Number of export almond lots rejected in the EU due to USA sampling plans and aflatoxin contamination levels among lots tested
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In March 2010, the European Union (EU) modified their aflatoxin limits and sampling plans for almonds, pistachios, and hazelnuts to closely resemble that developed by Codex in 2008. To assist the USA almond industry evaluate how to modify their aflatoxin sampling plan to minimise USA lots rejected by the EU at import, studies were conducted to: (a) develop a model to predict the number of USA almond lots rejected at origin and at destination by various Codex style aflatoxin-sampling plans used by the USA where accept/reject limits vary from EU limits of 8 ng/g aflatoxin B1 / 10 ng/g total aflatoxins (AFT) to 8, 6, 4, 2, and 0.5 ng/g AFT; (b) determine the effect of the level of aflatoxin contamination among lots tested in the USA on the number of lots accepted and rejected at origin and at destination; and (c) develop a method based upon lots rejected in the USA to predict the lots rejected several months later in the EU. For a given USA crop contamination level, as the accept/reject limits of the USA sampling plan decreases from 8 to 0.5 ng/g AFT, the number of lots rejected in the USA increases, the average aflatoxin concentration among all lots accepted for export decreases, the number of lots rejected in the EU decreases, and the average aflatoxin concentration among lots accepted in the EU decreases. For a given USA aflatoxin sampling plan used at origin, an increase in the USA crop aflatoxin contamination level increases the number of lots rejected at origin, increases the average aflatoxin concentration in USA lots accepted for export, increases the number of lots rejected in the EU, and increases the average aflatoxin concentration among lots accepted in the EU. Graphical techniques were developed to use the percentage of lots rejected in the USA to predict the percentage of USA lots rejected by the EU.
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Almond Board of California, 2009. Doc #5418. Almond Board of California, Modesto, CA, USA.
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Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (CCCF), 2008. Aflatoxin sampling plans for aflatoxin contamination in ready-to-eat treenuts and treenuts destined for further processing: almonds, hazelnuts, and pistachios, Alinorm 08/31/41, Appendix IX, 31st CAC Session, Geneva, Switzerland, 30 June to 4 July, 2008. Available at: www.codexalimentarius.net/download/report/700/al31_41e.pdf
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European Commission (EC), 2007. Commission Decision 2007/563/ EC of 1 August 2007, amending Decision 2006/504/EC on special conditions governing certain foodstuffs imported from certain third countries due to contamination risks of these products by aflatoxins as regards almonds and derived products originating in or consigned from the United States of America (notified under documents number C (2007) 3613). Official Journal of the European Union L 215: 18-20.
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European Commission (EC), 2010a. Commission Regulation (EU) No 165/2010 of 26 February 2010, amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards aflatoxin. Official Journal of the European Union L 50: 8-12.
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European Commission (EC), 2010b. Commission Regulation (EU) No 178/2010 of 2 March 2010, amending Regulation (EC) No 401/2006 as regards groundnuts (peanuts), other oilseeds, tree nuts, apricot kernels, liquorice and vegetable oil. Official Journal of the European Union L 52: 32-43.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2003. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 165 pp.
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Giesbrecht, F.G. and Whitaker, T.B., 1998. Investigations of the problems of assessing aflatoxin levels in peanuts. Biometrics 54: 739-753.
'Investigations of the problems of assessing aflatoxin levels in peanuts ' () 54 Biometrics : 739 -753 .
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Whitaker, T.B., Giesbrecht, F.G. and Wu, J., 1996. Suitability of several statistical models to simulate observed distributions of sample test results in inspection of aflatoxin-contaminated peanut lots. Journal of AOAC International 79: 981-988.
'Suitability of several statistical models to simulate observed distributions of sample test results in inspection of aflatoxin-contaminated peanut lots ' () 79 Journal of AOAC International : 981 -988 .
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Whitaker, T.B., Slate, A.B., Adams, J.G., Birmingham, T. and Giesbrecht, F.G., 2010. Comparing the performance of sampling plans that use a single regulatory limit based upon total aflatoxins to sampling plans that use dual limits based upon B1 and total aflatoxins. World Mycotoxin Journal 3: 35-44.
'Comparing the performance of sampling plans that use a single regulatory limit based upon total aflatoxins to sampling plans that use dual limits based upon B1 and total aflatoxins ' () 3 World Mycotoxin Journal : 35 -44 .
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Whitaker, T.B., Slate, A.B., Hurley, J.M. and Giesbrecht, F.G., 2006. Sampling almonds for aflatoxin, part II: estimating risk associated with various sampling plan designs. Journal of AOAC International 90: 778-785.
'Sampling almonds for aflatoxin, part II: estimating risk associated with various sampling plan designs ' () 90 Journal of AOAC International : 778 -785 .
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Whitaker, T.B., Slate, A.B., Jacobs, M., Hurley, J.M., Adams, J.G., and Giesbrecht, F.G., 2006. Sampling almonds for aflatoxin, part I: estimation of uncertainty associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis. Journal of AOAC International 89: 1027-1034.
'Sampling almonds for aflatoxin, part I: estimation of uncertainty associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis ' () 89 Journal of AOAC International : 1027 -1034 .
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 178 | 67 | 3 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 11 | 0 | 0 |
Number of export almond lots rejected in the EU due to USA sampling plans and aflatoxin contamination levels among lots tested
äºWorld Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by T. Whitaker in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A. Slate in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by J. Adams in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by T. Birmingham in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
In March 2010, the European Union (EU) modified their aflatoxin limits and sampling plans for almonds, pistachios, and hazelnuts to closely resemble that developed by Codex in 2008. To assist the USA almond industry evaluate how to modify their aflatoxin sampling plan to minimise USA lots rejected by the EU at import, studies were conducted to: (a) develop a model to predict the number of USA almond lots rejected at origin and at destination by various Codex style aflatoxin-sampling plans used by the USA where accept/reject limits vary from EU limits of 8 ng/g aflatoxin B1 / 10 ng/g total aflatoxins (AFT) to 8, 6, 4, 2, and 0.5 ng/g AFT; (b) determine the effect of the level of aflatoxin contamination among lots tested in the USA on the number of lots accepted and rejected at origin and at destination; and (c) develop a method based upon lots rejected in the USA to predict the lots rejected several months later in the EU. For a given USA crop contamination level, as the accept/reject limits of the USA sampling plan decreases from 8 to 0.5 ng/g AFT, the number of lots rejected in the USA increases, the average aflatoxin concentration among all lots accepted for export decreases, the number of lots rejected in the EU decreases, and the average aflatoxin concentration among lots accepted in the EU decreases. For a given USA aflatoxin sampling plan used at origin, an increase in the USA crop aflatoxin contamination level increases the number of lots rejected at origin, increases the average aflatoxin concentration in USA lots accepted for export, increases the number of lots rejected in the EU, and increases the average aflatoxin concentration among lots accepted in the EU. Graphical techniques were developed to use the percentage of lots rejected in the USA to predict the percentage of USA lots rejected by the EU.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 178 | 67 | 3 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 11 | 0 | 0 |
