Site of Amnesia: The Lost Historical Consciousness of Mizrahi Jewry
Representation of the Experience of the Jews of North Africa and the Middle East during World War II in Israeli, European and Middle Eastern Film and Television
This study deepens our historical understanding of the North-African Jewish and Middle Eastern Jewish experience during WWII, which is often under- or mis-represented by the media in Israel, the Arab world, France, and Italy. Public, historical and sociocultural discourse is examined to clarify whether these communities are accepted by the world as "Holocaust survivors". Further, it determines the extent to which their wartime history is revealed to Israeli society in its cultural performances. Importantly, this work addresses the reasons why the Holocaust of North African Jewry is absent from Israeli and world consciousness. Finally, the study contemplates the consequences of these phenomena for Israeli society as well as in the colonial countries of France and Italy.
"In addition to using academic resources, Golan captures this history from the margins by utilizing audio-visual and artistic media in addition to evidence recorded on community heritage websites, Facebook, and other online social networks. Golanâs book demonstrates that there is a moral imperative to preserve and transmit these memories of persecution and discrimination..."
-David B Levy, Touro College, NYC, Association of Jewish Libraries News and Reviews 1.2 (2019)
Yvonne Kozlovsky Golan, Ph.D. (2003), University of Haifa, is Senior Lecturer and founding chair of the Interdisciplinary Program for Culture and Film Studies at that university. Her research focuses on history, cinema and media, especially relating to Israel studies, Holocaust and genocide.
"Yvonne Kozlovsky Golanâs book, Site of Amnesia, enriches our understanding, expands the possibilities for new research, and provides insight into how this unique aspect of the war was addressed and commemorated in film and television over the years."
- Haim Saadoun, The Open University of Israel, in Antisemitism Studies 6.1 (2022)
Preface and Acknowledgements
Introduction 1 Origins and Description of Multilateral Development Banksâ Sanctions Regimes
âIntroduction
â1 Origins of Multilateral Development Banksâ Sanctions Regime ââA Federal Acquisition Regulation (far)
âââ(i) Causes for Debarment
âââ(ii) Suspension
âââ(iii) Debarment Procedures
âââ(iv) Judicial Review and Due Process Rights
ââB Evolution of the World Bank Groupâs Sanctions System
âââ(i) First Sanctions Regime
âââ(ii) The Thornburgh Report
âââ(iii) Expansion of Sanctions Regime beyond Procurement and Launch of the Voluntary Disclosure Programme
âââ(iv) Early Harmonisation Efforts with Other mdbs
â2 Description of Multilateral Development Banksâ Sanctions Regimes
ââA World Bank Groupâs Sanctions Regime
âââ(i) Two-Step Decision-Making Process
âââ(ii) Range of Possible Sanctions
âââ(iii) Settlements
ââB Inter-American Development Bankâs Sanctions Regime
âââ(i) Early Developments and the Thornburgh Report
âââ(ii) Two-Step Decision-Making Process
âââ(iii) Range of Possible Sanctions
âââ(iv) Settlements
ââC European Bank for Reconstruction and Developmentâs Sanctions Regime
âââ(i) Early Developments
âââ(ii) Two-Step Decision-Making Process
âââ(iii) Range of Possible Sanctions
âââ(iv) Settlements
ââD African Development Bankâs Sanctions Regime
âââ(i) Early Developments
âââ(ii) Two-Step Decision-Making Process
âââ(iii) Range of Possible Sanctions
âââ(iv) Settlements
ââE Asian Development Bankâs Sanctions Regime
âââ(i) Early Developments
âââ(ii) Two-Step Decision-Making Process
âââ(iii) Range of Possible Sanctions
â3 Comparison of Multilateral Development Banksâ Sanctions Regimes and the Cross-Debarment Regime
ââA Comparison of Multilateral Development Banksâ Sanctions Regimes
ââB Cross-Debarment Regime
âConclusion
2 Judicial Review Standards
âIntroduction
â1 Judicial Review Standards in the uk
ââA Bases for Judicial Review
ââB Required Procedures
âââ(i) Notice
âââ(ii) Right to Make Representations:Â Written or Oral Proceedings?
âââ(iii) Right to Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses
âââ(iv) Right to Legal Representation
âââ(v) Failure to give Reasons for the Final Decision
â2 Judicial Review Standards in the US
ââA Bases for Judicial Review
ââB Required Procedures
âConclusion
3 Accountability of International Organisations
âIntroduction
â1 Basis of International Organisationsâ Immunities
â2 Case Law
ââA US Courts
ââB UK Courts
ââC Italian Courts
ââD French Courts
ââE Belgian Courts
ââF Human Rights Dimension and the echr
âConclusion
4 What Legal Principles Should Form the basis of mdbsâ Sanctions Regimes?
âIntroduction
â1 Customary Law and General Principles
â2 Global Administrative Law
â3 Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights
ââA Civil Rights
ââB Hearing
ââC Independent and Impartial Tribunal
â4 Public Judgment/Reasoning of Judicial Decisions
âââ(i) Fair Trial
â5 Jurisprudence of Multilateral Development Banksâ Administrative Tribunals
ââA Discovery Rights
ââB Oral Hearings and Witnesses
ââC Publication of Decisions
ââD Composition of Administrative Tribunals
âââ(i) wbat
âââ(ii) UN Appeals Tribunal
âââ(iii) imf Administrative Tribunal
âConclusion
5 Due Process Standards in Multilateral Development Banksâ Sanctions Regimes
âIntroduction
â1 Discovery Rights
ââA Permissive Approach and Production of Documents
ââB Expertsâ Reports and Assessment of Evidence
ââC Witnesses and Oral Hearings
â2 Publication of Decisions
â3 Referral to National Authorities
â4 Composition of Sanctions Boards
ââA Sanctions Board Membersâ Independence and Impartiality
ââB Appointment of Sanctions Board Members
â5 Range of Sanctions and their Proportionality to the Wrongdoing
â6 Baseline Sanction
â7 Restitution
â8 Settlements
âConclusion
6 Treatment of Corporate Groups under Multilateral Development Banksâ Sanctions Regimes
âIntroductionv â1 Overview of the Harmonized Principles on Treatment of Corporate Groups
â2 Liability of a Company for its Employeesâ Wrongdoings
ââA US Law
ââB UK Law
ââC Application of the Foregoing Principles to mdbsâ Sanctions Procedures
â3 Liability of a Parent for its Subsidiariesâ Wrongdoings
ââA US Law
âââ(i) General Approach
âââ(ii) Criminal Liability, Including fcpa
âââ(iii) Proposals for Reforms of the US System
ââB UK Law
âââ(i) General Approach
âââ(ii) Criminal Liability, Including UK Bribery Act
ââC Application of the Foregoing Principles to mdbsâ Sanctions Procedures
â4 Liability of a Subsidiary for its Parentâs Wrongdoings
ââA US and EU Sanctions Regimes
ââB Application of the Foregoing Principles to mdbsâ Sanctions Procedures
â5 Successor Liability
ââA US Law
ââB UK Law
ââC Application of the Foregoing Principles to mdbsâ Sanctions Procedures
âConclusion
7 Conclusion and Way Forward
Bibliography Index
All interested in the history of World War II in North Africa, the lives of Jews under German rule, Mizrahi-Ashkenazi relations in Israel, and the influence of politics and governance on Holocaust memory in Europe, the Middle East, and Israel.