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Kanišite Hittite
The Earliest Attested Record of Indo-European
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In KaniÅ¡ite Hittite Alwin Kloekhorst discusses the ethno-linguistic make-up of KaniÅ¡ (Central Anatolia, modern-day Kültepe), the most important Anatolian mercantile centre during the kÄrum-period (ca. 1970-1710 BCE), when Assyrian merchants dominated the trade in Anatolia. Especially by analysing the personal names of local individuals attested in Old Assyrian documents from KaniÅ¡, Alwin Kloekhorst demonstrates that the main language spoken there was a dialect of Hittite that was closely related to but nevertheless distinct from the Hittite language as spoken in the later Hittite Kingdom. This book offers a full account of all onomastic material and other linguistic data of KaniÅ¡ite Hittite, which constitute the oldest attested record of any Indo-European language.
"The achievement of Kloekhorstâs study is that it advances the case for classifying the local language as a predecessor of Hittite... the present state of knowledge as presented by Kloekhorst is a huge step forward and he is to be congratulated with this important milestone in Old Assyrian and Hittite studies."
-J.J. de Ridder, BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXXVII 3-4 (2020)
"The achievement of Kloekhorstâs study is that it advances the case for classifying the local language as a predecessor of Hittite... the present state of knowledge as presented by Kloekhorst is a huge step forward and he is to be congratulated with this important milestone in Old Assyrian and Hittite studies."
-J.J. de Ridder, BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXXVII 3-4 (2020)
Alwin Kloekhorst, Ph.D. (2007), Leiden University, is Assistant Professor of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at LUCL. He has published extensively on Hittite, including the monographs Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Brill, 2008) and Accent in Hittite (Harrassowitz, 2014).
Preface
Abbreviations
Introduction
1 Personal Names in the Old Assyrian Texts from Kaniš
â1.1âDating of Texts
â1.2âOld Assyrian Texts from Outside KaniÅ¡
â1.3âMenâs vs. Womenâs Names
â1.4âFamily Relations
â1.5âNames Attested in Other Sources
2 The Linguistic Analysis of Personal Names: Methodological Preliminaries
â2.1âKaniÅ¡ite Names
â2.2âMethodological Difficulties
3 Phonological Interpretation of the Kanišite Names
â3.1âThe Transliteration of the Cuneiform Signs
â3.2âSpelling Alternations in Names
4 Identifying the Linguistic Background of the Kanišite Personal Names
â4.1âThe Term nuwÄâum
â4.2âInfluence of the Local Language(s) of KaniÅ¡ on Old Assyrian
â4.3âArguments for a Hittitoid Identification
â4.4âArguments for a Luwic Identification
â4.5âArguments for a Hurrian Identification
â4.6âArguments for a Hattic Identification
â4.7âNames of an Unclear Origin
â4.8âConclusions: KaniÅ¡ite Hittite
5 Kanišite Hittite Compound Names
â5.1âThe Linking -a-
â5.2âThe Final Elements of the KaniÅ¡ite Hittite Compound Names
â5.3âThe Initial Elements of the KaniÅ¡ite Hittite Compound Names
â5.4âSummary: an Overview of Elements
6 Other Kanišite Hittite Names
â6.1âRelatively Certain Cases
â6.2âLess Certain Cases
â6.3âExcursus: the Alleged(?) KaniÅ¡ite Name labarna(Å¡)
7 Excursus 1: Kanišite ašie/at (m.) and na/ikilie/at (m.) and the Hittite Verbal System
â7.1âaÅ¡ie/at (m.) and na/ikilie/at (m.)
â7.2âA Morphological Analysis
â7.3âaÅ¡ie/at and na/ikilie/at as Original Verbal Forms
â7.4âOther Names in -iet / -iat
8 Excursus 2: Kanišite -ašue and the Feminine Gender in Hittite and Proto-Indo-European
â8.1â-aÅ¡u-e and PIE *-ihâ-
â8.2âFeminine Gender in Anatolian?
â8.3âThe Original Function of PIE *-ihâ-
â8.4âThe Element -e in -aÅ¡ue: a Motion Suffix or an Agreement Marker?
9 Comparing Kanišite Hittite to Ḫattuša Hittite
â9.1âEpenthesis in */sp-/
â9.2âKaniÅ¡ite Hitt. -ḫšu(Å¡ar) vs. ḪattuÅ¡a Hitt. ḫaÅ¡Å¡u(Å¡ra)-
â9.3âKaniÅ¡ite Hitt. iÅ¡pud- / Å¡upud- vs. ḪattuÅ¡a Hitt. iÅ¡pant-
â9.4âKaniÅ¡ite Hitt. iÅ¡pun- / Å¡apun- / Å¡upun- vs. ḪattuÅ¡a Hitt. iÅ¡pant-
â9.5âTwo Different Dialects: KaniÅ¡ite Hittite vs. ḪattuÅ¡a Hittite
10 Two Hittite Dialects: Historical Reality
â10.1âThe Language Situation in ḪattuÅ¡a in the Early 2nd Millennium BCE
â10.2âDating the Hattic-Hittite Language Shift in ḪattuÅ¡a
â10.3âThe Place from Where Hittite was Introduced into ḪattuÅ¡a
â10.4âProblem: ḪattuÅ¡a Hittite is not KaniÅ¡ite Hittite
â10.5âConclusions
Bibliography
Index
Abbreviations
Introduction
Part 1: Methodology and Analyses
1 Personal Names in the Old Assyrian Texts from Kaniš
â1.1âDating of Texts
â1.2âOld Assyrian Texts from Outside KaniÅ¡
â1.3âMenâs vs. Womenâs Names
â1.4âFamily Relations
â1.5âNames Attested in Other Sources
2 The Linguistic Analysis of Personal Names: Methodological Preliminaries
â2.1âKaniÅ¡ite Names
â2.2âMethodological Difficulties
3 Phonological Interpretation of the Kanišite Names
â3.1âThe Transliteration of the Cuneiform Signs
â3.2âSpelling Alternations in Names
4 Identifying the Linguistic Background of the Kanišite Personal Names
â4.1âThe Term nuwÄâum
â4.2âInfluence of the Local Language(s) of KaniÅ¡ on Old Assyrian
â4.3âArguments for a Hittitoid Identification
â4.4âArguments for a Luwic Identification
â4.5âArguments for a Hurrian Identification
â4.6âArguments for a Hattic Identification
â4.7âNames of an Unclear Origin
â4.8âConclusions: KaniÅ¡ite Hittite
Part 2: Kanišite Hittite Personal Names: the Material
5 Kanišite Hittite Compound Names
â5.1âThe Linking -a-
â5.2âThe Final Elements of the KaniÅ¡ite Hittite Compound Names
â5.3âThe Initial Elements of the KaniÅ¡ite Hittite Compound Names
â5.4âSummary: an Overview of Elements
6 Other Kanišite Hittite Names
â6.1âRelatively Certain Cases
â6.2âLess Certain Cases
â6.3âExcursus: the Alleged(?) KaniÅ¡ite Name labarna(Å¡)
7 Excursus 1: Kanišite ašie/at (m.) and na/ikilie/at (m.) and the Hittite Verbal System
â7.1âaÅ¡ie/at (m.) and na/ikilie/at (m.)
â7.2âA Morphological Analysis
â7.3âaÅ¡ie/at and na/ikilie/at as Original Verbal Forms
â7.4âOther Names in -iet / -iat
8 Excursus 2: Kanišite -ašue and the Feminine Gender in Hittite and Proto-Indo-European
â8.1â-aÅ¡u-e and PIE *-ihâ-
â8.2âFeminine Gender in Anatolian?
â8.3âThe Original Function of PIE *-ihâ-
â8.4âThe Element -e in -aÅ¡ue: a Motion Suffix or an Agreement Marker?
Part 3: The Linguistic Status of Kanišite Hittite
9 Comparing Kanišite Hittite to Ḫattuša Hittite
â9.1âEpenthesis in */sp-/
â9.2âKaniÅ¡ite Hitt. -ḫšu(Å¡ar) vs. ḪattuÅ¡a Hitt. ḫaÅ¡Å¡u(Å¡ra)-
â9.3âKaniÅ¡ite Hitt. iÅ¡pud- / Å¡upud- vs. ḪattuÅ¡a Hitt. iÅ¡pant-
â9.4âKaniÅ¡ite Hitt. iÅ¡pun- / Å¡apun- / Å¡upun- vs. ḪattuÅ¡a Hitt. iÅ¡pant-
â9.5âTwo Different Dialects: KaniÅ¡ite Hittite vs. ḪattuÅ¡a Hittite
10 Two Hittite Dialects: Historical Reality
â10.1âThe Language Situation in ḪattuÅ¡a in the Early 2nd Millennium BCE
â10.2âDating the Hattic-Hittite Language Shift in ḪattuÅ¡a
â10.3âThe Place from Where Hittite was Introduced into ḪattuÅ¡a
â10.4âProblem: ḪattuÅ¡a Hittite is not KaniÅ¡ite Hittite
â10.5âConclusions
Bibliography
Index
All Hittitologists and Assyriologists, and anyone interested in Indo-European linguistics.