Natural occurrence of masked deoxynivalenol in Chinese wheat and wheat-based products during 2008-2011
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A total of 697 samples of wheat and wheat-based products collected from 24 provinces in China during 2008-2011 were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), 3-O-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-O-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). DON was the predominant toxin detected abundantly and frequently. Nine wheat flour samples were positive for DON at levels exceeding the Chinese regulatory limit of 1000 μg/kg for DON in wheat. Moderate concentrations of DON-3G and lower concentrations of both 3-ADON and 15-ADON were found in the presence of high DON levels. DON-3G was detected at concentrations of 4-238 μg/kg (mean 52 μg/kg) in wheat kernels and 3-39 μg/kg (mean 11 μg/kg) in wheat flour in 2008; and 3-235 μg/kg (mean 22 μg/kg), 3-53 μg/kg (mean 14 μg/kg) and 3-87 μg/kg (mean19 μg/kg) in wheat products in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The average relative ratio of DON-3G to DON was 33±3% in wheat kernels and 10±1% in wheat flour in 2008; and 22±7%, 9±4% and 14±7% in wheat products in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The natural occurrence of DON-3G is positively correlated with that of DON in all samples over the 4-year period. DON-3G was present at a level higher than 3-ADON and 15-ADON in all samples examined, possibly due to the fact that a higher level of DON, the precursor of DON-3G, was found compared to either 3-ADON or 15-ADON. As for the toxin proportion, DON-3G accounted for 30% (wheat kernel) and 13% (wheat flour), as well as 14%, 11% and 13% of the total 4 toxins tested in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 samples, respectively. These results indicate the importance of considering DON-3G with regard to setting a regulatory limit for DON in Chinese wheat and wheat-based products.
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| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 271 | 68 | 12 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 17 | 4 | 4 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 12 | 7 | 7 |
Natural occurrence of masked deoxynivalenol in Chinese wheat and wheat-based products during 2008-2011
äºWorld Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by F.Q. Li in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by W. Wang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by J.J. Ma in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by C.C. Yu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by X.H. Lin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by W.X. Yan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
A total of 697 samples of wheat and wheat-based products collected from 24 provinces in China during 2008-2011 were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), 3-O-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-O-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). DON was the predominant toxin detected abundantly and frequently. Nine wheat flour samples were positive for DON at levels exceeding the Chinese regulatory limit of 1000 μg/kg for DON in wheat. Moderate concentrations of DON-3G and lower concentrations of both 3-ADON and 15-ADON were found in the presence of high DON levels. DON-3G was detected at concentrations of 4-238 μg/kg (mean 52 μg/kg) in wheat kernels and 3-39 μg/kg (mean 11 μg/kg) in wheat flour in 2008; and 3-235 μg/kg (mean 22 μg/kg), 3-53 μg/kg (mean 14 μg/kg) and 3-87 μg/kg (mean19 μg/kg) in wheat products in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The average relative ratio of DON-3G to DON was 33±3% in wheat kernels and 10±1% in wheat flour in 2008; and 22±7%, 9±4% and 14±7% in wheat products in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The natural occurrence of DON-3G is positively correlated with that of DON in all samples over the 4-year period. DON-3G was present at a level higher than 3-ADON and 15-ADON in all samples examined, possibly due to the fact that a higher level of DON, the precursor of DON-3G, was found compared to either 3-ADON or 15-ADON. As for the toxin proportion, DON-3G accounted for 30% (wheat kernel) and 13% (wheat flour), as well as 14%, 11% and 13% of the total 4 toxins tested in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 samples, respectively. These results indicate the importance of considering DON-3G with regard to setting a regulatory limit for DON in Chinese wheat and wheat-based products.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 271 | 68 | 12 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 17 | 4 | 4 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 12 | 7 | 7 |
