A scandalous success when first published in 1851, 19-year-old Mathilde Fibigerâs Clara Raphael. Tolv Breve was widely criticized by major (male) critics, all except N.F.S. Grundtvig, who wrote: âClara lit the beacon-fire/in the fight for womenâs rightsâ.
Acknowledged as the first Danish feminist novel, it comprises twelve fictive letters from Clara to her friend Mathilde in which she complains of her stultifying life as a governess on a rural farm in a male-dominated world: âWhat right do men have to suppress us? For there is no doubt that we are suppressed, even if the chains are gildedâ.
Edward Broadbridge, M.A. (1971), Aarhus University, was born in London in 1944 and emigrated to Denmark in 1967. He is a retired English teacher whose major work is the six-volume translation of the Danish poet and educator, N.F.S. Grundtvig (1783â1872) (Aarhus University Press 2008â23).
Lise Busk-Jensen, M.A. (1977), Copenhagen University, is a literary historian who has taught and researched at the Department of Arts and Studies at Copenhagen University. She was editor of the journal Culture and Class from 1981 to 2005. She is a leading writer on womenâs studies.
This book is of interest to general readers of womenâs studies, biographers of women novelists, Ph.D. students, translators, psychologists, historians, and researchers of Danish feminist history.