The nineteenth century brought unremitting conflict over the Papal States. As temporal sovereignty slipped from the popeâs hands in the Italian peninsula, the papacy developed into a soft power on a global scale. This transformation was driven both by the papacyâs conscious efforts to reinvent itself, and by increasing lay Catholic support in the face of mounting challenges: war, revolution, the rise of nationalism and increasing secularization. Though the reinvention of Church government entailed divisions among Catholics, it eventually allowed the pope to develop a new authority, subtler yet firmer than the one before. This volume tells the story of this profound transformation from the point of view of social, political and cultural history.
Carolina Armenteros, Ph.D. (2005, University of Cambridge) is Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences and Director of the Center for European Studies at the Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra. She has published multiple books and articles on political and religious thought in the Age of Revolutions, including The French Idea of History: Joseph de Maistre and his Heirs, 1794â1854 (Cornell, 2011).
Francisco Javier Ramón Solans, Ph.D. (2012, University of Zaragoza/University of Paris 8) is Lecturer in Late Modern History at the University of Zaragoza. He has published monographs, edited volumes, and articles on 19th-century Catholicism, including Beyond the Andes: The Ultramontane Origins of a Latin American Church (1851â1910) (Brill, 2025).
List of FiguresâIX ContributorsâX
Introduction
âFrancisco Javier Ramón Solans
Part 1 Re-imagining the Pope in the Catholic World
1 Rome and the Americas: Geopolitical Imagination and Catholicism in the Nineteenth Century
âElisa Cárdenas
2 The Papacy in Mid-Nineteenth-Century American Catholic Imagination
âSandra Yocum
3 Far Away yet so Close: Fueling the Veneration for the Popes in Canada (1867â1914)
âMichel Dahan
4 Towards a Postcolonial Papacy
âImagining the Papacy from the Point of View of Filipino Nationalist Catholics in the Late Nineteenth Century
âPeter Ben Smit
6 The Royal Patronage in Question: the Clash between Portugalâs Historical Legacies and the Holy Seeâs Missionary Imperatives
âHugo Gonçalves Dores
7 The Father of Nations? Charisma, Peoples, and the Papacy in the Age of Nationalism
âIgnazio Veca
8 A Civil Code for the Pope? French Protection and Legal Reform in the Papal States after 1848
âAlessandro Capone
9 The Popes and the Pretenders: the Impossible Unity of Counter-Revolution in the Nineteenth Century
âAlexandre Dupont
10 Old Catholic and New Roman
âCentrifugal Movements within Nineteenth-Century Catholicism and their Contacts with the Episcopal Clergy in the Netherlands
âDirk Jan Schoon
â11âThe Kulturkampf and the Papacy
âSarah Scholl
Part 3 Supporting the Papacy
12 Towards a Hieratic Stiffening: Rituals, Punishments, and Repentance in the Papal States after Piusâ VII Restoration (1814)
âMarco Emanuele Omes
13 Transnational Soldiers of the Faith: International Catholic Mobilization in Defense of the Papacy (1860â1870)
âSimon Sarlin
14 The Pope and His Cult in the Nineteenth Century: Practices of Devotion and Transnational Circulations
âBruno Dumons
15 Between the Majesty of a Monarch and the Proximity of a Priest
âNew Ways of Performing the Papacy in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
âFrancisco Javier Ramón Solans
Epilogue: the Evolvement of Papal Power since the Twentieth Century: Mobilization, Media, and Diplomacy from Leo XIII to Francis
âMariano P. Barbato
Index
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