Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Maize lipids play a pivotal role in the fumonisin accumulation
in World Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by C. Dall'Asta in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by P. Giorni in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by M. Cirlini in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by M. Reverberi in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by R. Gregori in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by M. Ludovici in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by E. Camera in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by C. Fanelli in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by P. Battilani in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by V. Scala in
Current site
Google Scholar
The role of lipids in maize –Fusarium verticillioides interaction and fumonisin production in natural field conditions were investigated. In 2010, ten maize hybrids were grown in fields located in 3 districts in Northern Italy and sampled at 4 growing stages, from early dough to full ripe. Chemical composition, fungal incidence and free and hidden fumonisin contamination were determined in all grain samples. All the hybrids considered within this study showed a strong fungal incidence, withFusarium sectionLiseola as prevalent, already at the early dough maturity and along the ripening period. Fumonisins accumulated over the growing season and reached the maximum level at the full ripe stage; hidden fumonisins were found significant in all the considered samples (~57% of the free form at harvest). Hybrid H9 showed more than 50% of kernels infected byAspergillus flavus and no hidden fumonisins were detected. This finding stresses the relevance of monitoring both free and total fumonisins for a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to mycotoxins. Previous studies showed a positive correlation between the content of linoleic acid and fumonisin accumulation into maize kernels infected withFusarium sectionLiseola. Hence, an untargeted and targeted lipid analysis of maize kernels along the growing season and at harvest was performed. Results suggested a significant involvement of lipid composition of maize kernels in fungal infection and toxin accumulation. Specifically, mass spectrometry data pinpointed that at least 4 lipid entities might differentiate high-contaminated from low-contaminated samples when the cut-off of 2,000 μg/kg of fumonisins was selected. Among them, the oxylipin 9-HODE and three sphingolipids were identified. These results suggest that sphingolipid and oxylipin metabolism in maize kernels interferes withF. verticillioides growth and fumonisin production in plants growing in field.
Kauf
Sofortzugang erwerben (PDF-Download und unbegrenzter Online-Zugang):
Institutszugang
Melden Sie sich mit Open Athens, Shibboleth oder Ihren institutionellen Anmeldedaten an.
Persönliche Anmeldung
Melden Sie sich mit Ihrem brill.com-Konto an
-
Battilani, P., Formenti, S., Ramponi, C. and Rossi, V., 2011. Dynamic of water activity in maize hybrids is crucial for fumonisin contamination in kernels. Journal of Cereal Science 54: 467-472.
'Dynamic of water activity in maize hybrids is crucial for fumonisin contamination in kernels ' () 54 Journal of Cereal Science : 467 -472.
-
Battilani, P., Pietri, A., Barbano, C., Scandolara, A., Bertuzzi, T. and Marocco, A., 2008. Logistic regression modeling of cropping systems to predict fumonisin contamination in maize. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56: 10433-10438.
'Logistic regression modeling of cropping systems to predict fumonisin contamination in maize ' () 56 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry : 10433 -10438.
-
Blandino, M. and Reyneri, A., 2008. Effect of maize hybrid maturity and grain hardness on fumonisin and zearalenone contamination. Italian Journal of Agronomy 3: 107-117.
'Effect of maize hybrid maturity and grain hardness on fumonisin and zearalenone contamination ' () 3 Italian Journal of Agronomy : 107 -117.
-
Blée, E., 2002. Impact of phyto-oxylipins in plant defence. Trends in Plant Science, 7: 315-321.
'Impact of phyto-oxylipins in plant defence ' () 7 Trends in Plant Science : 315 -321.
-
Buré, C., Cacas, J.L., Mongrand, S. and Schmitter, J.M., 2014. Characterization of glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides from plants and fungi by mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 406: 995-1010.
'Characterization of glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides from plants and fungi by mass spectrometry ' () 406 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : 995 -1010.
-
Burow, G.B., Nesbitt, T.C., Dunlap, J. and Keller, N.P., 1997. Seed lipoxygenase products modulateAspergillus mycotoxin biosynthesis. Molecular Plant Microbe Interaction 10: 380-387.
'Seed lipoxygenase products modulateAspergillus mycotoxin biosynthesis ' () 10 Molecular Plant Microbe Interaction : 380 -387.
-
Bush, B.J., Carson, M.L., Cubeta, M.A., Hagler, W.M. and Payne, G.A., 2004. Infection and fumonisin production byFusarium verticillioides in developing maize kernels. Phytopathology 94: 88-93.
'Infection and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides in developing maize kernels ' () 94 Phytopathology : 88 -93.
-
Calvo, A.M., Hinze, L.L., Gardner, H.W. and Keller, N.P., 1999. Sporogenic effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on development ofAspergillus spp. Applied Environmental Microbiology 65: 3668-3673.
'Sporogenic effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on development of Aspergillus spp ' () 65 Applied Environmental Microbiology : 3668 -3673.
-
Camera, S., Gouzerh, G., Dhondt, S., Hoffmann, L., Fritig, B., Legrand, M. and Heitz, T., 2004. Metabolic reprogramming in plant innate immunity: the contributions of phenylpropanoid and oxylipin pathways. Immunology Review 198: 267-284.
'Metabolic reprogramming in plant innate immunity: the contributions of phenylpropanoid and oxylipin pathways ' () 198 Immunology Review : 267 -284.
-
Cao, A., Santiago, R., Ramos, A.J., Marin, S., Reid, L.M. and Butron, A., 2013. Environmental factors related to fungal infection and fumonisin accumulation during the development and drying of white maize kernels. International Journal of Food Microbiology 164: 15-22.
'Environmental factors related to fungal infection and fumonisin accumulation during the development and drying of white maize kernels ' () 164 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 15 -22.
-
Christensen, S.A. and Kolomiets, M.V., 2011. The lipid language of plant-fungal interactions. Fungal Genetical Biology 48: 4-14.
'The lipid language of plant-fungal interactions ' () 48 Fungal Genetical Biology : 4 -14.
-
Clewer, A.G. and Scarisbrick, D.H., 2001. Practical statistics and experimental design for plant and crop science. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
Practical statistics and experimental design for plant and crop science , ().
-
Cook, R.J., 1981. Water relations in the biology of Fusarium. In: Nelson, P.E., Toussoun, T.A and Cook, R.J. (eds.)Fusarium: diseases, biology, and taxonomy. Penn State University Press, University Park, PA, USA, pp. 224-236.
Fusarium: diseases, biology, and taxonomy , () 224 -236.
-
Dall’Asta, C., Falavigna, C., Galaverna, G. and Battilani, P., 2012. Role of maize hybrids and their chemical composition inFusarium infection and fumonisin production. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60: 3800-3808.
'Role of maize hybrids and their chemical composition inFusarium infection and fumonisin production ' () 60 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry : 3800 -3808.
-
Dall’Asta, C., Falavigna, C., Galaverna, G., Dossena, A. and Marchelli, R., 2010.In vitro digestion assay for determination of hidden fumonisins in maize. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58: 12042-12047.
'In vitro digestion assay for determination of hidden fumonisins in maize ' () 58 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry : 12042 -12047.
-
Dall’Asta, C., Mangia, M., Berthiller, F., Molinelli, A., Sulyok, M., Schumacher, R., Krska, R., Galaverna, G., Dossena, A. and Marchelli, R., 2009. Difficulties in fumonisin determination: the issue of hidden fumonisins. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 395: 1335-1345.
'Difficulties in fumonisin determination: the issue of hidden fumonisins ' () 395 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : 1335 -1345.
-
Fowler, J. and Cohen, L., 1990. Practical statistics for field biology. Open University Press, Milton Keynes, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Practical statistics for field biology , ().
-
Gao, X., Shim, W.B., Göbel, C., Kunze, S., Feussner, I., Meeley, R., Balint-Kurti, P. and Kolomiets, M., 2007. Disruption of a maize 9-lipoxygenase results in increased resistance to fungal pathogens and reduced levels of contamination with mycotoxin fumonisin. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, 20: 922-933.
'Disruption of a maize 9-lipoxygenase results in increased resistance to fungal pathogens and reduced levels of contamination with mycotoxin fumonisin ' () 20 Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction : 922 -933.
-
Gao, X.Q., Brodhagen, M., Isakeit, T., Brown, S.H., Göbel, C., Betran, J., Feussner, I., Keller, N.P. and Kolomiets, M.V., 2009. Inactivation of the lipoxygenaseZmLOX3 increases susceptibility of maize toAspergillus spp. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction 22: 222-231.
'Inactivation of the lipoxygenase ZmLOX3 increases susceptibility of maize to Aspergillus spp ' () 22 Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction : 222 -231.
-
González-Solís, A., Cano-Ramírez, D.L., Morales-Cedillo, F., Tapiade Aquino C. and Gavilanes-Ruiz, M., 2014.Arabidopsis mutants in sphingolipid synthesis as tools to understand the structure and function of membrane microdomains in plasmodesmata. Frontiers in Plant Sciences 5: 3.
'Arabidopsis mutants in sphingolipid synthesis as tools to understand the structure and function of membrane microdomains in plasmodesmata ' () 5 Frontiers in Plant Sciences : 3.
-
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 1993. Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 56. IARC, Lyon, France.
-
Jestoi, M.N., Paavanen-Huhtala, S., Parikka, P. and Yli-Mattila, T., 2008.In vitro andin vivo mycotoxin production ofFusarium species isolated from Finnish grains. Archive in Phytopathological Plant Protection 41: 545-558.
'In vitro and in vivo mycotoxin production of Fusarium species isolated from Finnish grains. ' () 41 Archive in Phytopathological Plant Protection : 545 -558.
-
Kachroo, A. and Kachroo, P., 2009. Fatty acid-derived signals in plant defense. Annual Reviews in Phytopathology 47: 153-176.
'Fatty acid-derived signals in plant defense ' () 47 Annual Reviews in Phytopathology : 153 -176.
-
Lazzaro, I., Falavigna, C., Dall’Asta, C., Galaverna, G. and Battilani, P., 2012. Fumonisins B, A and C profile and masking inFusarium verticillioides strains on fumonisin-inducing and maize-based media. International Journal of Food Microbiology 159: 93-100.
'Fumonisins B, A and C profile and masking in Fusarium verticillioides strains on fumonisin-inducing and maize-based media ' () 159 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 93 -100.
-
Lazzaro, I., Falavigna, C., Galaverna, G., Dall’Asta, C. and Battilani, P., 2013. Cornmeal and starch influence the dynamic of fumonisin B, A and C production and masking inFusarium verticillioides andF. proliferatum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 166: 21-27.
'Cornmeal and starch influence the dynamic of fumonisin B, A and C production and masking in Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum ' () 166 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 21 -27.
-
Löffler, M., Kessel, B., Ouzunova, M. and Miedaner, T., 2010. Population parameters for resistance to Fusarium graminearum andFusarium verticillioides ear rot among large sets of early, mid-late and late maturing European maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 120: 1053-1062.
'Population parameters for resistance to Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides ear rot among large sets of early, mid-late and late maturing European maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines ' () 120 Theoretical and Applied Genetics : 1053 -1062.
-
Markham, J.E., Lynch, D.V., Napier, J.A., Dunn, T.M. and Cahoon, E.B., 2013. Plant sphingolipids: function follows form. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 16: 350-357.
'Plant sphingolipids: function follows form ' () 16 Current Opinion in Plant Biology : 350 -357.
-
McDonald, T., Devi T., Shimizu K., Sim S. and Keller, N., 2004. Signaling events connecting mycotoxin biosynthesis and sporulation inAspergillus andFusarium spp. In: Yoshizawa, T. (ed.) New horizon of mycotoxicology for assuring food safety, proceedings of international symposium of mycotoxicology. Takamatsu City Life-long Learning Center, Kagawa, Japan.
-
Meier, U. (ed.), 2001. Growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants. BBCH Monograph. Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Göttingen, Germany. Available at:http://www.bba.de/veroeff/bbch/bbcheng.pdf
-
Merrill, A.H.J., Sullards, M.C., Allegood, J.C., Kelly, S. and Wang, E., 2005. Sphingolipidomics: high-throughput, structure-specific, and quantitative analysis of sphingolipids by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Methods 36: 207-224.
'Sphingolipidomics: high-throughput, structure-specific, and quantitative analysis of sphingolipids by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ' () 36 Methods : 207 -224.
-
Merrill, A.H.J., Sullards, M.C., Wang, E., Voss, K.A. and Riley, R.T., 2001. Sphingolipid metabolism: roles in signal transduction and disruption by fumonisins. Environmental Health Perspectives 109: 283-289.
'Sphingolipid metabolism: roles in signal transduction and disruption by fumonisins ' () 109 Environmental Health Perspectives : 283 -289.
-
Pewzner-Jung, Y., Ben-Dor, S. and Futerman, A.H., 2006. When do Lasses (longevity assurance genes) become CerS (ceramide synthases)? Journal of Biological Chemistry 281: 25001-25005.
'When do Lasses (longevity assurance genes) become CerS (ceramide synthases)? ' () 281 Journal of Biological Chemistry : 25001 -25005.
-
Pitt, J., 1979. The genusPenicillium and its teleomorphic statesEupenicillium andTalaromyces. Academic Press, London, UK.
The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces , ().
-
Raper, K.B. and Fennell, D.I., 1965. The genusAspergillus. Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD, USA.
The genus Aspergillus , ().
-
Reverberi, M., Punelli, F., Scarpari, M., Camera, E., Zjalic, S., Ricelli, A., Fanelli, C. and Fabbri, A.A., 2010. Lipoperoxidation affects ochratoxin A biosynthesis inAspergillus ochraceus and its interaction with wheat seeds. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 85: 1935-1946.
'Lipoperoxidation affects ochratoxin A biosynthesis in Aspergillus ochraceus and its interaction with wheat seeds ' () 85 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology : 1935 -1946.
-
Rheeder, J.P., Marasas, W.F.O. and Vismer, H.F., 2002. Production of fumonisin analogs byFusarium species. Applied Environmental Microbiology 68: 2101-2105.
'Production of fumonisin analogs by Fusarium species ' () 68 Applied Environmental Microbiology : 2101 -2105.
-
Riley, R.T., Enongene, E., Voss, K.A., Norred, W.P., Meredith, F.I., Sharma, R.P., Williams, L.D., Carlson, D.B., Spitsbergen, J. and Merrill, A.H.J., 2001. Sphingolipid perturbations as mechanisms for fumonisin carcinogenesis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109: 301-308.
'Sphingolipid perturbations as mechanisms for fumonisin carcinogenesis ' () 109 Environmental Health Perspectives : 301 -308.
-
Scala, V., Camera, E., Ludovici, M., Dall’Asta, C., Cirlini, M., Giorni, P., Battilani, P., Bello, C., Fabbri, A.A., Fanelli, C. and Reverberi, M., 2013.Fusarium verticillioides and maize interactionin vitro: relationship between oxylipin cross-talk and fumonisin synthesis. World Mycotoxin Journal 6: 343-351.
'Fusarium verticillioides and maize interaction in vitro: relationship between oxylipin cross-talk and fumonisin synthesis ' () 6 World Mycotoxin Journal : 343 -351.
-
Scott, P.M., 2012. Recent research on fumonisins: a review. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 29: 242-248.
'Recent research on fumonisins: a review ' () 29 Food Additives and Contaminants Part A : 242 -248.
-
Stockmann-Juvala, H. and Savolainen, K., 2008. A review of the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of fumonisin B1. Human Exposure and Toxicology 27: 799-809.
'A review of the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of fumonisin B1 ' () 27 Human Exposure and Toxicology : 799 -809.
-
Stumpe, M., Carsjens, J.G., Stenzel, I., Göbel, C., Lang, I., Pawlowski, K., Hause, B. and Feussner, I., 2005. Lipid metabolism in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots ofMedicago truncatula. Phytochemistry 66: 781-791.
'Lipid metabolism in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula ' () 66 Phytochemistry : 781 -791.
-
Summerell, B.A., Salleh, B. and Leslie, J.F., 2003. A utilitarian approach toFusarium identification. Plant Disease 87: 117-128.
'A utilitarian approach to Fusarium identification ' () 87 Plant Disease : 117 -128.
-
Tsitsigiannis, D.I. and Keller, N.P., 2007. Oxylipins as developmental and host-fungal communication signals. Trends in Microbiology 15: 109-118.
'Oxylipins as developmental and host-fungal communication signals ' () 15 Trends in Microbiology : 109 -118.
-
Walley, J.W., Kliebenstein, D.J., Bostock, R.M. and Dehesh, K., 2013. Fatty acids and early detection of pathogens. Current Opinions in Plant Biology 16: 520-526.
'Fatty acids and early detection of pathogens ' () 16 Current Opinions in Plant Biology : 520 -526.
-
Williams, L.D., Glenn, A.E., Zimeri, A.M., Bacon, C.W., Smith, M.A. and Riley, R.T., 2007. Fumonisin disruption of ceramide biosynthesis in maize roots and the effects on plant development andFusarium verticillioides-induced seedling disease. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55: 2937-2946.
'Fumonisin disruption of ceramide biosynthesis in maize roots and the effects on plant development and Fusarium verticillioides-induced seedling disease ' () 55 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry : 2937 -2946.
-
Woloshuk, C.P. and Shim, W.B., 2013. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, and trichothecenes: a convergence of knowledge. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 37: 94-109.
'Aflatoxins, fumonisins, and trichothecenes: a convergence of knowledge ' () 37 FEMS Microbiology Reviews : 94 -109.
-
Zitomer, N.C. and Riley, R.T., 2011. Extraction and analysis of fumonisins and compounds indicative of fumonisin exposure in plant and mammalian tissues and cultured cells. Methods in Molecular Biology 739: 171-185.
'Extraction and analysis of fumonisins and compounds indicative of fumonisin exposure in plant and mammalian tissues and cultured cells ' () 739 Methods in Molecular Biology : 171 -185.
-
Zitomer, N.C., Glenn, A.E., Bacon, C.W. and Riley, R.T., 2008. A single extraction method for the analysis by liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry of fumonisins and biomarkers of disrupted sphingolipid metabolism in tissues of maize seedlings. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 391: 2257-2263
'A single extraction method for the analysis by liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry of fumonisins and biomarkers of disrupted sphingolipid metabolism in tissues of maize seedlings ' () 391 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : 2257 -2263.
-
Zitomer, N.C., Mitchell, T., Voss, K.A., Bondy, G.S., Pruett, S.T., Garnier-Amblard, E.C., Liebeskind, L.S., Park, H., Wang, E., Sullards, M.C., Merrill, A.H.J. and Riley, R.T., 2009. Ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisin B1 causes accumulation of 1-deoxysphinganine: a novel category of bioactive 1-deoxysphingoid bases and 1-deoxydihydroceramides biosynthesized by mammalian cell lines and animals. Journal of Biological Chemistry 284: 4786-4795.
'Ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisin B1 causes accumulation of 1-deoxysphinganine: a novel category of bioactive 1-deoxysphingoid bases and 1-deoxydihydroceramides biosynthesized by mammalian cell lines and animals ' () 284 Journal of Biological Chemistry : 4786 -4795.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 283 | 76 | 6 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 25 | 1 | 0 |
| PDF-Downloads | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Maize lipids play a pivotal role in the fumonisin accumulation
in World Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by C. Dall'Asta in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by P. Giorni in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M. Cirlini in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M. Reverberi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by R. Gregori in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M. Ludovici in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by E. Camera in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by C. Fanelli in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by P. Battilani in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by V. Scala in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
The role of lipids in maize –Fusarium verticillioides interaction and fumonisin production in natural field conditions were investigated. In 2010, ten maize hybrids were grown in fields located in 3 districts in Northern Italy and sampled at 4 growing stages, from early dough to full ripe. Chemical composition, fungal incidence and free and hidden fumonisin contamination were determined in all grain samples. All the hybrids considered within this study showed a strong fungal incidence, withFusarium sectionLiseola as prevalent, already at the early dough maturity and along the ripening period. Fumonisins accumulated over the growing season and reached the maximum level at the full ripe stage; hidden fumonisins were found significant in all the considered samples (~57% of the free form at harvest). Hybrid H9 showed more than 50% of kernels infected byAspergillus flavus and no hidden fumonisins were detected. This finding stresses the relevance of monitoring both free and total fumonisins for a comprehensive assessment of consumer exposure to mycotoxins. Previous studies showed a positive correlation between the content of linoleic acid and fumonisin accumulation into maize kernels infected withFusarium sectionLiseola. Hence, an untargeted and targeted lipid analysis of maize kernels along the growing season and at harvest was performed. Results suggested a significant involvement of lipid composition of maize kernels in fungal infection and toxin accumulation. Specifically, mass spectrometry data pinpointed that at least 4 lipid entities might differentiate high-contaminated from low-contaminated samples when the cut-off of 2,000 μg/kg of fumonisins was selected. Among them, the oxylipin 9-HODE and three sphingolipids were identified. These results suggest that sphingolipid and oxylipin metabolism in maize kernels interferes withF. verticillioides growth and fumonisin production in plants growing in field.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 283 | 76 | 6 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 25 | 1 | 0 |
| PDF-Downloads | 6 | 0 | 0 |
