86
Near Eastern Spices
280
New World crops
281
Western grains other than wheat
379
Qijia 齊家 Culture
77
Shiba 寺洼 Culture
77
Stimulus diffusion
54
Tombs
80
“Western Regions,”
86
Western vegetables
280
Writing
78
Chinese chives (garlic chives)
95
96
200
202
231
Chinese foods of Central Asian background
271
281
In Ming 明 Dynasty
271
279
In modern times
279
281
Chinese language
70
78
79
Early Indo-European loan words
78
79
Chinese pulsing
148
Chocolate
281
Chopsticks
97
Chuqmin
207
208
Cinggis-qan
35
47
87
108
110
115
126
129
His starvation food in childhood
127
128
Cinnamon
49
62
125
181
201
Citrus fruit, from China
107
108
Clavijo, Ruy Gonzoles de
141
Climate
12
13
18
20
History
12
13
Cloves
62
125
181
Coconut
125
Collective management
40
Confucianism
77
Congee, in Korea
283
Cooking utensils
202
203
Copper smelting
75
Core and periphery
87
Coriander
49
57
62
104
105
181
201
280
Cosmas Indicopleustes
110
111
Cotton
28
31
62
88
125
224
Cowpeas
107
Cucumber
49
105
181
200
Cumin
49
57
62
104
106
181
201
280
Daidu 大都
134
Dairy foods
187
197
198
215
222
236
240
241
258
260
In Afghanistan
215
In Kazakhstan
240
241
In Mongolia
258
260
In Uzbekistan
222
Use by mountain Tajiks
236
Dairying, appearance of
66
Dali 大理 Kingdom
132
Dangerous animals, tabuing of names
22
Daoism
77
Dari language
73
Dastarkhan
239
Dates
106
115
220
In Iran
220
Deer Stone-Khirigsuur complex
66
Dersu the Hunter
175
Deodar
125
Descent groups and resources
127
Dietary Therapy, Galenic
118
120
Dill
202
Dioscorides, Pedanios
117
120
124
Distillation
51
164
169
280
285
286
Gaoliang 高粱
280
In Korea
285
286
Milk liquor
51
Dock (herb)
202
Dogs, Central Asian breeds
54
63
64
285
As food, Korea
285
Domestication of the dog
54
63
Domestication
53
55
Defined
54
In prehistory
53
Dong’an
233
257
Donkeys
41
42
173
Dopiaza
215
Dormice, as food
150
Dragon fruit
281
Duck (domestic)
95
Dumplings
95
181
184
190
263
270
279
285
In Korea
285
In Mongolia
263
Kalmyk
270
Dungan, see Dong’an
Dunhuang 敦煌 oasis
6
93
Dupree, Louis
40
206
219
Dūqī
190
Dzungar
29
Dzungaria
8
Eastern Iran, food
219
Eggplant
49
148
212
Embelia
125
Enin
186
Eurasian Heartland
1
7
Eurasian Heartland, agriculture
30
32
38
And environment
30
31
And livestock
38
Eurasian Heartland, and conflict
47
Eurasian Heartland, animals
21
Eurasian Heartland, birds
24
26
Eurasian Heartland, bread
182
184
Nan
182
183
Eurasian Heartland, cities
37
Urban sprawl
37
Eurasian Heartland, climate
19
20
Climate change
12
13
Eurasian Heartland, contemporary foodways
180
182
Eurasian Heartland, cooking utensils
202
Eurasian Heartland, crossroads
48
Eurasian Heartland, desert woodlands
15
Eurasian Heartland, ecological system
51
Eurasian Heartland, environmental problems
26
27
And religion
26
27
Eurasian Heartland, foods
32
49
51
190
192
197
203
Dairy foods
197
198
Drinks
198
Grain foods
190
192
Overall views of
49
51
Sour preferred
202
Spicing
202
203
Sweet fruits and berries preferred
200
201
Sweets
200
Vegetables
199
200
Eurasian Heartland, foodways, sources of change
204
205
Eurasian Heartland, grasslands
37
Eurasian Heartland, herding
38
39
46
Types
46
Eurasian Heartland, history before the Mongols
86
Eurasian Heartland, hunting
21
24
Eurasian Heartland, irrigation
32
Eurasian Heartland, languages
70
73
Chinese
72
Dari
73
Farsi
72
Ket
71
Russian
73
Tajik
73
Tibetan
71
Tokharian
71
Turkic
72
Xianbei 鮮卑
70
Xiongnu 匈奴
70
Eurasian Heartland, linguistic Stalinism
73
Eurasian Heartland, linking area
48
Eurasian Heartland, little Chinese influence
96
Eurasian Heartland, major crops, animals, advance of
54
Eurasian Heartland, major medical centers in past
121
122
Eurasian Heartland, meat
192
196
Cooking
192
195
Sources
192
195
Eurasian Heartland, medicinal herbs
18
Eurasian Heartland, mountains, mountain landscapes
8
9
15
Eurasian Heartland, mythology
81
Eurasian Heartland, nationalism
73
Eurasian Heartland, nations
39
40
Eurasian Heartland, noodle
184
185
Eurasian Heartland, oases
35
And agriculture
35
And agriculture and irrigation
35
Eurasian Heartland, origins of civilization
74
76
Eurasian Heartland, pastures
13
14
Eurasian Heartland, penetration by Russia
172
Eurasian Heartland, Qing 清 conquests
172
Eurasian Heartland, rain
12
Eurasian Heartland, religions
82
Eurasian Heartland, riparian forests
15
Eurasian Heartland, rivers
9
12
32
34
35
Eurasian Heartland, small mammals
25
Eurasian Heartland, steppe soils
37
Eurasian Heartland, tree crops
32
Eurasian Heartland, vegetation
13
Falck, Johan Peter
173
On Central Asian foods and foodways
173
Falconry
21
22
173
Farsi language
72
93
204
212
Farsi food words in Central Asia
93
204
In Afghanistan
212
Faxian 法顯, monk
111
Feasting
55
Feijoa
254
Fennel
106
280
Fenugreek
104
Fermented mares’ milk, see Kumiz
Ferghana, Manti
187
Ferns, in Korean food
284
Fertile Crescent
57
Festival foods
217
237
In Afghanistan
217
Among mountain Tajiks
237
Figs
106
115
Fish, food species of Central Asia
196
Fish oil
112
Five Snouts
264
Flax
106
Fletcher, Joseph
127
Food borrowings from China
96
97
Galen
102
116
117
118
120
121
145
147
And Dioscorides, Arabic translations
120
121
Food coding of
102
Medicine
118
Gansu
93
Gao Lian 高濂
172
271
277
On Ghee
273
On Halwa
271
Recipe for Black and Moist
276
Recipe for Comp-print Crisps
275
Recipe for Crisp Cookies
277
Recipe for Goat Marrows
276
Recipe for Making Sugar Syrup
272
Recipe for Manchu Candied Fritters
274
Recipe for Nest of Threads
275
Recipe for Oil Harmonized with Flour
273
Recipe for Pepper and Salt Cookies
276
277
Recipe for Pine-nut Cookies
273
Recipe for Pine-nut Hailuo 海羅
273
Recipe for Puffed Buckwheat
275
Recipe for Roasted Flour
272
273
Recipe for Saboni
276
Recipe for Slices with Mint
275
Recipe for Snow White Shortbread
274
Recipe for White and Moist
274
Recipes for Wind-Dissolved Cakes
277
278
Recipe for Yellow and Moisturized Halwa
274
Sweets
172
Gaoliang (Chinese liquor)
60
Garlic
49
280
Garlic chives, see Chinese chives
Geography, physical
8
9
Georgian language
72
Ger (yurt)
43
Ginger
49
182
202
Ginseng
175
Globalization
204
Goats
41
42
49
64
173
181
192
220
264
280
Göbekli Tepe
55
56
Gobi
44
257
Goens, Benedikt on food
163
Gog and Magog
110
111
Goji berries
280. See also Lycium
Golden Horde
134
Cities of the Volga
140
Goose (domestic)
95
“Grains of Paradise,”
6
Grapes
31
57
60
81
88
174
181
205
280
And raisins
31
Domestication
60
Grasses and grasslands
13
15
“Great Game,”
175
Greek language
72
Greeks
90
Influence on Central Asia
90
Grigor of Akanac
129
Grut
149
152
Guava
281
Güyük-qan
131
Haider, Jamila, see Van Oudenhoven
Halva, see Halwa
Halwa
182
201
204
256
257
262
In Uzbekistan
229
Halwåy Tar
278
Han Dynasty
88
89
97
Han (nationality) supremacy
73
Hansen, Valerie
135
137
Hayden, Brian, on feasting
55
Hazelnuts
112
Heaven
83
Helmand River
34
Herodotus
110
Hippocrates
116
Hippocratic-Galenic medicine
116
120
142
Hö’elün-eke
127
Honey
112
280
Honeybees
280
Horde, etymology
46
Horses
2
23
41
42
47
49
54
60
66
69
76
112
150
173
181
192
232
238
268
280
And humans
68
Botai Culture and horse
67
Domestication
2
47
66
68
Kazakh consumption
238
Meat
66
67
Milk
67
Origins, and Przhevalsky’s Horse
66
Sacrificed in medieval Russia
112
Sausages of horse meat (kazy)
150
173
232
Hu Sihui 忽思慧
24
159
Huihui Yaofang 回回藥方 (Chinese medical encyclopedia)
123
144
147
159
161
Hüle’ü
132
133
Humors, of Galenic medicine
118
119
Huns
98
101
And raw meat
99
Hunting
21
29
Hunting Eagles
21
22
Huntington, Ellsworth
37
Huntun 餛飩
186
Ibn Battuta, on foods
196
On foods of later Uzbekistan
221
222
Ibn Butlān
125
Ibn Faḍlān
111
113
And food
112
Ibn Khaldun
87
Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)
48
116
122
125
Ilqanate
134
Inbalances
119
Indian Ocean, early accounts of
111
Indo-European language phylum
4
70
71
72
78
And Uighurs
4
In early eastern Central Asia
78
Loanwords into Chinese
79
Spread into Central Asia
71
72
Inner Mongolia (Nei Menggu 內蒙古)
1
15
41
72
93
97
181
Iran
30
36
52
111
148
181
219
221
Eastern Iranian food
219
221
Influences on food
181
Iranian Medicine
148
Iranic languages
49
70
204
Irrigation
28
30
32
‘Isā
145
Isfahan
34
Işin, Priscilla Mary
254
Islam
48
83
84
104
181
And Central Asian foodways
84
Conquests in Central Asia
104
Hanafi
83
Influence on foods
83
84
181
Legal traditions of
83
84
Itria
185
Japan, Mongol invasions
134
Japanese language
70
Jebe, and Sübe’etei
131
Jia Sixie 賈思勰
102
Jiaozi 餃子
186
Jenkinson, Anthony
141
163
On food
163
Jerky
195
Jewish food in Uzbekistan
230
231
Jin 金 Dynasty
105
109
127
130
131
Jujia biyong shilei 居家必用事類, medieval household book
155
189
265
“Muslim Recipes,”
155
189
Noodles
184
Recipes from
156
159
Jujube (“Chinese date”)
94
265
Juliana Anicia Codex
211
Jürchen
109
Juvaynī
128
130
Kababs
193
214
In Afghanistan
214
Kabul
60
Kaifeng 開封
128
Kalash
84; foodways 85
Kalmyk
165
166
168
268
271
Agriculture, plants grown
269
Color symbolism of food
270
Dairy foods
270
Distillation
165
166
168
Dumplings
270
Feasting
269
270
Food
268
271
Food intake
271
Food rules
270
Food tabus
271
Herding
268
269
Land use
268
Pregnancy food rules
271
Tea
270
Tsatsal Ritual
271
Weddings
271
Karakorum Mountains
7
8
Karez
35
36
Kazakh food
239
250
Bread
246
Dairy
240
241
Jams, jellies and syrups
249
250
Meat
239
Kazakh food proverbs
242
245
Role of proverbs and song in foodways
242
Kazakhs
5
21
22
173
221
Kazakhstan
1
7
13
28
35
51
58
59
67
75
81
174
177
239
242
Festive board
239
First agriculture
75
Russian and Korean food
242
Kazy
195
Kelley, Laura
251
Khakass (Turkic people)
174
Khayyam, Omar
30
192
Khazars
113
Khitan
81
105
108
109
130
Khiva
204
Khorasan
1
30
86
219
220
221
Typical spicing
220
221
Khuriltay
127
132
133
Khwarazm (Khorasm, Khwarizm, Khwarazmia)
115
116
128
221
Khwarazmian Empire
130
Khwarazm-shāh
131
Ki, Empress
282
Kimchi
51
284
286
Kitāb al-Tabīkh
113
Kitāb al-Tibākha
113
Kitan
81
Kohlrabi
106
280
Kokand
221
Kok chuchwara
228
229
Korea
49
88
178
281
283
And interior Asia
283
Differences from Central Asia
282
Influence at Mongol court
282
Under the Mongols
281
282
Korean food
177
230
281
286
Chinese influences on food
282
283
285
286
Congee
283
Distillation
285
286
Finely cut meats
285
Grain
283
In Uzbekistan
230
Influences from West
281
Kimchi
284
Links to Central Asia
286
Makkŏlli and other drinks
285
Meat
284
Noodle dishes
285
Pickles
283
284
Pulgogi, conceptual stimulus for
285
Rice
283
Sauces
284
Stuffed dumplings
282
Korean language
70
Kumiz (fermented mares’ milk)
49
76
90
148
149
151
163
164
198
232
Black kumiz
149
151
Distilling for araq (arkhi)
164
Kyrgyz
21
238
Food
238
Kyrgyzstan
1
174
177
234
Medicinal herbs, wild herbs for medicine and food
234
Lactase
75
76
197
Genes
197
Lactobacillus
75
76
197
202
284
Lactose, Eliminating
197
198
Tolerance and intolerance
75
76
197
Laghman
190
226
231
240
255
Land connections, persistence of in Eurasia
141
Languages
70
73
Language politics
73
Lattimore, Owen
38
Legumes
196
Lemon
107
Lemon juice
202
Lentils
56
235
Domestication of
56
In Tajikstan
235
Lettuce
280
Li Shizhen 李時珍
123
Liao 遼 Dynasty
60
105
108
Lily bulbs, as food
174
Lime
107
Little Ice Age
12
13. 135
Livestock
38
42
And agriculture
38
Ecological diversification
42
Long pepper, see Pepper, Long
Lop Nor
12
52
Loptuq
257
Lotus
144
Lycium spp.
280
Mahmud al Kāshgarī
255
Mahmudov, Karim, on Uzbekistan food
231
Maize
31
162
174
175
176
180
206
281
In Afghanistan bread
206
Manchu food names
172
Mamluk Egypt
133
Mammals, hunting
26
Mammoths
21
53
Hunting
21
Manchuria, Turkish, Mongolian and Middle Eastern food words
171
172
Manchus
170
Manila galleon
162
289
Manta, see Manty
Manti, see Manty
Mantou 饅頭
186
Mantu
285
298
Manty
49
186
187
188
255
285
Korean mandu
285
Uighur manta
255
Mao Zedong 毛澤東
29
Maotai 茅台 (Chinese liquor)
60
Marco Polo
55
109
134
140
153
155
185
And noodles
185
Did get to China
140
On Mongol drinking ritual
153
On Mongol feasting
154
155
Maritime silk roads
291
Marjoram
62
Marmots, as food
159
264
Mead
151
Meat
192
195
Medicine, in Medieval Central Asia
116
Medieval Warm Period (Medieval Climate Anomaly)
12
13
103
129
135
Mei 梅 (Chinese apricot)
94
156
Melons
31
32
57
163
174
181
205
221
222
256
Menander, King of Bactria
91
Merv
34`
Mice, as food
150
Migration
42
Milindapañha
91
Milk
49
148
149
182
197
198
259
260
Sprinkling
259
260
Milk ritual, Mongol, see Tsatsal
Millet
31
49
54
57
59
75
78
81
111
125
148
150
151
174
175
190
206
235
281
283
Broomcorn millet, origins
57
59; spread i
Foxtail millet, origins
57
58
In Afghanistan bread
206
In early Xinjiang
78
Millet ale
151
Ming Dynasty
56
141
161
162
289
Mint
201
Modernization, concept
204
Mon languages
71
Möngke-qan
131
133
152
153
Tree of life
152
153
Mongol China, Arabic Medicine in
145
146
Mongol empire
83
86
87
125
135
142
161
Attacks on North China
130
Conquest of Khwarzmian Empire
130
Cooking
143
144
Food and medicine
142
Invasions of Russia and Europe
131
Post-imperial history
161
Raiding
129
Rise of and climate
129
“Tengrism,”
83
Wars with Jin
130
World Conquest
129
Mongol food
168
194
257
267
Boil meat
194
Breads
263
Dairy foods
258
260
Distilling
168
260
261
Dumplings, and noodles
263
Fruits and vegetables uncommon
264
Gathered foods
266
Herbs
265
266
Jerky
262
263
Meat esteemed food
262
Medical
266
267
Milk tea
259
Modernization
263
Mountain foods
265
Rose hips
265
Sausage
262
Soup
263
Tea
259
261
Tsatsal, milk-scattering ritual
259
260
267
Whole-cooked lamb
261
Wild-gathered foods
265
267
Mongolia
1
7
15
16
18
19
26
29
35
40
41
44
48
78
170
177
205
257
258
264
Conservation
26
Geography, landscape
257
Livestock, five snouts
264
Roads, problem of
44
Sacred landscape
257
258
Sacred trees
16
18
19
Mongolian language
4
70
Mongols
21
40
41
46
83
86
258
263
265
267
Belief systems
267
Mythic origins
46
Nomads
40
Religion
83
Respect for animals
264
265
Respect for nature
263
264
Sing to livestock
264
Subsistence
258
Traditional medicine
267
Moti Mahal restaurant, Old Delhi
212
219
Mulberries
32
205
206
216
235
In Afghanistan
206
216
Staple for mountain Tajiks
235
Mung beans
60
Muraviev, Nikolay
171
Mushrooms, as food
200
Mustard
106
Myrobalans
125
Nan (bread)
93
174
182
184
206
222
234
236
255
Nauruz
52
217
230
In Afghanistan, foods
217
Uzbekistan wheat preparation for
230
Near East
54
55
57
“Neolithic Diet,”
53
New World foods
162
205
Arrival in Asia
162
Newman, Jacqueline
255
Ni Zan 倪瓚, cookbook by
109
Nigella
202
Nomadic herding, modern
69
Nomadism, types
46
Nomads
41
42
43
44
47
61
196
And kinship
46
47
And the land
61
Housing
43
Hunting
43
Lifestyle, history of
47
Livestock
42
Mobility
44
45
Nomads and agrarian empire
47
Settlement of
46
Traditional meal use
196
Noodles
95
96
181
185
194
190
192
279
283
Earliest known
185
In China
185
In the Western world
185
Nutritional and dietary therapy, under the Mongols
142
Oats
42
173
174
175
279
Ögödei-qan
35
131
Oil (food)
148
Olives
106
Onions
49
95
174
181
199=200
280
Chinese green
95
Oqol-qaimish
131
Oranges
95
107
108
125
Organ meats, and blood
195
Orkhon Inscriptions
90
Ostrovskikh, Peter, on Central Asian food
174
Otrar massacre
130
Ovoo
258
Pallas, Peter
164
169
Distillation
164
165
166
168
Paklama, Uzbek baklava-like dish
231
233
Palov or Plov
226
Pamir Mountains
7
8
Pashtun language
73
Pasta
144
208
209
Afghanistan forms
208
209
Pastoral nomads, and Uighur
5
Pea (European)
105
173
235
Peaches
32
94
125
174
205
And apricots
94
Peanuts
281
Pears
94
174
238
Pegolotti
142
Pepper, black
62
111
125
148
181
162
201
Long
125
162
White
148
Peremech
188
189
Perilla
284
Perry, Charles
187
188
196
203
212
214
217
227
229
240
241
259
263
278
279
Persia and Persian Empire
88
90
Persian foodways
52
Pickles
211
In Afghanistan
211
Pigeons, domesticated
69
Pigs
65
69
264
280
285
Domestication
65
Pilaf (polo, pilau)
97
192
193
209
210
226
231
251
255
In Afghanistan, pilau
209
210
In Azerbaijan, plov
251
In Uighur culture, polo or palao
255
In Uzbekistan, palov or plov
226
231
Pine-nuts
200
283
284
Pineapple
281
Pines, bark, cones, and seeds eaten
200
Piora Oscillation
2200
2000 BCE 76
Pistachios
60
106
Pit-cooking
194
Plants, domesticated
56
60
Platycodon tips as food in Korea
284
Pliny the Elder
110
Plums
32
174
202
Sour plums
202
Pomegranates
32
60
181
252
Syrup
252
Poppy seeds
160
201
Population of Central Asian nations
31
Portuguese, expansion in 16th century
162
Potatoes
49
176
180
205
236
281
Pottery, origin
54
Prehistory
53
Przevalsky Horse
23
67
Pulses, in Afghanistan
206
Pumpelly, Raphael
37
Pumpkins
176
236
Qabli pilau
210
211
Qaidu Qanate
134
Qan (Turkic term for ruler) defined
126
Qanat
35
Qanates, divisions of the Mongol Empire
134
135
Decline of
135
Qara qazan
245
246
Qaraqorum
34
35
90
131
149
Qattama
249
Qåwurma Palåw, Samarqand style
227
228
Qimin yaoshu 齊民要術
102
Qin 秦, state
97
Dynasty
87
88
97
Quinces
174
Qing Dynasty
29
89
170
171
177
178
Imports of fish and mushrooms
171
In Mongolia
170
In Siberia and Central Asia
171
In Tibet
170
Qorma-i Sayib
213
Qubilai-qan
24
55
133
134
282
Queen Mother of the West
98
Quick Manta
209
Qurma
193
Qurt (qrut; dried milk solids; aaruul)
152
197
236
241
242
Kazakh production method
241
242
Quvud
278
Radish
284
Raisins
111
Rashīd al-Dīn
108
144
Hospital
144
On food
144
Raspberry jam
249
Recipes, see also separate list
Records, problem of
90
Red Current Sharbat
217
Regimen
118
Reindeer
46
264
Religion and Central Asian foodways
82
288
Religious tolerance in Central Asia
83
84
Respect, for nature
43
Rhubarb
148
Rice
54
58
59
96
107
119
144
174
178
209
211
236
279
283
In Afghanistan
209
211
In humoral medicine
119
Origins
58
Richtofen, Ferdinand von
1
135
136
Rodents eaten in Medieval Mongolia
150
Rome and Roman Empire
88
Rosenberger, Nancy
224
226
229
Rouran (Avars)
44. See also Avars
Ruba’iyat of Omar Khayyam
30
192
Rubruck, William of, see William of Rubruck
Russia and Russians
29
170
172
175
177
178
180
204
205
221
287
Influences on food
178
180
Russian language
72
Rye
151
173
174
177
235
Early reference
151
Replacing millet as staple
173
Sabban, Françoise
181
Saffron
106
182
202
In Iran
220
Sahlins, Marshall
126
Saiga antelope
23
Sakas
110
Saksaul
15
266
Salma
114
184
185
Salt
148
Samarkand
6
142
162
204
Heavy eating
142
Samosa
49
In Uzbekistan
229
Samusa
186
Sardāba
35
Sauer, Carl, on domestication
54
Sausage, horse tripe
150
Scapulimancy
163
Scripts and transcriptions
3
Scythians
80
110
Sea buckthorn
18
265
Sea routes, Seattle
289
290
Sea trade, rise
289
Seattle, as modern Silk Road termnius
290
291
Seaweeds
284
“Secondary products revolution”
66
Secret History of the Mongols
13
47
127
128
143
Semenov, Pyotr, on food
175
Semirech’ye
81
Sesame
57
60
106
174
181
280
284
Shams al-D¢n Samarqand¢
125
Shang 商 Dynasty
77
87
Shangdu 上都
22
Shanyu 單於 (Xiongnu ruler)
47
Sharbat
198
199
204
216
217
In Afghanistan
216
Shashlyk
193
Sheep
41
42
49
64
173
181
192
220
264
268
280
Domestication and Central Asian forms
64
Fat-tailed
64
Shelpek
249
Shennong Bencao Jing 神農本草經
117
Shilaer 食來兒
254
Shish kebab
214
Shishkabab
193
Shülen
193
Siberia
171
174
Sichuan, land route to south
140
Signature spicing
201
Silk
88
135
136
Roll of on Silk Road, in China
136
Silk Road
1
52
88
9
95
104
110
134
142
162
178
179
289
And food exchanges
52
95
Decline and fall
162
History, China
88
136
In Mongol period
135
140
In Tang 唐 times
104
Influences in Central Asia
178
79
Maritime
110
New Cities
134
Origin of term
1
Products
136
Traffic on
139
Silkworms
136
144
Sintasha culture
76
Sogdian language
73
Sogdians
103
Soju
285
286
Song 宋 Dynasty
105
109
110
Food
110
Maritime Contacts
109
Sea food
109
Sorghum
31
59
60
108
163
174
175
279
280
283
Soybeans
270
Soy sauce
49
202
Spanish, expansion in 16th century
162
Spelt (variety of wheat)
173
Spices
62
95 136
137
141
142
215
216
280
In China, ones that were adopted and ones that were less so
280
Lists of “spices,” including medicinals, on the Silk Road
136
137
141
142
Spices and flavorings in Afghanistan
215
216
Spices and flavorings, arrival of
62
Spicing of Central Asian food
201
202
Spinach
49
57
106
280
Squashes
174
176
Steppes
14
15
Strawberries
18
112
Sturgeons
114
220
252
Sugar, in Afghanistan
216
Sugarcane
125
Sui 隋 Dynasty
89
103
Süütei chai, “milk tea,” “tea with milk”
259
260
261
Sumac
202
253
Sweet potatoes
162
281
Sweets
200
201
216
221
279
Gao Lian’s Ming Dynasty sweets recipes
271
279
In Afghanistan
216
Syr Darya
9
32
34
Taba nan
248
Tabib
144
Tacuinum Sanitatis
125
Tajik food
234
237
Dairy food
236
Festival foods
237
Meat
237
Settlements and food
235
Social change
237
Tajikstan
1
28
125
177
Languages
235
Talas River, battle of
88
103
104
Tamarind
125
Tamerlane
141
161. See also Timur
Tandur
202
203
207
222
236
Tang 唐 Dynasty
89
102
106
110
140
Central Asian influence
104
New Plants
105
106
Tang food
110
Tangut Lungs
232
Tanistry
127
Tanksūq-nāma-yi Ilḥānī dar funūn-i ‘ulūm-i Khitāy
147
Tao Hongjing 陶弘景
102
Tarim Basin
8
12
78
Mummies
78
Tarim River
34
44
Tashkent
32
60
73
222
Languages in
73
Public market
222
Tea
107
122
144
181
198
9
216
234
235
270
In Afghanistan
216
In Uzbekistan
234
New to mountain Tajiks
236
Shops
199
Temüjin
127
Tengri and “Tengrism,”
83
Terracina
151
Thai language, word for chicken
79
Theophylactus Simocatta
110
Thyme
62
Tianshan 天山 Mountains
7
8
Tibet
42
170
Tibetan Buddhism
170
Tibetan language
71
Tibeto-Burman languages
71
Timur (Timur Lenk, Tamerlane)
141
161
Toba Wei 魏
101
Tobacco
162
Toghun-Temür, Mongol emperor
282
Korean wife Ki
282
Tokharian languages
71
Tolui-noyon
131
Tomatoes
49
176
180
200
205
236
281
Transhumance
42
Treaty of Aigun
171
Trebizond
135
Tsatsal (Mongol milk-sprinkling ritual)
149
259
Turan
86
90
Turkey
55
151
176
179
254
255
Central Asian foods
151
254
255
Turkic languages
3
5
49
70
71
72
Turkic peoples, origin
46
101
Mythic origin
46
Turkish food, Central Asian roots
254
Turkish language
72
Turkistan
115
Science
115
Turkmenistan
1
28
34
177
Turks, emergence of
101
Turmeric
60
125
202
Turnips
174
Turpan Depression
7
36
Tutmāj (Medieval bread recipe)
113
Tuva, tombs
80
Uighur food
255
257
Ash
256
Chinese influences
256
Ngan, nan
255
Noodles
255
Polo, pulao
255
Sheep food of choice
256
Xinjiang melons
256
Uighurs
4
5
105
178
History
5
Languages
5
Religion
5
Ulaanbaatar
37
40
Urban sprawl
37
40
[U]mach
253
United States
28
USSR
29
37
Uzbek people
5
221
Uzbek and Kyrgyz, medicinal use of plants
234
Uzbekistan
1
28
34
37
46
51
59
85
177
221
224
226
Curse of cotton
224
Origins
221
Private plots
225
Urban sprawl in
37
225
Social conditions
224
226
Village siting in
37
Uzbekistan, food
95
221
234
Ancient fruit-growing
95
Baklavas
231
232
Breads and dairy, products, jams, etc.
233
Dairy
222
223
Dishes
223
Drinks
234
Food and foodways
221
234
Food and the new
230
Food as social indicator
224
225
Fruits and nuts
223
Gender structure and food
230
Horse meat
232
Local dishes
223
Marriage
230
Meat
222
Meat and fruit stews
231
Medicinal herbs, wild herbs for medicine and food
234
Nan
222
Palov, kebab and dumpling, and noddle dishes
233
Palov or plov
226
228
Popular dishes
229
230
Rice
222
Russian and Korean food
230
Soups
223
233
Spicing
223
Tandur
222
Tripe
232
Van Oudenhoven, Frederik, and Jamila Haider, on Tajik food
234
238
Vasco da Gama
161
Vegetables, in Central Asian cooking
31
199
200
211
In Afghanistan
211
Vegetables and spices
31
Vegetation, overview
13
20
Vietnam
133
Vinegar
202
“Virgin lands,”
16
Visson, Lynn, on Uzbek food
231
233
Volga River
9
Wallerstein, Immanuel
87
Walnuts
94
111
148
174
216
233
235
236
238
In Afghanistan
216
In Uzbekistan
223
Warring States period
77
Watermelons
60
108
163
174
250
256
Jam
250
Wedding foods, in Afghanistan
217
Weeks, Martha
238
Wei Dynasty
101
Wheat
31
49
54
56
57
59
75
77
78
81
112
148
151
173
174
175
181
183
184
191
192
220
235
279
Bread wheat, origins
57
Einkorn
56
Emmer
57
Foods
191
192
Foods in China
279
In China
279
In early Xinjiang
78
In Iran
220
Spread into Central Asia
75; to Chi
Wheat flour
148
Whey
49
Whole animal, cooking
194
Wild plants, gathering of
62
William of Rubruck
149
153
On grut making
153
On Mongol dogs
151
On Mongol food
149
153
Description of liquor fountain
152
Williams, Dee Mack
39
Willow Steamed Lamb
194
Wine
115
148
149
151
Wolfthorn berries, see Goji berries, Lycium spp.
Wolf Soup
24
Wolves
22
Sacred
21
22
Taken with hunting eagles
22
Women, power of
48
World-system theory
87
88
89
Wulff, Hans
218
219
Xia 夏 kingdom
76
Xianbei
70
101
Xinjiang Province
1
4
6
12
36
41
52
72
76
78
84
96
97
170
174
178
181
And China
6
And religions
5
And Uighurs
4
Chinese migration
4
Early towns
76
Food
96
Han settlers outnumber Uighurs
178
Xiongnu
42
47
70
80
88
97
Yaks in
42
Xixia 西夏, state
110
131
Xuanzang 玄奘, monk
104
111
Yaks
41
42
49
66
264
Yamnaya culture
76
Yaqub Beg
170
Yellow sapote
281
Yesügei
127
Yinshan zhengyao 飲膳正要
24
153
155
160
184
Game recipes
24
Noodles
184
Yin zhuan fushi lian 飲饌服食箋
271
Yogurt
49
Yuan Dynasty
86
89
102
289
Yuezhi 月支
86
Yurt
43. See also Ger
Zakhīra-i-Khwārazmshāhī
145
Zhang Qian 張騫
97
98
Zhongdu 中都
130
Zhou 周 Dynasty
77
87
List of Recipes
Afghanistan
Dopiaza, stew with onions
215
Egg bread
208
Nauring palaw, pilau with oranges
213
214
Pilau, types and recipes
209
210
Qabli pilau
210
211
Qorma-i-Sayb, meat with apples and split peas
213
Quick manta
209
Jujia biyong shilei (Medieval household encyclopedia)
Baldy
158
Güllach
158
Halwa
158
Julapia
159
Kogurma
157
Qarisa
160
Quresh-e
158
Rolled thin pancakes
156
Sour soup
157
Sweet börek
156
Tutum-ash
157
West of the River Lungs
160
Kazakh
Bauyrsaq, Kazakh doughnuts
246
247
Melon jam
250
Qattama, puff pastry
249
Raspberry jam
249
Shelpek, fried thin bread
249
Taba nan, bread
248
Turniyaz, soup with qurt
241
Watermelon jam
250
Medieval Syrian, noodles
Salma
113
Tutmāj
113
Ming China, Gao Lian’s recipes
Black and moist candy
276
Comb-print crisps
275
Crisp cookies
277
Flour-with-oil candies
273
Ghee
273
Goat “marrow” candy
276
Manchu candied fritter
274
Nest of threads candy
275
Pepper-and-salt cookies
276
277
Pine nut cookies
273
Pine nut halva
273
274
Puffed buckwheat
275
276
Roasted flour
272
273
Saboni
276
Shilaier, sweet
254
Slices with mint (candy)
275
Snowflake shortbread
274
Sugar syrup
272
White and moist candy
274
Wind-dissolved cakes
277
Yellow and moist halva
274
Tajik
Halva
278
Tatar
Peremech dumplings
188
Uzbekistan
Kok chuchwara, green dumplings
228
229
Oshkovok manti
187
Qawurma palaw, meat with rice
227
228
Yinshan Zhengyao (Medieval Mongol)
Bal-po soup
193
194
Barley samsa
189
Barley soup (harisa)
252
Cherry concentrate
252
Chuqmin, “long bread,”
207
Cut flowers manta
187
Pomegranate syrup
252
Poppy seed rolls
160
Red currant sharbat
217
Roast wolf
24
Tangut lungs
232
233
Umach noodles
253
Willow-steamed lamb
194