In Corruption and Targeted Sanctions, Anton Moiseienko analyses the blacklisting of foreigners suspected of corruption and the prohibition of their entry into the sanctioning state from an international law perspective. The implications of such actions have been on the international agenda for years and have gained particular prominence with the adoption by the US and Canada of the so-called Magnitsky legislation in 2016. Across the Atlantic, several European states followed suit. The proliferation of anti-corruption entry sanctions has prompted a reappraisal of applicable human rights safeguards, along with issues of respect for official immunities and state sovereignty. On the basis of a comprehensive review of relevant law and policy, Anton Moiseienko identifies how targeted sanctions can ensure accountability for corruption while respecting international law.
Anton Moiseienko, Ph.D. (2018), Queen Mary University of London, is an analyst at the Royal United Services Institute, UK. He has published on international law and criminal law, including in the International & Comparative Law Quarterly and Criminal Law Review.
Acknowledgments Abbreviations and Acronyms
1 Corruption, Entry Sanctions and International Law
â1âA Tale of Two Presidents
â2âCorruption, Impunity and Targeted Sanctions
â3âAcademic Reaction to Anti-Corruption Sanctions
â4âAnti-Corruption Bans and International Law
ââ4.1âWhy Corruption and Denial of Entry?
ââ4.2âApplicable Rules of International Law
ââ4.3âTerminological Clarifications
2 Development of the Policy
â1âIntroduction
â2âUS Presidentâs Proclamations and Executive Orders
ââ2.1âPresidential Proclamation 7750
ââ2.2âExecutive Orders
â3âUS Federal Laws
ââ3.1âConsolidated Appropriations Acts 2008â2018
ââ3.2âMagnitsky Act 2012
ââ3.3âGlobal Magnitsky Act 2016
ââ3.4âChallenging the Two âMagnitskyâ Acts
â4âInternational Practice
ââ4.1âInternational Organisations
ââ4.2âStates Other Than US
â5âConclusion
3 Entry Sanctions as an Anti-corruption Policy
â1âIntroduction
â2âWhat is Corruption?
ââ2.1âDefinitions
ââ2.2âGrey Areas
ââ2.3âConsequences of Corruption
ââ2.4âGrand Corruption
â3âInternational Policies against Corruption
ââ3.1âForeign Bribery Laws
ââ3.2âAnti-money Laundering Laws
â4âAdded Value of Entry Sanctions
ââ4.1âWhy Counteract Foreign Corruption?
ââ4.2âPurposes of Anti-corruption Entry Bans
â5âConclusion
4 Legal Protections against Denial of Entry
â1âIntroduction
â2âEntry Sanctions and Crime
ââ2.1âExclusion or Expulsion of Foreigners
ââ2.2âTargeted Sanctions
â3âPrivate Life, Family Life or Home
ââ3.1âExpulsion
ââ3.2âExclusion
ââ3.3âFamily Members or Close Associates
ââ3.4âConclusion
â4âProperty
ââ4.1âCustomary International Law
ââ4.2âEuropean Convention on Human Rights
ââ4.3âConclusion
â5âCitizens and Permanent Residents
ââ5.1âCitizens
ââ5.2âDeprivation of Citizenship
ââ5.3âPermanent Residents, Former Citizens and Article 12(4) of the ICCPR
ââ5.4âConclusion
â6âConclusion
5 Legal Protections from the Accusations of Corruption
â1âIntroduction
â2âApplicability of Criminal Law Protections
ââ2.1âICCPR
ââ2.2âECHR
ââ2.3âDeprivation of Citizenship
â3âPresumption of Innocence
ââ3.1âConnection with Criminal Proceedings
ââ3.2âBreaking the Link to Criminal Proceedings
â4âRight to Reputation
ââ4.1âECHR
ââ4.2âICCPR
ââ4.3âEU Law
â5âConclusion
6 Due Process
â1âIntroduction
â2âRemedies and Forum
ââ2.1âNature of the Remedy
ââ2.2âAccess to Adjudication
â3âStandard of Proof and Judicial Review
ââ3.1âBasic Concepts
ââ3.2âUN Targeted Sanctions
ââ3.3âEU Targeted Sanctions
ââ3.4âUS Targeted Sanctions
ââ3.5âInternational Arbitration
â4âConclusion
7 International Responsibility
â1âIntroduction
â2âInterference in Another Stateâs Internal Affairs
ââ2.1âState Sovereignty, Non-Intervention and Jurisdictional Competence
ââ2.2âAnti-corruption Entry Bans as an Exercise of Jurisdiction
â3âOfficial Immunities
â4âConclusion
Conclusion
Annex Bibliography
All interested in targeted sanctions and/or anti-corruption law, including policy-makers, analysts, judges and practising lawyers.