List of Illustrations
1.1 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Procession to Calvary, oil on oak, 124 × 170 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien 10
2.1 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Beekeepers, 1568, pen and brown ink, 20.3 × 30.9 cm, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett 37
2.2 Philips Galle after Jan van der Straet, Bee Keeping (from Venationes Ferarum), ca. 1578, engraving, 21 × 27.6 cm, British Museum, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 39
2.3 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Spring, 1565, pen and brown ink, 22 × 29 cm, Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Wien 39
2.4 Philips Galle after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Spes, 1559, engraving, 22.6 × 29.3 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 40
2.5 Pieter van der Heyden, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Ass at School, engraving, 23.7 × 30.3 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 40
2.6 Michelangelo, Sacrifice of Noah after the Flood (detail), 1509, fresco, Rome, Vatican, Capella Sistina 45
2.7 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Peasant and the Nest Robber, 1568, oil on panel, 59.3 × 68.3 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien 49
2.8 Albrecht Dürer, Von Eygenrichtikeit, illustration of the 36th chapter of Sebastian Brant Das Narrenschiff, 1494, SLUB Dresden, ink. 394.4 50
2.9 Pieter Cornelisz, Christ and Zaccheus, pen and ink, 26.3 × 18.8 cm, Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt 51
2.10 Anonymus Artist, Christ and Zaccheus, after 1550, woodcut, 11.1 × 13.2 mm, Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel 52
3.1 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Peasant and Birdnester, 1568, oil on panel, 59.3 × 68.3 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien 58
3.2 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Beekeepers, c. 1568, pen and brown ink, 20.3 × 30.9 cm, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett 60
3.3 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Blind Leading the Blind, 1568, tempera on canvas, 86 × 156 cm, Museo Capodimonte, Naples 61
3.4 Attributed to Jan Brueghel the Elder after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Blind Leading the Blind, early 17th century, oil on panel, 118 × 168 cm, Louvre, Paris 63
3.5 Copy after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Fall of Icarus, here dated ca. 1565–66, oil on canvas, 73.5 × 112 cm, Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten, Brussels 64
3.6 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Misanthrope, 1568, tempera on canvas, 86 × 85 cm. Museo Capodimonte, Naples 66
3.7 Jan Wierix after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Misanthrope, from Twelve Proverbs series, 1568, engraving, 17.8 cm (diameter), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 67
3.8 Pieter van der Heyden after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Saint James and the Magician Hermogenes, 1565, engraving, 22.4 × 30 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 69
3.9 Pieter van der Heyden after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Fall of the Magician Hermogenes, 1565, engraving, 22.3 × 29.3 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 70
3.10 Philips Galle after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Triumph of Time, 1574, engraving, 20.9 × 29.9 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 72
3.11 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Tower of Babel, c. 1568, oil on panel, 59.9 × 74.6 cm, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam 75
4.1 Philips Galle after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Justitia, 1559, engraving, 22.5 × 29 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 80
4.2 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Justitia, 1559, pen and gray-brown ink, 22.4 × 29.5 cm, Bibliothéque Royale de Belgique, Brussels 84
4.3 Anonymous, Court Scene, colored woodcut, Bambergische Peinliche Halsgerichtsordnung (Bambergensis), 1507, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München, Rar. 466 86
4.4 Anonymous, Instruments for Torture and Execution, woodcut from Bambergensis, title page of the edition Mainz 1508, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München, Rar. 2137 88
4.5 Anonymous, Preparation for Torture, colored woodcut from Bambergensis, 1507, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München, Rar. 466 89
4.6 Anonymous, Execution, colored woodcut from Bambergensis, 1507, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München, Rar. 466 90
4.7 Anonymous, Torture, woodcut from Ulrich Tengler, Der neü Layenspiegel, Augsburg 1512 [VD16 T 342], Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 91
4.8 Anonymous, Executions, woodcut from Ulrich Tengler, Der neü Layenspiegel, Augsburg 1512. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 92
4.9 Anonymous, Torture Scene, woodcut from Joost de Damhoudere, Praxis rerum criminalium, Frankfurt am Main 1571 [VD16 D 62], Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 93
4.10 Anonymous, Torture scene, woodcut from Joost de Damhoudere, Praxis rerum criminalium, Frankfurt am Main 1571, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 94
4.11 Anonymous, Executioner, woodcut from Joost de Damhoudere, Praxis rerum criminalium, Frankfurt am Main 1571, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 95
4.12 Petrarcameister, Torture, woodcut from Trostspiegel in Glück und Unglück, Frankfurt a. M. 1572, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 97
4.13 Petrarcameister, Executions, woodcut from Trostspiegel in Glück und Unglück, Frankfurt a. M. 1572, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 98
5.1 Hieronymus Cock after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Landscape with the Temptation of Christ, etching and engraving, 1554–55, 31.5 × 43.5 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 114
5.2 Duccio di Buoninsegna, The Temptation on the Mount (from the Maestà Altarpiece), tempera and gold on panel, 1308–11, 213 × 396 cm, Duomo, Siena 116
5.3 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Sylvan Landscape with Five Bears, 1554, pen and brown ink, 27.3 × 41 cm, National Gallery, Prague 117
5.4 Lucas van Leyden, Temptation of Christ, engraving, 17.1 × 13.2 cm, British Museum, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 118
5.5 Master of the Dresden Prayer Book, Temptation of Christ (from the Isabella Breviary), 1497, parchment, 23 × 16 cm, British Library, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 119
5.6 Juan de Flandes, Temptation of Christ, 1500, oil on panel, 21 × 16 cm, National Gallery, Washington D.C. 120
5.7 Simon Bening, Temptation of Christ (from the Prayer Book of Albrecht of Brandenburg), 1525–1530, tempera on parchment, 16.8 × 11.4 cm, Getty Museum, Los Angeles 121
5.8 Unknown German Master, Biblia pauperum, 1470, woodcut, 28 × 21.3 cm, National Gallery, Washington D.C. 123
5.9 Simon Bening, Adam and Eve (from the Prayer Book of Albrecht of Brandenburg), 1525–1530, tempera on parchment, 16.8 × 11.4 cm, Getty Museum, Los Angeles 125
5.10 Martin Schongauer, Christ in the Wilderness, 1480–1500, engraving, 30.2 × 22.7 cm, British Museum, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 127
5.11 Georg Pencz, The Temptation in the Wilderness, 1534–35, engraving, 3.8 × 5.8 cm, British Museum, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 128
5.12 Martin Schongauer, St. Anthony Tormented by Demons, 1470–75, engraving, 30 × 21.8 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 130
6.1 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death, c. 1562, oil on panel, 117 × 162 cm, Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado 135
6.2 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death, c. 1562, oil on panel, 117 × 162 cm, Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, detail 137
6.3 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death, c. 1562, oil on panel, 117 × 162 cm, Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, detail 139
6.4 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death, c. 1562, oil on panel, 117 × 162 cm, Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, detail 140
6.5 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death, c. 1562, oil on panel, 117 × 162 cm, Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, detail 142
6.6 Jacob Binck, Death and the Foot Soldier, after 1510, engraving, 8.1 × 6.5 cm 142
6.7 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death, c. 1562, oil on panel, 117 × 162 cm, Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, detail 145
6.8 Pieter Brueghel the Younger, The Triumph of Death, 1626, oil on panel, 117 × 167 cm, Cleveland, The Mildred Andrews Fund 147
6.9 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death, c. 1562, oil on panel, 117 × 162 cm, Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, detail 150
6.10 Illustration from Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica librorum epitome, Basel 1543, woodcut, fol. 9v. 151
7.1 Philips Galle after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Resurrection, ca. 1562–63, engraving, 45.1 × 33 cm, British Museum, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 160
7.2 Joannes and Lucas van Doetecum after Frans Floris, Resurrection, 1557, etching and engraving, 64 × 45.4 cm, The Art Institute of Chicago 161
7.3 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Resurrection, ca. 1562, pen and brown ink, brush and gray ink, gray-blue wash, and green bodycolor, 43.1 × 30.6 cm, Museum Boymans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam 162
7.4 Marcantonio Raimondi after Raphael, Christ in Glory with Four Intercessory Saints (the Virgin, John the Baptist, Paul, and Catherine), ca. 1520–25, engraving, 29 × 42.2 cm, British Museum, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 165
7.5 Cherubino Alberti after Cornelis Cort, Resurrection after Giulio Clovio, ca. 1580, 44.0 × 31 cm, British Museum, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 168
7.6 Hendrick Goltzius after Anthonie Blocklandt, Resurrection, ca. 1577, engraving, 26.2 × 20 cm, British Museum, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 170
7.7 Anonymous (published by Philips Galle), Nativity, Crucifixion, and Resurrection, engraving, 19 × 29.8 cm, British Museum, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 171
7.8 Anonymous after Jan van der Straet (published by Philips Galle), Resurrection, engraving, 19.5 × 26.4 cm, British Museum, London, © Trustees of the British Museum 171
7.9 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery, 1565, oil on panel, 24.1 × 34.4 cm, Courtauld Institute of Art, Seilern Collection, London 174
8.1 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flight into Egypt, 1563, oil on panel, 37.1 × 55.6 cm, The Samuel Courtauld Trust, The Courtauld Gallery, London 227
8.2 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flight into Egypt, ca. 1555, pen and red-brown and dark-brown ink, 20.3 × 28.2 cm, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett 227
8.3 Lucas Gassel, Flight into Egypt, 1542, oil on panel, 71 × 91 cm, Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht 229
8.4 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flight into Egypt, 1563, detail 234
8.5 Herri met de Bles, Flight into Egypt, oil on panel, 24.5 × 33 cm, Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya, Barcelona 234
9.1 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hunters in the Snow, 1565, oil on wood, 117 × 162 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien 245
9.2 Herri met de Bles, The Preaching of John the Baptist, c. 1540, oil on wood, 29 × 39 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien 248
9.3 Herri met de Bles, The Preaching of John the Baptist, c. 1540, detail (anthropomorphic rock) 250
9.4 Anonymous, circle of Jan Mandijn, Landscape with saint Christopher, oil on wood, 31 × 46 cm, Noordbrabants Museum, Hertogenbosch 252
9.5 Jan Wellens de Cock, Temptation of saint Anthony, 1522, woodcut, 26.7 × 38.4 cm, Rijksmuseum Prentenkabinet, Amsterdam 252
9.6 Anonymous, Vision of Tondale, c. 1550, oil on wood, 49 × 64 cm, Prado, Marid, detail (anthropomorphic hill) 253
9.7 Joachim Patinir, Landscape with Charon crossing the Styx, c. 1520, oil on wood, 64 × 103 cm, Prado, Madrid, detail (anthropomorphic grotto) 254
9.8 Anonymous, Mouth of Hell and the Devil as Bird Catcher, 1440, miniature from Hours of Catherine of Cleves, Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, ms. 945, fol. 107 255
9.9 Pieter van der Heyden after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Superbia, 1558, engraving, 26 × 34.4 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, detail (anthropomorphic house) 256
9.10 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Dulle Griet, 1562, oil on wood, 115 × 161 cm, Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Antwerp, detail (Mouth of Hell, anthropomorphic tower) 256
9.11 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Triumph of Death, 1562, oil on wood, 117 × 162 cm, Prado, Madrid, detail (Mouth of Hell) 257
9.12 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hunters in the Snow, detail (left foreground) 259
9.13 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hunters in the Snow, detail (dog) 260
9.14 Hieronymus Bosch, Temptation of Saint Anthony, c. 1500–1510, oil on wood, 70 × 115 cm, Prado, Madrid, detail (woman-inn, defecating man) 261
9.15 Joachim Patinir, The Flight to Egypt, c. 1518–1521, oil on wood, 121 × 177 cm, Prado, Madrid, detail (kakker) 261
9.16 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Bird Trap, 1565, oil on wood, 38 × 56 cm, Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Brussels 263
9.17 Sebald Beham, The Devil as Bird Traper, 1525, engraving, illustration to Johann von Schwarzberg, Die Beschwerung der alten Teufelischen Schlangen mit dem Göttlichen Wort, Nuremberg, fol. CVI 264
9.18 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hunters in the Snow, detail (birds) 265
9.19 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hunters in the Snow, detail (mill) 266
9.20 Joannes and Lucas van Doetecum after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Insidiosus Auceps, c. 1555–56, engraving, 30.5 × 42.5 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 269
9.21 Joannes and Lucas van Doetecum after Pieter Bruegel, Prospectus Tiburtinus, c. 1555–56, engraving, 30.9 × 42,6 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, detail (anthropomorphic rocks) 271
9.22 Jacob de Gheyn, Anthropomorphic rocks, drawing, 26.6 × 17.5 cm, Fondation Custodia, Paris, detail 271
9.23 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Insidiosus Auceps, detail (anthropomorphic mountain) 272
9.24 Mattheus Merian, Anthropomorphic Landscape, engraving, 17.2 × 12.9 cm, private collection 274