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Moroccoâs Africa Policy
Role Identity and Power Projection
Series: - Leiden Studies in Islam and Society, Volume: 20
Author:
Since the advent of the reign of Mohammed VI in 1999, Morocco has deployed a new continental foreign policy. The Kingdom aspires to be recognized as an emerging African power in its identity as well as in its space of projection. In order to meet these ambitions, the diplomatic apparatus is developing and modernizing, while a singular role identity is emerging around the notion of the "golden mean". This study presents, on an empirical level, the conditions of the elaboration and conduct of this Africa policy, and analyzes, on a theoretical level, the evolution of the Moroccan role identity in the international system.
Yousra Abourabi, Ph.D. (2016), is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the International University of Rabat. She has published a monograph as well as many papers on Morocco and African governance, including Maroc (De Boeck, 2019) and the current book in its French version (Brill, 2020). She is both a member of the ECOSOCC (African Union) and of the Global Campus for Human Rights.
Foreword
Abbreviations
Introduction
â1ââMorocco takes the Southâ: Apollonian or Dionysian impulse?
â2âThe Arab and African Worlds in the Study of International Relations
â3âA Constructivist Approach to Identity
â4âThe Challenge of Multi-disciplinarity in the Study of Moroccan Foreign Policy
â5âBook Structure and Objectives
1 The Genesis of an Africa Policy in Morocco: The Kingdom in Search of International Recognition
â1âIntroduction
â2âMeasuring Moroccoâs Emergence in the Light of the New World Order: Africaâs Emergence in a âMultiplexâ World
â3âFrom the Ambition of Emergence to the Ambition of Power: The Development of the Kingdomâs International Relations
â4âThe Discursive Construction of Moroccoâs International Role Identity around the Concept of the âGolden Meanâ
â5âAfrica as the âNew Frontierâ
2 The Historical Determinants of Moroccoâs Diplomatic Interest in Africa
â1âIntroduction
â2âHistory as an Objective Determinant of the Geopolitical Order: Allal al-Fassiâs âGreater Moroccoâ Project
â3âFirst Steps towards Building African Multilateralism
â4âFrom the Sand War to the Betrayal of the OAU: The Moroccan Western Sahara, an African Problem
â5âThe Search for Leadership in a Regional Union with Libya: A Failed Alternative
â6âThe Cold War Kingdom versus French Power in Africa
â7ââRenewed Partnershipâ and a New Policy in Africa at the End of the Cold War
â8âCeasefire and Peace Plan in the Aftermath of the Cold War: The Birth of Voice Diplomacy
3 The Making of the Africa Policy: Royal Pre-eminence and Diplomatic Mobilisation
â1âIntroduction
â2âThe Kingâs Style in Foreign Policy: A Two-Tiered Role
â3âForeign Affairs: A âMinistry of Sovereigntyâ
â4âModernisation and Professionalisation of the Diplomatic Apparatus at the Service of an African strategy
â5âThe Specialisation of Diplomacy in the Service of a Golden-Mean Role Identity: Promoting Interculturalism and Trilateralism
4 A Framework for Representing Regional Integration
â1âIntroduction
â2âThe Defence of Territorial Integrity: A Political Framework for Defining the Entourage
â3âAlgeria and the Polisario Front: Public Historical hostis
â4âSouth Africa and Nigeria: Geopolitical Adversaries or Future Continental Allies?
â5âShared Perceptions of an AlgiersâAbujaâPretoria anti-Moroccan Axis
â6âThe Representation of a âNatural Extensionâ Based On the âHistorical Constantsâ of the Kingdom
â7âThe French Character of the Kingdomâs Africa Policy: The Erroneous Hypothesis of a âpré carré gigogneâ
â8âThe Moroccan Character of the Kingdomâs Africa Policy: âMohammed VI the Africanâ, a Manifestation of the Royal Style in Africa
5 A Legitimising Framework for Regional Integration
â1âIntroduction
â2âThe Kingdom Is African: The Inscription of Africanness in the Diplomatic Framework
â3âThe Kingdomâs Solidarity: Integrating the Normative Framework of SouthâSouth Cooperation and Global Security
â4âThe Kingdom Is Moderate: The Valorisation of a Political-Religious Legacy through the Definition of a Golden-Mean Islam
6 Africa as a Field of Expression for an Indirect Strategy
â1âIntroduction
â2âFifteen Years of Offensive Bilateralism in the Service of a Sectorisation of Cooperation
â3âThe Acquisition of Material Resources through Trilateral Cooperation
â4âCircumventing the Absence from the AU through Parallel Multilateral Diplomacy
â5âMoroccoâs Return to the AU: The End of the Indirect Strategy?
7 Constructing Diplomatic Levers of Action to Promote a Role Identity
â1âThe Subordination of the Economic Tool to Political Imperatives
â2âSectoral Investment Policies under the Banner of SouthâSouth Cooperation
â3âPromoting State Identity through Nation Branding and Intangible Capital
â4âAccelerating Trade to Achieve Regional Integration: The Race to Maritime Transport
â5âInfluence Diplomacy: The Role of Cultural and Religious Levers
â6âThe Institutionalisation of Exchanges with trans-Saharan Sufi Confraternity Networks
â7âThe Spreading of a Golden-Mean Islam in Africa through Religious Training
8 The Consequences of Moroccoâs Africa Policy: Between Relative Gains and Geopolitical Transformations
â1âIntroduction
â2âThe Effects of Cultural and Religious Diplomacy in the Development of Migration to Morocco
â3âTowards a Mix of Foreign and Domestic Policies: The Example of Climate and Environmental Policy
â4âEnshrining the End of a MENA/sub-Saharan Africa Divide: A Socially Constructed Regionalist Project
ConclusionâMorocco: A Median Power
Appendix 1: State Visits of Mohammed VI Abroad, 2000â2016
Appendix 2: The Kingâs Speeches, 1999â2015: Statistics
Appendix 3: FDI to Morocco (1) and (2)
Appendix 4: Map of âGreater Moroccoâ
Appendix 5: Countries that Have Withdrawn Their Recognition of the RASD
Appendix 6: Map of Diplomatic Postures Regarding the Status of Moroccan Western Sahara
Appendix 7: Export of French War Material to Morocco (2008â2014)
Appendix 8: Moroccan FDI in Africa (1)
Appendix 9: Legitimisation Framework for the Africa Policy: Example of a Document on SouthâSouth Cooperation
Appendix 10: The Road Linking Morocco to West Africa
Appendix 11: Moroccan FDI in Africa (2)
Appendix 13: AU Motion of 28 States for the Suspension of the RASD
Appendix 13: Trade with Africa
Appendix 14: Transport Networks in Africa
Appendix 15: Shipping Lines, MoroccoâAfrica
Bibliography
Index
Abbreviations
Introduction
â1ââMorocco takes the Southâ: Apollonian or Dionysian impulse?
â2âThe Arab and African Worlds in the Study of International Relations
â3âA Constructivist Approach to Identity
â4âThe Challenge of Multi-disciplinarity in the Study of Moroccan Foreign Policy
â5âBook Structure and Objectives
1 The Genesis of an Africa Policy in Morocco: The Kingdom in Search of International Recognition
â1âIntroduction
â2âMeasuring Moroccoâs Emergence in the Light of the New World Order: Africaâs Emergence in a âMultiplexâ World
â3âFrom the Ambition of Emergence to the Ambition of Power: The Development of the Kingdomâs International Relations
â4âThe Discursive Construction of Moroccoâs International Role Identity around the Concept of the âGolden Meanâ
â5âAfrica as the âNew Frontierâ
2 The Historical Determinants of Moroccoâs Diplomatic Interest in Africa
â1âIntroduction
â2âHistory as an Objective Determinant of the Geopolitical Order: Allal al-Fassiâs âGreater Moroccoâ Project
â3âFirst Steps towards Building African Multilateralism
â4âFrom the Sand War to the Betrayal of the OAU: The Moroccan Western Sahara, an African Problem
â5âThe Search for Leadership in a Regional Union with Libya: A Failed Alternative
â6âThe Cold War Kingdom versus French Power in Africa
â7ââRenewed Partnershipâ and a New Policy in Africa at the End of the Cold War
â8âCeasefire and Peace Plan in the Aftermath of the Cold War: The Birth of Voice Diplomacy
3 The Making of the Africa Policy: Royal Pre-eminence and Diplomatic Mobilisation
â1âIntroduction
â2âThe Kingâs Style in Foreign Policy: A Two-Tiered Role
â3âForeign Affairs: A âMinistry of Sovereigntyâ
â4âModernisation and Professionalisation of the Diplomatic Apparatus at the Service of an African strategy
â5âThe Specialisation of Diplomacy in the Service of a Golden-Mean Role Identity: Promoting Interculturalism and Trilateralism
4 A Framework for Representing Regional Integration
â1âIntroduction
â2âThe Defence of Territorial Integrity: A Political Framework for Defining the Entourage
â3âAlgeria and the Polisario Front: Public Historical hostis
â4âSouth Africa and Nigeria: Geopolitical Adversaries or Future Continental Allies?
â5âShared Perceptions of an AlgiersâAbujaâPretoria anti-Moroccan Axis
â6âThe Representation of a âNatural Extensionâ Based On the âHistorical Constantsâ of the Kingdom
â7âThe French Character of the Kingdomâs Africa Policy: The Erroneous Hypothesis of a âpré carré gigogneâ
â8âThe Moroccan Character of the Kingdomâs Africa Policy: âMohammed VI the Africanâ, a Manifestation of the Royal Style in Africa
5 A Legitimising Framework for Regional Integration
â1âIntroduction
â2âThe Kingdom Is African: The Inscription of Africanness in the Diplomatic Framework
â3âThe Kingdomâs Solidarity: Integrating the Normative Framework of SouthâSouth Cooperation and Global Security
â4âThe Kingdom Is Moderate: The Valorisation of a Political-Religious Legacy through the Definition of a Golden-Mean Islam
6 Africa as a Field of Expression for an Indirect Strategy
â1âIntroduction
â2âFifteen Years of Offensive Bilateralism in the Service of a Sectorisation of Cooperation
â3âThe Acquisition of Material Resources through Trilateral Cooperation
â4âCircumventing the Absence from the AU through Parallel Multilateral Diplomacy
â5âMoroccoâs Return to the AU: The End of the Indirect Strategy?
7 Constructing Diplomatic Levers of Action to Promote a Role Identity
â1âThe Subordination of the Economic Tool to Political Imperatives
â2âSectoral Investment Policies under the Banner of SouthâSouth Cooperation
â3âPromoting State Identity through Nation Branding and Intangible Capital
â4âAccelerating Trade to Achieve Regional Integration: The Race to Maritime Transport
â5âInfluence Diplomacy: The Role of Cultural and Religious Levers
â6âThe Institutionalisation of Exchanges with trans-Saharan Sufi Confraternity Networks
â7âThe Spreading of a Golden-Mean Islam in Africa through Religious Training
8 The Consequences of Moroccoâs Africa Policy: Between Relative Gains and Geopolitical Transformations
â1âIntroduction
â2âThe Effects of Cultural and Religious Diplomacy in the Development of Migration to Morocco
â3âTowards a Mix of Foreign and Domestic Policies: The Example of Climate and Environmental Policy
â4âEnshrining the End of a MENA/sub-Saharan Africa Divide: A Socially Constructed Regionalist Project
ConclusionâMorocco: A Median Power
Appendix 1: State Visits of Mohammed VI Abroad, 2000â2016
Appendix 2: The Kingâs Speeches, 1999â2015: Statistics
Appendix 3: FDI to Morocco (1) and (2)
Appendix 4: Map of âGreater Moroccoâ
Appendix 5: Countries that Have Withdrawn Their Recognition of the RASD
Appendix 6: Map of Diplomatic Postures Regarding the Status of Moroccan Western Sahara
Appendix 7: Export of French War Material to Morocco (2008â2014)
Appendix 8: Moroccan FDI in Africa (1)
Appendix 9: Legitimisation Framework for the Africa Policy: Example of a Document on SouthâSouth Cooperation
Appendix 10: The Road Linking Morocco to West Africa
Appendix 11: Moroccan FDI in Africa (2)
Appendix 13: AU Motion of 28 States for the Suspension of the RASD
Appendix 13: Trade with Africa
Appendix 14: Transport Networks in Africa
Appendix 15: Shipping Lines, MoroccoâAfrica
Bibliography
Index
All interested in Morocco's history and foreign policy, African international relations, governance, diplomacy, International Relations theory. The book is primarily intended for researchers, decision-makers, journalists and students.