Index
Abegg-Stiftung Mary Silk
159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170
Asceticism
1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 12, 33, 44, 62, 65, 66, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 140, 151, 158, 180, 181, 202, 210, 212, 217, 218, 219
Ascetic sexual denial
2, 51, 73, 76
Acts of Paul and Thecla
73, 78, 224
Agnes
73
Adam
54, 92
Adoration of the Magi
65, 108, 109, 118, 160, 184, 186, 193, 214
Ambrose
11, 12, 69, 73, 83, 133
De institutione virginis
11, 69, 73, 83
Ambrosian rite
201
Ammianus Marcellinus
158
Ampullae
108, 144, 145 (fig. 23)
Amulets
7, 103, 105, 108, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 124
magical properties of
59, 104, 117, 172
Anicia Juliana
134, 137, 138, 215n10
Apocrypha
3, 4, 10, 19, 39, 54, 63, 65, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 120, 166, 187
Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles
76, 77
Apotropaic properties
50, 59, 107, 116, 118, 120, 180n123
Atticus of Constantinople
90, 91, 93n107
Augustine
43, 44, 45n74, 61, 79, 80, 87n86, 158
Basil of Caesarea
101
Biblical iconography
Daniel
54, 58n114, 202
Jonah cycle
17, 54, 58n114
raising of Lazarus
17, 202
three Hebrews
185, 186
Bride
47–49, 51, 111n20, 115, 122, 201
Catacombs of Domitilla
184–187
Catacombs of Peter and Marcellinus
186
Catacombs of Priscilla
14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 182–184, 187
Greek chapel
18, 183
Celantia
88
Celibacy
7, 12, 66, 79, 84, 85n79, 89, 113, 116, 140
Children
2n3, 24n23, 46, 49, 51, 75, 76, 83, 85, 86, 103, 112, 113, 124, 125, 126, 127, 127n59, 128n64, 136, 140, 141, 147, 154, 206, 207, 218
Christianity
Apollinarians
12
Arian
11, 69
Docetists
12
Donatists
12
Monophysites
12, 66, 149, 151
superstition of
12, 13, 61, 125, 126, 157
Church canons
2n3, 12, 116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124, 159, 201
Chastity
1, 21, 44, 46, 46n78, 48, 58, 77, 78, 99, 102, 210
Church of the Annunciation
147
Church of the Nativity
147
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
147
Childbirth (parturition)
29, 33, 40, 51, 104, 105, 122, 124, 125, 126, 147
Cloth production
15, 26, 36, 37, 47, 49, 50, 56, 72, 82, 91, 95
silk production
100, 141, 157, 162, 172
Council of Elvira
116
Council of Ephesus
11, 17n10, 64, 66, 67, 69, 80, 86, 92, 94, 136, 137, 150, 151, 159, 179n120, 201, 210, 213, 214
Council of Laodicea
116, 120, 123n46
Council of Nicaea
10, 11
Council in Trullo
122
Cult of Mary
3–4, 10, 12, 15, 16, 61, 62, 63, 65, 93, 101, 130, 136, 150, 210, 212, 214
Cultural influences
Hellenic
33, 53, 66, 78, 91, 148, 162
Jewish
1, 3, 6, 10, 53, 55, 56, 59, 85, 148, 154, 184
pagan
6, 10, 14, 22, 23, 26, 33, 37, 39, 49n89, 59, 66, 83, 85, 91, 105, 112, 116, 117, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129, 139, 157, 158, 159, 160, 166, 167, 168, 169, 179, 184, 187, 213n5
Syriac
5, 96, 97, 98
Cyril of Alexandria
66
Cyril of Jerusalem
97
Cyril of Skythopolis
75
Decimus Magnus Ausonius
102, 128
Distaff
1, 5, 6, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, 31n42, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 67, 69, 70, 72, 89, 93, 95, 96, 101, 102, 105, 107, 112, 115, 128, 130, 145, 146, 149, 163, 170, 171, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183, 184, 187, 195, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 217, 219
Divorce
113, 114
Doe
189, 194, 195, 198, 203
Egeria
142
Egypt
5, 7, 14, 25, 26, 27, 40, 65, 66, 67, 72, 75, 76, 101, 114, 117, 119, 143, 146, 148, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176n115, 178, 201
Elizabeth
63, 69, 82n68, 176, 186, 200
Emperor
Arcadius
136
Augustus
30, 44, 45, 46, 47, 52, 126
Constantine
113n26, 116, 126, 128n64, 133, 134, 136, 142, 147
Constantius II
70
Justinian
85, 100, 113, 126n57, 138
Majorian
84
Theodosius I
133, 135, 136
Theodosius II
90n98, 111n19, 137, 138
Valentinian
135
Valentinian III
135
Empresses
Athenais Eudocia
134, 137
Eudoxia
111n19, 134, 136, 137
Flavia Flacilla
135, 136, 137
Galla Placidia
134, 135
Helena
133, 134, 142, 147
Livia Drusilla
46, 47, 52
Pulcheria
90n98, 91, 93, 93n108, 94, 95, 96, 111n19, 114n31, 134, 136, 137, 138
Ephrem the Syrian
97, 98
Epiphanius of Salamis
69
Epitaphs
22, 52, 63, 109n15, 155, 203, 205, 206, 208, 210
Eve
10, 54, 66, 74, 133
Familial relationships
1, 7, 20, 22, 40, 46, 47, 51, 52, 62, 77, 78, 79, 83, 85, 88, 95, 101, 103, 104, 117, 126, 128, 131, 132, 134, 136, 138, 157, 188, 218
Fates/parcae
7n14, 22, 24 fig. 5, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 43, 82
Clotho, Lachesis, Atropos
22, 28, 30, 32
Femininity, ideal of
11, 21, 46, 52, 133, 157, 188, 199, 201, 218
Fertility
26, 32, 39, 47n83, 48, 50, 58, 59, 64, 91, 103, 104, 105, 107, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 126, 127n59, 128, 129, 131, 135, 147, 148, 149, 158, 154, 157, 166, 167, 179, 200, 212, 218
Flamen Dialis
50
Flamenica Dialis
50
Flax
26, 54, 56, 75, 162, 170, 176n115
Flight into Egypt
65, 122
Funerary Relief of Ulpia Epigone
21, 22, 22n20
Gabriel
3, 19, 62, 63, 67, 71, 72, 97, 98, 99, 106, 107, 109, 110, 120, 145, 146, 151, 154, 165, 171, 176, 187, 195, 196, 197, 200, 204, 210, 215
Gems/glypts
131, 151, 152 fig. 24, 153 fig. 25
Goddesses
Egypt
Isis
27, 66, 157
Tait or Tayet
26, 27, 168, 172
Greek/Roman
Athena/Minerva
24n23, 27, 33, 34, 35, 36, 43
Ananke
28
Aphrodite-Ariadne
32, 33, 164
Mesopotamia
Uttu
26
Asherah
26, 27
Gorgonia
203
Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew
64
Greco-Roman imagery
9, 27–45
Gregory of Nyssa
12, 74, 77, 135
Gregory Nazianzus
12, 74, 83, 203
Gregory the Great
114
Helvidius
87
Hart/stag
194, 195, 198, 203
Holiness
7, 14, 16, 58, 73, 75, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 93, 94, 98, 131, 150n65, 155, 178, 181, 201, 210, 212, 214, 215
Holy Spirit
82, 165
as weaver
92
Homer
28, 39, 40, 43
Arete
24, 39, 43
Helen
24, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 59
Illiad
28, 30, 40
Odyssey
28, 39n59, 40, 43
Penelope
24, 39, 40, 42, 43
Household
economy of
26, 54, 55, 57, 95, 115, 128, 154, 188, 203
housekeeping
48, 98, 99, 130
management of (oikonomia)
5, 6, 7, 13, 26, 35, 36, 39, 46, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 59, 61, 62, 66, 79, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 91, 94, 98, 101, 103, 105n11, 112, 114, 115, 116, 128, 129, 130, 140, 141, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 164, 166, 174, 178, 201, 204, 210, 213n5
Hippolytus of Rome
82, 83
History of the Monks
148
Icons
65, 151, 217, 219
Iconography
apocalyptic
189, 199, 200, 202
Dionysiac
160, 164, 165, 167, 168
Holy Rider
108n14, 117, 141
Imitatio Mariae
6, 7, 61, 62, 90, 94, 96, 131, 199, 204, 210, 212, 214, 218
Incarnation
5, 58, 59, 70, 88, 90, 92, 97, 131, 183, 197, 199, 201, 202, 204, 216, 217, 217n12
Jacob of Serug
98
Jerome
11, 43, 79, 83, 87, 88
Jesus Christ
62, 109, 155, 166, 168, 186, 197, 198, 214
as weaver
92, 95
Jewellery (see also marriage rings)
52, 71, 103n3, 106, 111n19, 114, 118, 119, 120, 122, 218
medallions
50, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 200
pendants
7, 21, 103, 118, 119 fig. 19, 120, 121 fig. 20, 122, 128
John Chrysostom
90, 95, 158
Joseph the Carpenter
82, 87, 165, 168n107, 201, 216
Jovinian
79, 87, 88
Julia Dryadia
128, 129
Juvenal
42
Justin Martyr
85
Lamb of God
69, 179, 180
Lay devotion
3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 67, 68, 70, 87, 88, 112, 122, 123, 124, 136, 159, 179, 188, 198, 202, 212, 214n6
Liber ad Gregorium in Palatio
79, 88
Legislation
Augustan penalties
113
Corpus Juris Civilis
113
inheritance
77, 79, 104, 113, 114, 127, 139, 154n73
legal rights
112, 114, 126, 127
ius liberorum
126, 129
marriage law
77, 81, 85, 86, 113, 116, 127, 128n64
Theodosian Code
126
Life of Eugenia
73
Linen
4, 6, 27, 28, 54, 57, 58, 69, 125, 131, 138, 156, 157, 162, 163, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 179n120
Liturgy
99, 115
agapai or love feasts
116, 116n35, 123
calendar
112
feasts
69, 88, 92, 95, 116, 123
Mass of the Annunciation
201
Loca sancta images
105
Loom
27, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46n78, 47, 49, 51, 52, 56, 69, 73, 89, 90—93, 95
Lucretia
43, 44, 45, 46
Macrina
76, 77
Marriage
2n3, 7, 11, 15, 26, 42, 44, 47, 48, 50, 52, 59, 64, 66, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 104, 105, 106, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 126, 127, 128, 134, 151, 155, 201, 202, 212, 218
sacrament of
86, 87n86
Marriage rings
9, 103, 104, 105, 105n10, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 118n39, 120, 122, 128, 129, 184, 186, 218
Materfamilias
15, 20, 22, 42, 51, 52, 54, 63, 64, 76, 181
Mary
folk traditions about
3, 63
lay devotion
3–4, 10, 12, 15, 16, 62, 63, 65, 93, 101, 130, 136, 150, 210, 212, 214
maternity of
3, 10, 81, 123, 124
Queen of Heaven
188, 217
Mary Magdalene
189, 197, 198
Mary of Egypt
76
Mariology
63, 81, 91, 95, 214n6, 217
Marriage at Cana
118, 120
Matron
2, 3, 5, 13, 20, 21, 22, 25, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 59, 60, 63, 70, 75, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 99, 101, 102, 103, 112, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 180, 181, 183, 184, 187n11, 188, 199, 210, 212, 217, 218, 219
Matronage
1, 6, 9, 13, 16, 65, 83, 86, 89, 202
Melania the Younger
76, 77, 137, 148
Melania the Elder
76
Midwives
56, 125
Montanist
205–208
Motherhood
11, 37, 64, 73, 74, 80, 81n64, 82, 87, 103, 120, 127, 134, 149, 151, 155, 179, 200, 214, 219
Mother goddess/Magna Mater
16, 26, 26n27, 66, 69, 187n11, 187, 196, 199
Muse Casket
49, 49n89, 50
Muses
49, 50, 208
Mythology
Achilles
30, 31, 32
Apollo
37, 39, 168
Arachne
35
Artemis
37, 40, 41
Dionysos
157, 164
Hector
30
King Priam
30
Leto of the Golden Spindle
20, 37, 38
Osiris, resurrection of
27, 157
Philoctetes
30
Thetis and Peleus
30, 31, 32
Narrative sequencing
64, 110, 159, 214
Nativity of Jesus
65, 88, 89, 92, 108, 109, 117, 118, 122, 123, 165, 170, 173
Nestorius of Constantinople
17n10, 66, 92, 94, 95, 137
Origen
81, 82, 140, 141, 151
Paideia
13
Palmyrene busts
52, 53
Aqmat
52
Tamma
52, 53
Panopolis
33, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 178
Parenting
81, 85, 127
Patronage
5, 8, 17, 27, 33, 111n20, 131–134, 137–141, 155, 156, 162, 181, 198, 205, 206, 212
guilds
100, 139
imperial women
132–137
Paul
85, 86, 158, 194
Pelagius
79, 88
Perpetua
73
Peter
194
Peter Chrysologus
201, 202
Phrygian tombstones
182, 206, 207, 208, 210
Aurelios Markeinanos
206
Aurelia Appes
207
Aurelia Apphion
207
Christians for a Christian
205–207
Eutyches
206
Markia
207
Tombstone for Ammia, Tatia, and unnamed
206
Tombstone for Aurelia Domna and Onesime
207
Tombstone of Loukios and Tatia
207
Tombstone of Kyrillos, Domna, and Kyriakos
207
Trophimos
207
wreath with cross
205, 206, 206n49, 207, 208
Piety/pietas
2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 35, 45, 47, 52, 59, 62, 65n15, 67, 69, 77, 81n64, 83, 87, 89, 94n111, 98, 101, 103, 109n15, 130, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 180, 182, 188, 196, 203, 204, 214n6
Pignatta Sarcophagus
182, 189–194, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206
Pilgrimage
6, 105, 111n19, 117, 137, 141, 142, 146, 147, 148n58, 149, 149n65, 150, 151, 154
eulogia
111n19, 117, 142, 146, 147, 148
miracle working images
149
tokens
9, 115, 131, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 154, 155, 200, 218
Pneuma
29, 30
Pope Leo I
214
Pope Sixtus III
214
Potamius of Lisbon
69, 70
Praxedes and Pudentiana
29
Proclus of Constantinople
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 179
Projecta Casket
50
Protevangelium of James
3, 4, 19, 58, 76
Pseudo-Chrysostom
200
Pyxis/pyxides
71, 72, 73, 218
Quintilian
51
Ravenna
5, 71, 135, 136, 182, 188, 192, 193, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203
Realia
3, 8, 9, 26, 59, 62, 65, 72, 96, 97, 101, 130, 146, 154, 177, 212
Regina, freed woman
20, 23, 25
Resurrection
82, 157, 180, 189, 195, 197, 198, 204
Rituals
3, 31, 47, 48, 49n89, 50, 59, 68, 69, 99, 103, 105n11, 113, 115, 116, 122, 123, 168, 182, 210
Rome
Forum Transitorium
24n23, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37
Visigothic sack of
45
Roman mores
13, 37, 52, 83, 91
Salvific themes
17, 58n114, 82, 109n15, 149, 180, 186, 189, 202, 203
Santa Maria Maggiore
5, 177, 213, 214, 215, 216
mosaic
177, 213–216
Scarlet and purple
3, 4, 5, 39, 57, 58, 64, 67, 154, 166, 176, 216
Sculpture
22, 52, 67
Seneca
48
Shenute the Archimandrite
157, 159
Social status
13, 22, 52, 84, 112–115, 130, 132, 139, 140, 157, 163, 188
freed women
20, 22, 23, 114
noble women
114
slaves
47, 62, 83, 100, 114
Soranus of Ephesus
125
Sozomen
90n98, 94
Spindle
1, 5, 6, 14, 15, 20, 22, 23, 26, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 67, 69, 70, 72, 89, 93, 95, 96, 101, 102, 105, 107, 112, 115, 128, 130, 145, 146, 149, 163, 170, 171, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183, 184, 187, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 217, 219
Spinning
motifs
2, 5, 9, 37, 44, 45, 51, 64, 67, 102, 103, 112, 115, 157, 163, 179, 206, 207, 208, 210
Spinning implements
14, 21, 47, 52, 59, 72, 90, 99, 101, 162, 163, 165, 187, 205
spinning bowl
72
whorl
28, 31n42, 72, 171
Symeon Stylites
147, 148
Syncretism
159, 162, 167, 179
Synod of Milan
87
Tabernacle
57, 58
Tertullian
44, 81, 83, 87, 125
Textiles
Coptic
7, 156n78, 160, 162, 163, 166, 174, 178, 179
embroidery
7, 30n41, 94, 160, 163, 170, 173, 175, 176
resist-dyed linen
170, 171
roundels
173, 174, 175, 176, 177
tapestry bands
163, 173, 175
workshops
49, 163, 177
Tombstone of Philista
208, 209 fig. 46
Tombstone of Menophila
208, 209
Trees
49, 66n17, 92, 176
cypress
198
date palm
192, 194, 198
Theotokos
2, 10, 12, 17n10, 26, 64, 65, 66, 67, 90, 91, 93n108, 101, 137, 151, 159, 173, 201, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217
Ulpian
114
Veil of the temple
4, 5, 54, 64, 166, 169, 216, 217n12, 218
Viewer response
14, 20, 61, 64, 100, 128, 131, 133, 149, 152n71, 153, 154, 183, 184, 188, 212, 215
Virtue
1, 6, 13, 14, 15, 17n10, 20, 21–23, 27, 28, 37, 41, 47, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 102, 103, 105, 112, 128, 135, 171, 188, 199, 202, 206, 208, 210, 212, 215, 218
Virtues
castitas (chastity)
21, 45n74, 52
concordia
22, 47, 111n19
fidelity
21, 41, 44, 54, 59, 86, 115, 127
industry
1, 6, 21, 23, 26, 34, 35, 42, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 99, 101, 107, 131, 171, 178, 203, 212, 218
pietas
47, 203
pudicitia
17n10, 20, 45, 46, 51, 52, 58, 131, 196, 218
uenustas (charm)
21
Visitation
65, 69, 109, 113, 122, 173, 174 fig. 32, 175, 176, 186, 202, 204
Woman Wisdom
26, 95
Women at sepulchre
105, 108, 117
Weaving
5, 23, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 69, 82, 90, 94, 96, 158, 162, 172, 173
Wisdom
27, 28, 35, 43, 57, 58, 92, 94, 95, 148, 203, 213n5
Womb
62, 90, 92, 93n107, 95, 96, 117n36, 118, 125, 201
Wool
6, 22, 26, 29, 30, 31n42, 39, 40, 41, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 102, 105, 112, 115, 118, 125, 131, 138, 151, 162, 163, 173, 180, 187, 215
fillets
49, 125
roves
19, 20, 47, 49, 52, 108, 109, 145, 146, 149, 154, 195, 217
Wool basket
5, 20, 21, 30, 41, 50, 52, 67, 105, 106, 109, 115, 118, 120, 146, 149, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 171, 172, 176, 177, 203, 206, 207, 208, 217
Wool-working
4, 33, 35, 37, 48, 69, 70, 77, 89, 92, 100, 106, 122, 127, 128, 140, 141, 160, 205