The following study takes its cue from a body of literature that seeks to challenge the academic discourse on “religion” as transcendent, irreducible, and unique – sui generis. Naturally, a sui generis conception of religion also views religion’s objects through a lens of transcendence and divine authority. These objects possess immense meaning potential and act as social mediators in particular social contexts. In both ancient and modern times, early Christian manuscripts are examples of such religious objects. They are evidence of the literary practices of early Christians and are windows into their social contexts, reflecting how these believers navigated their socio-cultural realities. Modern scholars often use these manuscripts as evidence to postulate the existence of homogeneous Christian communities who created these texts for their theological upliftment. However, are such postulations supported by the material evidence? This paper examines one case study where 𝔓72 has been propped up as a witness to the presence of a coherent unified proto-orthodox Christian community in the fourth century CE in Egypt. The following research concludes that extant evidence points to a socio-religious context in Egypt during this period that was remarkably complex; as such, the existence of such a community cannot be supported.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
“Ehrman vs Wallace – Can We Trust the Text of the NT?” Bart Ehrman, 4 February 2020. YouTube video, 2:10:57. https://youtu.be/WRHjZCKRIu4?si=Mv9X0oMKbsKrBON7.
Agosti, Gianfranco. “Poesia greca nella (e della?) Biblioteca Bodmer.” Adamantius 21 (2015): 86–97.
Arnal, William E. “Reification, Religion, and the Relics of the Past.” Pages 181–188 in Jesus and Addiction to Origins: Toward an Anthropocentric Study of Religion. Edited by Russell T. McCutcheon. NAASR Working Papers. Sheffield; Bristol, CT: Equinox, 2020.
Blanton, Ward, and Yvonne Sherwood. “Bible/Religion/Critique.” Pages 41–56 in Religion, Theory, Critique: Classic and Contemporary Approaches and Methodologies. Edited by Richard King. New York, NY; Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2017.
Brakke, David. “Scriptural Practices in Early Christianity: Towards a New History of the New Testament Canon.” Pages 263–280 in Invention, Rewriting, Usurpation: Discursive Fights over Religious Traditions in Antiquity. Edited by David Brakke, Anders-Christian Jacobsen, and Jörg Ulrich. Early Christianity in the Context of Antiquity, 11. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2012.
Braun, Willi, and William E. Arnal. “The Irony of Religion.” Pages 17–25 in Jesus and Addiction to Origins: Toward an Anthropocentric Study of Religion. Edited by Russell T. McCutcheon. NAASR Working Papers. Sheffield; Bristol, CT: Equinox, 2020.
Braun, Willi. “Introducing Religion.” Pages 26–38 in Jesus and Addiction to Origins: Toward an Anthropocentric Study of Religion. Edited by Russell T. McCutcheon. NAASR Working Papers. Sheffield; Bristol, CT: Equinox, 2020.
Braun, Willi. “Religion: A Guide.” Pages 3–16 in Jesus and Addiction to Origins: Toward an Anthropocentric Study of Religion. Edited by Russell T. McCutcheon. NAASR Working Papers. Sheffield; Bristol, CT: Equinox, 2020.
Braun, Willi. Jesus and Addiction to Origins: Toward an Anthropocentric Study of Religion. Edited by Russell T. McCutcheon. NAASR Working Papers. Sheffield; Bristol, CT: Equinox, 2020.
Camplani, Alberto. “Per un profilo storico-religioso degli ambienti di produzione e fruizione dei Papyri Bodmer: contaminazione dei linguaggi e dialettica delle idee nel contesto del dibattito su dualismo e origenismo.” Adamantius 21 (2015): 98–135.
Fournet, Jean-Luc. “Anatomie d’une bibliothèque de l’Antiquité tardive: l’inventaire, le faciès et la provenance de la ‘Bibliothèque Bodmer’.” Adamantius 21 (2015): 8–40.
Frankfurter, David. “Iconoclasm and Christianization in Late Antique Egypt: Christian Treatments of Space and Image.” Pages 137–159 in From Temple to Church: Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity. Edited by Johannes Hahn, Stephen Emmel, and Ulrich Gotter. RGRW 163. Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill, 2008.
Frankfurter, David. Christianizing Egypt: Syncretism and Local Worlds in Late Antiquity. Martin Classical Lectures. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2018.
Grayling, Anthony C. The History of Philosophy: Three Millennia of Thought From the West and Beyond. New York, NY: Penguin Press, 2019.
Haines-Eitzen, Kim. Guardians of Letters: Literacy, Power, and the Transmitters of Early Christian Literature. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Huebner, Sabine R. Papyri and the Social World of the New Testament. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Hultin, Jeremy F. “The Literary Relationships among 1Peter, 2Peter, and Jude.” Pages 27–45 in Reading 1–2Peter and Jude: A Resource for Students. Edited by Eric F. Mason and Troy W. Martin. Society of Biblical Literature Resources for Biblical Study 77. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2014.
Knust, Jennifer. “Miscellany Manuscripts and the Christian Canonical Imaginary.” Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary Volumes, 2017, Vol. 13, Ritual Matters: Material Remains and Ancient Religion (2017): 99–118. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44898621.
Linell, Per. Rethinking Language, Mind, and World Dialogically: Interactional and Contextual Theories of Human Sense-Making. Advances in Cultural Psychology: Constructing Human Development. Charlotte, NC: Information Age, 2009.
McCutcheon, Russell T. “‘The Field, at the Moment, Is Up for Redefinition’: Twenty-Five Years of Manufacturing Religion.” MTSR 35, no. 2–3 (2023): 260–279. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700682-bja10088.
McCutcheon, Russell T. Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
McDowell, Josh. The New Evidence That Demands a Verdict. Singapore: IMprint Edition, Campus Crusade Asia Limited, 2006.
Miguélez-Cavero, Laura. Poems in Context: Greek Poetry in the Egyptian Thebaid 200–600AD. Sozomena 2. Berlin; Boston, MA: De Gruyter, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110210415.
Nicklas, Tobias, and Tommy Wasserman. “Theologische Linien im Codex Bodmer Miscellani?” Pages 161–188 in New Testament Manuscripts: Their Texts and Their World. Edited by Thomas J. Kraus and Tobias Nicklas. TENTS 2. Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill, 2006.
Nongbri, Brent. “The Use and Abuse of P 52: Papyrological Pitfalls in the Dating of the Fourth Gospel.” HTR 98, no. 1 (2005): 23–48. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S0017816005000842.
Nongbri, Brent. “The Construction of P.Bodmer VIII and the Bodmer ‘Composite’ or ‘Miscellaneous’ Codex.” Novum Testamentum 58, no. 4 (2016): 394–410. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341535.
Nongbri, Brent. “P.Bodmer XX+IX and the Bodmer Composite Codex.” Variant Readings, 31 March 2018. https://brentnongbri.com/2018/03/31/p-bodmer-xxix-and-the-bodmer-composite-codex/
Nongbri, Brent. “The Barcelona-Montserrat Greek-Latin Codex: Another ‘Bodmer’ Codex with Mixed Contents.” Variant Readings, 21 April 2018. https://brentnongbri.com/2018/04/21/the-barcelona-montserrat-greek-latin-codex-another-bodmer-codex-with-mixed-contents/
Nongbri, Brent. God’s Library: The Archaeology of the Earliest Christian Manuscripts. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2018.
Nongbri, Brent. “Palaeography, Precision and Publicity: Further Thoughts on P.Ryl. III.457 (P52).” New Testament Studies 66, no. 4 (2020): 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0028688520000089.
Oliveira, Nycholas. “Papyrus 72 and the Bodmer Miscellaneous Codex: A Study of the Dynamics of Early Christian Identity Formation.” M.Th. dissertation, University of Pretoria, 2023.
Oliveira, Nycholas L.D., and Jacobus (Kobus) Kok. “Codex and Contest: What an Early Christian Manuscript Reveals about Social Identity Formation Amid Persecution and Competing Christianities.” Religions 15, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15010044.
Orsini, Pasquale. Studies on Greek and Coptic Majuscule Scripts and Books. Studies in Manuscript Cultures 15. Berlin; Boston, MA: De Gruyter, 2019.
Robinson, James M. The Story of the Bodmer Papyri: From the First Monastery’s Library in Upper Egypt to Geneva and Dublin. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2011.
Schnelle, Udo. Theology of the New Testament. Translated by M. Eugene Boring. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Publishing, 2009.
Schröter, Jens. “The Use of ‘Canonical’ and ‘Non-canonical’ Texts in Early Christianity and its Influence on the Authorization of Christian Writings.” Pages 129–164 in Authoritative Writings in Early Judaism and Early Christianity: Their Origin, Collection, and Meaning. Edited by Tobias Nicklas and Jens Schröter. WUNT 441. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-158992-8.
Siker, Jeffery S. “The Second and Third Centuries.” Pages 197–219 in The Early Christian World. 2nd ed. Edited by Philip F. Esler. The Routledge Worlds. London; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.
Stowers, Stanley. “The Concept of ‘Community’ and the History of Early Christianity.” MTSR 23, no. 3 (2011): 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006811X608377.
Strickland, Phillip D. “The Curious Case of 𝔓72: What an Ancient Manuscript Can Tell Us about the Epistles of Peter and Jude.” JETS 60, no. 4 (2017): 781–791. https://etsjets.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/files_JETS-PDFs_60_60-4_JETS_60_4_781-791_Strickland.pdf.
van den Heever, Gerhard. “Twilights of Greek and Roman Religions: Afterlives and Transformations – A Response.” Journal of Early Christian History 10, no. 2 (2020): 108–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/2222582X.2021.1928526.
van den Heever, Gerhard. “Revisiting the Death/s of Religions.” Religion & Theology 29, no. 1–2 (2022): 141–173. https://doi.org/10.1163/15743012-bja10038.
Vinzent, Markus. Resetting the Origins of Christianity: A New Theory of Sources and Beginnings. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2023.
Walsh, Robyn Faith. The Origins of Early Christian Literature: Contextualizing the New Testament within Greco-Roman Literary Culture. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
Wasserman, Tommy. “Papyrus 72 and the Bodmer Miscellaneous Codex.” New Testament Studies 51, no. 1 (2005): 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0028688505000081.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 337 | 70 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 20 | 5 | 1 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 315 | 11 | 2 |
The following study takes its cue from a body of literature that seeks to challenge the academic discourse on “religion” as transcendent, irreducible, and unique – sui generis. Naturally, a sui generis conception of religion also views religion’s objects through a lens of transcendence and divine authority. These objects possess immense meaning potential and act as social mediators in particular social contexts. In both ancient and modern times, early Christian manuscripts are examples of such religious objects. They are evidence of the literary practices of early Christians and are windows into their social contexts, reflecting how these believers navigated their socio-cultural realities. Modern scholars often use these manuscripts as evidence to postulate the existence of homogeneous Christian communities who created these texts for their theological upliftment. However, are such postulations supported by the material evidence? This paper examines one case study where 𝔓72 has been propped up as a witness to the presence of a coherent unified proto-orthodox Christian community in the fourth century CE in Egypt. The following research concludes that extant evidence points to a socio-religious context in Egypt during this period that was remarkably complex; as such, the existence of such a community cannot be supported.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 337 | 70 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 20 | 5 | 1 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 315 | 11 | 2 |