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The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan
Penal Codes and Supreme Court Case Law under Numayrī and Bashīr
Series: - Studies in Islamic Law and Society, Volume: 43
Author:
In The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan, Olaf Köndgen offers an in-depth analysis of the Sudanâs Islamized penal codes of 1983 and 1991, their historical, political, and juridical context, their interpretation in the case law of the Supreme Court, and their practical application. He examines issues that arise in sharÄ«Ê¿a criminal law, including homicide, bodily harm, unlawful sexual intercourse (zinÄ, liwÄá¹), rape, unfounded accusation of unlawful sexual intercourse (qadhf), highway robbery (ḥirÄba), apostasy (ridda), and alcohol consumption.
Drawing on a wide range of primary and secondary sources, a large number of previously untapped Supreme Court cases, and interviews with judges and politicians, Köndgen convincingly explains the multiple contradictions and often surprising aspects of one of the Arab worldâs longest lasting applications of codified sharÄ«Ê¿a criminal law.
Olaf Köndgen won the DAVO Dissertation Prize 2014 for his Ph.D. thesis.
"This extremely well-documented study represents a milestone for the discussion of Islamic criminal law in the Muslim world as a whole and in the Sudan especially. Olaf Köndgen fills an academic void; his work deserves the greatest recognition, for its extraordinary quality, its thoroughness and systematic approach."
Prof. Günter Meyer, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Drawing on a wide range of primary and secondary sources, a large number of previously untapped Supreme Court cases, and interviews with judges and politicians, Köndgen convincingly explains the multiple contradictions and often surprising aspects of one of the Arab worldâs longest lasting applications of codified sharÄ«Ê¿a criminal law.
Olaf Köndgen won the DAVO Dissertation Prize 2014 for his Ph.D. thesis.
"This extremely well-documented study represents a milestone for the discussion of Islamic criminal law in the Muslim world as a whole and in the Sudan especially. Olaf Köndgen fills an academic void; his work deserves the greatest recognition, for its extraordinary quality, its thoroughness and systematic approach."
Prof. Günter Meyer, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Olaf Köndgen, Ph.D. (2013), University of Amsterdam, is Head of Research of the Directorate of Policy Planning at the Council of Europe (Strasbourg). He has published on politics and law of the Sudan, Jordan, Egypt, and Lebanon, including Das Islamisierte Strafrecht des Sudan (Deutsches Orient-Institut, Hamburg 1992) and Jordanien (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1999).
"[Olaf Köndgen] hat...eine Monographie vorgelegt, wie es keine zweite uÌber das islamische Strafrecht in einem heutigen Staat gibt. Er vergleicht die sudanesischen StrafgesetzbuÌcher von 1983 und 1991 in Theorie und Praxis, in ihrem Verhältnis zum fiqh und in ihrer Interpretation durch die höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung, alles eingebettet in eine FuÌlle von BezuÌgen zu Geschichte, Politik, Recht und sudanesischem Alltag. So ergibt sich ein dichtes, differenziertes und anschauliches Bild von einer Materie, die auf den ersten Blick eher spröde erscheintâ¦.Dem Autor kann zu diesem gelungenen Werk nur gratuliert werden!"
Silvia Tellenbach in Zeitschrift für Islam und Recht 12 (2020), 137-141.
â[This book] presents a wealth of knowledge about the application of Islamic penal law in the Sudan.
For criminal law this book is on the order of Y. Linant de Bellefondâs work on comparative Islamic family and civil law.
Köndgen is to be congratulated [â¦] for achieving access to interviews with high-ranking justices.
[This book] serves as good teaching material for any future correcting of the application of Islamic law under a possibly new regime. It is a valuable historical documentation of thirty-five years of the stateâs contradictory application of contradictory classical penal Islamic law in the Sudan.â
Christina Jones-Pauly in Journal of the American Oriental Society 140.4 (Oct-Dec 2020), 1019-1021.
âThe organization of this book, its theoretical nuance, and its attention to case law make it one of the best publications on Islam in Sudan. One hopes for its translation into Arabic in order that it gain a wide readership.â
Asma M. Abdel Halim in The American Journal of Islam and Society 37:1-2 (2020), 137-139
doi: 10.35632/ajis.v37i1-2.853
âKöndgenâs comprehensive and detailed study constitutes a major achievement that opens a rare window into the doctrinal and judicial aspects of the Sudanâs Islamic criminal law. Its in-depth examination of the subject makes it a demanding, and ultimately rewarding read. The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan can be expected to become the main English language reference book on its subject.â Lutz Oette in VRà Verfassung und Recht in Ãbersee 51.2 (2018), 288-291. https://doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2018-2-288
âOlaf Köndgen nous offre une étude extrêmement approfondie, sinon exhaustive, de lâhistoire autant décriée que méconnue de lâislamisation du droit pénal au Soudan, à partir des années 1980. Cas dâétude particulier, il est en même temps exemple paradigmatique de ce phénomène dâislamisation du droit qui agite le monde musulman depuis un demi-siècle. Câest en cette double qualité quâil convient dâen faire la lecture.â
Baudouin Dupret in Droit et Société , 11 September 2018.
Silvia Tellenbach in Zeitschrift für Islam und Recht 12 (2020), 137-141.
â[This book] presents a wealth of knowledge about the application of Islamic penal law in the Sudan.
For criminal law this book is on the order of Y. Linant de Bellefondâs work on comparative Islamic family and civil law.
Köndgen is to be congratulated [â¦] for achieving access to interviews with high-ranking justices.
[This book] serves as good teaching material for any future correcting of the application of Islamic law under a possibly new regime. It is a valuable historical documentation of thirty-five years of the stateâs contradictory application of contradictory classical penal Islamic law in the Sudan.â
Christina Jones-Pauly in Journal of the American Oriental Society 140.4 (Oct-Dec 2020), 1019-1021.
âThe organization of this book, its theoretical nuance, and its attention to case law make it one of the best publications on Islam in Sudan. One hopes for its translation into Arabic in order that it gain a wide readership.â
Asma M. Abdel Halim in The American Journal of Islam and Society 37:1-2 (2020), 137-139
doi: 10.35632/ajis.v37i1-2.853
âKöndgenâs comprehensive and detailed study constitutes a major achievement that opens a rare window into the doctrinal and judicial aspects of the Sudanâs Islamic criminal law. Its in-depth examination of the subject makes it a demanding, and ultimately rewarding read. The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan can be expected to become the main English language reference book on its subject.â Lutz Oette in VRà Verfassung und Recht in Ãbersee 51.2 (2018), 288-291. https://doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2018-2-288
âOlaf Köndgen nous offre une étude extrêmement approfondie, sinon exhaustive, de lâhistoire autant décriée que méconnue de lâislamisation du droit pénal au Soudan, à partir des années 1980. Cas dâétude particulier, il est en même temps exemple paradigmatique de ce phénomène dâislamisation du droit qui agite le monde musulman depuis un demi-siècle. Câest en cette double qualité quâil convient dâen faire la lecture.â
Baudouin Dupret in Droit et Société , 11 September 2018.
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
âThe Study of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan
âResearch Questions
âSources Used
âStructure
2 A Short History of Islamic Law in the Sudan
âLaw in the Funj Sultanate (1504â1821) and in DÄr FÅ«r (1640â1916)
âThe Centralization of Justice under Ottoman-Egyptian Rule (1820â1881)
âSharÄ«Ê¿a of Its Own Kind: Islamic Jurisdiction under the MahdÄ« (1881â1898)
âThe Condominium and the Introduction of British-Indian Law (1898â1956)
âDiscussions on the Islamization of Law (1952â1969)
âNumayrÄ« and the Islamization of the Sudanese Legal System (1969â1985)
âProcrastination under SiwÄr al-Dhahab and á¹¢Ädiq al-MahdÄ« (1985â1989)
âA Regime with an Agenda: al-BashÄ«r and al-TurÄbÄ« Take Over (1989â)
3 Sources, Structures, Procedure, Evidence, and General Principles
âCriminal Legislation
âEnforcement and Procedure
âGeneral Principles in Sudanese Islamic Criminal Law
âSanctions
4 Unlawful Sexual Intercourse (ZinÄ) and Related Offenses
âZinÄ and Related Offenses in the fiqh
âZinÄ and Related Offenses in Sudanese Criminal Legislation
âZinÄ and Related Offenses in Supreme Court Case Law
5 Unfounded Accusation of Unlawful Sexual Intercourse (Qadhf)
âQadhf in Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh)
âQadhf in the Sudanese Penal Codes of 1983 and 1991
âPunishment of Qadhf
âLapsing of Qadhf
6 Alcohol Consumption (shurb al-khamr)
âDefinition and Punishment of Alcohol Consumption in the fiqh
âThe Definition of Alcohol Consumption in the Criminal Codes of 1983 and 1991
âPunishment of Alcohol Consumption in the Criminal Codes of 1983 and 1991
âThe Lapsing of the Ḥadd Penalty for Alcohol Consumption
7 Ḥadd Theft (sariqa ḥaddiyya)
âḤadd Theft in the fiqh
âḤadd Theft in the Penal Code of 1983
âḤadd Theft in the Criminal Bill of 1988 and the Criminal Act of 1991
8 Highway Robbery (ḤirÄba)
âḤirÄba in the fiqh
âḤirÄba in the Penal Code of 1983
âḤirÄba in the Criminal Act of 1991
9 Apostasy (ridda)
âApostasy in the fiqh
âApostasy in the Penal Code of 1983
âApostasy in the Criminal Act of 1991
10 Homicide and Bodily Harm
âHomicide and Bodily Harm in the fiqh
âHomicide, Bodily Harm, and Their Punishment before and after the Penal Code of 1983
âHomicide, Bodily Harm, and Their Punishment in the Criminal Act of 1991
11 Taʿzīr
âTaÊ¿zÄ«r in the fiqh
âTaÊ¿zÄ«r in the Penal Codes of 1983 and the Criminal Act of 1991
12 Human Rights and Sudanese Islamic Criminal Law
âSurvey of Human Rights Violations
âSurvey of Severe SharÄ«Ê¿a Penalties
13 Conclusion
âDevelopment in Legislation
âDevelopment in Procedure and Evidence
âSupreme Court Case Law
âPolitical and Historical Factors
âFinal Thoughts
Glossary of Arabic Legal Terms
References
Sudanese Laws and Legislative Projects
List of Quoted Supreme Court Cases
Index
1 Introduction
âThe Study of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan
âResearch Questions
âSources Used
âStructure
2 A Short History of Islamic Law in the Sudan
âLaw in the Funj Sultanate (1504â1821) and in DÄr FÅ«r (1640â1916)
âThe Centralization of Justice under Ottoman-Egyptian Rule (1820â1881)
âSharÄ«Ê¿a of Its Own Kind: Islamic Jurisdiction under the MahdÄ« (1881â1898)
âThe Condominium and the Introduction of British-Indian Law (1898â1956)
âDiscussions on the Islamization of Law (1952â1969)
âNumayrÄ« and the Islamization of the Sudanese Legal System (1969â1985)
âProcrastination under SiwÄr al-Dhahab and á¹¢Ädiq al-MahdÄ« (1985â1989)
âA Regime with an Agenda: al-BashÄ«r and al-TurÄbÄ« Take Over (1989â)
3 Sources, Structures, Procedure, Evidence, and General Principles
âCriminal Legislation
âEnforcement and Procedure
âGeneral Principles in Sudanese Islamic Criminal Law
âSanctions
4 Unlawful Sexual Intercourse (ZinÄ) and Related Offenses
âZinÄ and Related Offenses in the fiqh
âZinÄ and Related Offenses in Sudanese Criminal Legislation
âZinÄ and Related Offenses in Supreme Court Case Law
5 Unfounded Accusation of Unlawful Sexual Intercourse (Qadhf)
âQadhf in Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh)
âQadhf in the Sudanese Penal Codes of 1983 and 1991
âPunishment of Qadhf
âLapsing of Qadhf
6 Alcohol Consumption (shurb al-khamr)
âDefinition and Punishment of Alcohol Consumption in the fiqh
âThe Definition of Alcohol Consumption in the Criminal Codes of 1983 and 1991
âPunishment of Alcohol Consumption in the Criminal Codes of 1983 and 1991
âThe Lapsing of the Ḥadd Penalty for Alcohol Consumption
7 Ḥadd Theft (sariqa ḥaddiyya)
âḤadd Theft in the fiqh
âḤadd Theft in the Penal Code of 1983
âḤadd Theft in the Criminal Bill of 1988 and the Criminal Act of 1991
8 Highway Robbery (ḤirÄba)
âḤirÄba in the fiqh
âḤirÄba in the Penal Code of 1983
âḤirÄba in the Criminal Act of 1991
9 Apostasy (ridda)
âApostasy in the fiqh
âApostasy in the Penal Code of 1983
âApostasy in the Criminal Act of 1991
10 Homicide and Bodily Harm
âHomicide and Bodily Harm in the fiqh
âHomicide, Bodily Harm, and Their Punishment before and after the Penal Code of 1983
âHomicide, Bodily Harm, and Their Punishment in the Criminal Act of 1991
11 Taʿzīr
âTaÊ¿zÄ«r in the fiqh
âTaÊ¿zÄ«r in the Penal Codes of 1983 and the Criminal Act of 1991
12 Human Rights and Sudanese Islamic Criminal Law
âSurvey of Human Rights Violations
âSurvey of Severe SharÄ«Ê¿a Penalties
13 Conclusion
âDevelopment in Legislation
âDevelopment in Procedure and Evidence
âSupreme Court Case Law
âPolitical and Historical Factors
âFinal Thoughts
Glossary of Arabic Legal Terms
References
Sudanese Laws and Legislative Projects
List of Quoted Supreme Court Cases
Index
Scholars of Islam, particularly Islam in Africa, those concerned with Islamic (criminal) law in modern legal systems (i.e., legal/political Islamization), scholars of modern Sudan and human rights in Islam.