Ritual Burning and Slaughtering in an AIC: Perspectives from Liturgical Studies and Old Testament Criticism
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Abstract
This article offers the results of research in which two theological fields cooperated in order to investigate one specific repertoire of liturgical rituals. From the perspective of both Liturgical Studies, and its focus on the functioning of ritual within its cultural context, and Old Testament Studies, and a focus on how biblical critics understand certain rituals described in the Priestly texts in the Pentateuch, ritual burning and slaughtering in an AIC was studied. Ritual Studies is beginning to play a much more prominent role in the engagement with books such as Leviticus and Numbers and also in Liturgical Studies, and this article is an example of how these two disciplines can fruitfully cooperate in the study of liturgical rituals in an AIC in South Africa.
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Achenbach Reinhard Die Vollendung der Tora: Studien zur Redaktionsgeschichte des Numuribuches im Kontext von Hexateuch und Pentateuch 2003 Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechsgeschichte 3
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Amalorpavadass Duraiswami S. “Theological Reflections on Inculturation” Studia Liturgica 1990 20 36 54
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Barnard Marcel Jansen M. & Stoffels H. “African worship in the Amsterdam business district: Liturgy in immigrant churches” A Moving God: Immigrant Churches in the Netherlands 2008 Berlin LIT 115 137
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Bergen Wesley J. Reading Ritual: Leviticus in Postmodern Culture 2005 London T & T Clark Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplements 417
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Bibb Bryan D. Ritual Words and Narrative Worlds in the Book of Leviticus 2009 London T & T Clark Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 480
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Blenkinsopp Joseph The Pentateuch: An Introduction to the First Five Books of the Bible 1992 London Yale University Press
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Bosch David Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission 1991 Maryknoll Orbis
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Chupungco Anscar “Inculturation of Worship: Forty Years of Progress and Tradition: Liturgical Institute Conference Proceedings. Paper 5 (2003)” No pages [cited 10 July 2012]. Online: http://scholar.valpo.edu/ils_papers/5.
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Chupungco Anscar Wainwright G. & Westerfield-Tucker K. “Mission and Inculturation: East Asia and the Pacific” The Oxford History of Christian Worship 2006 Oxford Oxford University Press 661 677
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Chupungco Anscar Cultural Adaptation of the Liturgy 1982 New York Paulist Press
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Collins John J. Introduction to the Hebrew Bible 2004 Minneapolis Fortress
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Egbulum Nwaka Wainwright G. & Westerfield-Tucker K. “Mission and Inculturation: Africa” The Oxford History of Christian Worship 2006 Oxford Oxford University Press 678 695
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De Klerk Ben “Wisselwerking tussen Liturgie en Kultuur in die Suid-Afrikaanse Konteks – EnkeleVertrekpunte” Practical Theology in South Africa 2001 16 no. 2 57 75
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Douglas Mary Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo 1966 London Routledge
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Douglas Mary In the Wilderness: The Doctrine of Defilement in the Book of Numbers 1993 Sheffield JSOT
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Douglas Mary Leviticus as Literature 1999 Oxford Oxford University Press
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Dozeman Thomas B. Keck L. E. “The Book of Numbers: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections” The New Interpreter’s Bible 1998 Nashville Abingdon 1 265
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Freedman David N. Anchor Bible Dictionary 1992 New York 6 vols.
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Frijhoff Willem “Toeëigening: van bezitsdrang naar betekenisgeving” Trajecta 1997 6 no. 2 105 106
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Grimes Ronald L. Deeply into the Bone: Re-inventing Rites of Passage 2000 Berkeley University of California Press
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Grünwaldt Klaus Das Heiligkeitzgesetz Leviticus 172: Ursprünglische Gestalt, Tradition und Theologie 1999 Berlin Walter de Gruyter Beihefte zur Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 271
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Hundley Michael B. Keeping Heaven on Earth Tübingen Mohr Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2/50
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Johnson Clare “Researching Ritual Practice” Studia Liturgica 2005 35 no. 2 204 220
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Levine Baruch E. Numbers 12: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary 1993 New Haven Yale University Press Anchor Bible Commentaries 4
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Lukken Gerard Inculturatie en de toekoms van de liturgie 1994 Heeswijk-Dinther Uitgeverij Abdij van Berne
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Lukken Gerard Lamberts J. “Inculturatie van de liturgie: theorie en praktijk” Liturgie en inculturatie 1996 Leuven Uitgeverij Acco
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Lutheran World Federation “Chicago Statement on Worship and Culture: Baptism and Rites of Life Passage” 1998 Geneva Lutheran World Federation
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Mbaya Henry “The Socio-Practical Dimensions of Isitshisa [Burning of the Heifer] in the Corinthian Church of South Africa” HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies 2011 67 no. 2 Art. #930, 8 pages. doi:10.4102/hts.v67i2.930.
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Meyer Esias E. “Respect for Animal Life in the Book of Leviticus: How Green Were the Priestly Authors?” Old Testament Essays 2011 24 no. 1 142 158
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Mfusi Kingsford S. Kitshoff M. C. “Religious Communication: Prayer, Sacrifice and Divination” African Independent Churches Today: Kaleidoscope of African Christianity 1996 Lewiston Edwin Mellen Press 193 196 African Studies 44
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Milgrom Jacob The JPS Torah Commentary: Numbers במדבר 1990 New York Jewish Publication Society
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Milgrom Jacob Leviticus 1-1: A Translation with Introduction and Commentary 1991 New York Doubleday Anchor Bible Commentaries 3
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Monroe Lauren A. S. Josiah’s Reform and the Dynamics of Defilement: Israelite Rites of Violence and the Making of a Biblical Text 2011 Oxford Oxford University Press
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Nihan Christophe From Priestly Torah to Pentateuch 2007 Tübingen Mohr Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2/25
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Oduro Thomas , Pretorius Hennie , Nussbaum Stan & Born Bryan Mission in an African Way: A Practical Introduction to African Instituted Churches and their Sense of Mission 2008 Wellington CLF & Biblemedia
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Post Paul “Zeven notities over rituele verandering, traditie en (vergelijkende) liturgiewetenschap” Jaarboek voor liturgie-onderzoek 1995 11 1 30
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Post Paul Liturgische bewegingen: Thema’s, trends en perspectieven in tien jaar liturgiestudie. Een literatuurverkenning 2006 Zoetermeer Uitgeverij Meinema
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Robert Dana & Daneel Martinus Farhadian C. “Worship among Apostles and Zionists in Southern Africa” Christian Worship Worldwide: Expanding Horizons, Deepening Practices 2007 Grand Rapids Eerdmans 43 70 Calvin Institute of Christian Worship Liturgical Studies Series
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Römer Thomas The Books of Leviticus and Numbers 2008 Leuven Peeters Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 240
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Ruwe Andreas “Heiligkeitzgesetz und Priesterschrift”: Literaturgeschichtliche und rechtssystematische Untersuchungen zu Leviticus 17,1–26,2 1999 Tübingen Mohr Forschungen zum Alten Testament 26
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Schmidt Ludwig Das 4. Buch Mose Numeri: Kapitel 10,11–36,13 2004 Göttingen Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Altes Testament Deutsch 7/2.
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Seebass Horst “Das Buch Numeri in der heutigen Pentateuchdiskussion” The Books of Leviticus and Numbers 2008 Leuven Peeters 238 239 Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 240
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Shorter Aylward Towards a Theology of Inculturation 1998 Maryknoll Orbis
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Ska Jean-Louis Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch 2006 Winona Lake Eisenbrauns
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Stackert Jeffrey R. Rewriting the Torah: Literary Revision in Deuteronomy and the Holiness Legislation 2006 Tübingen Mohr Forschungen zum Alten Testament 52
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Stringer Martin On the Perception of Worship 1999 Birmingham Birmingham University Press
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Sundkler Bengt Bantu Prophets in South Africa 1961 2nd ed. London Oxford University Press
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Statistics South Africa Census Report 2001
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Trevaskis Leigh M. Holiness, Ethics, and Ritual in Leviticus 2011 Sheffield Sheffield Phoenix Press Hebrew Bible Monographs 29
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Van Tongeren Louis “De inculturatie van de liturgie tot (stil)stand gebracht?” Jaarboek voor liturgie-onderzoek 1996 12 164 186
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Wepener Cas “Researching Rituals: On the Use of Participatory Action Research in Liturgical Studies” Practical Theology in South Africa 2005 20 no. 1 109 127
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Wepener Cas “Snert: Ritual-liturgical Measurements and Recipes for Social Capital” Verbum et Ecclesia 2010 31 1 7
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Wepener Cas Van Vas tot Fees. ‘n Ritueel-Liturgiese Ondersoek na Versoening binne Suid-Afrikaanse Kultuurkontekste 2004 University of Stellenbosch D.Th. diss.
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Wepener Cas From Fast to Feast. A Ritual-Liturgical Exploration of Reconciliation in South African Cultural Contexts 2009 Leuven Peeters Liturgia Condenda 19
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Wepener Cas “Participation and Power: Opportunities for Method and Theory in Liturgical Research from a Changing (Dutch Reformed) South African Liturgical Landscape” Jaarboek voor liturgie-onderzoek 2006 22 49 66
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Wepener Cas “Nuwe Tendense buite-om die Erediens van die 21ste Eeu: ‘n Beskrywende Liturgie-Historiese en Hedendaagse Verkenning” Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif 2011 52 no. 1–2 257 271
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Wepener Cas Wepener C. & van der Merwe J. “Ontdek Eietydse Tendense en Uitdagings rondom die Erediens” Ontdekkings in die Erediens 2009 Wellington Lux Verbi 181 194
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Wepener Cas , Swart Ignasius , Haar Gerrie ter & Barnard Marcel “The Role of Religious Ritual in Social Capital Formation: Theoretical and Methodological Points of Departure of a South African Exploration in Progress” Religion & Theology 2010 17 no. 1–2 61 82
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Wepener Cas & Barnard Marcel “Entering the Field: Initiating Liturgical Research in an AIC” Acta Theologica 2010 30 no. 2 192 210
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Zenger Erich Einleitung in das Alte Testament 2008 7th ed. Stuttgart Kohlhammer
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1
Cf. Paul Post, “Zeven notities over rituele verandering, traditie en (vergelijkende) liturgiewetenschap,” Jaarboek voor liturgie-onderzoek 11 (1995): 1–30.
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11
Interview with Mrs Richmond, 27 June 2011.
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15
See Willem Frijhoff, “Toeëigening: van bezitsdrang naar betekenisgeving,” Trajecta 6, no. 2 (1997): 105–106.
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17
See Gerard Lukken, Inculturatie en de toekoms van de liturgie (Heeswijk-Dinther: Uitgeverij Abdij van Berne, 1994); Gerard Lukken, “Inculturatie van de liturgie: theorie en praktijk,” Liturgie en inculturatie (ed. J. Lamberts; Leuven: Uitgeverij Acco, 1996).
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19
See Lukken, “Inculturatie van de liturgie,” 22. For the concept of liturgical inculturation see also, amongst many others, Duraiswami S. Amalorpavadass, “Theological Reflections on Inculturation,” Studia Liturgica 20 (1990): 36–54; Anscar Chupungco, “Inculturation of Worship: Forty Years of Progress and Tradition: Liturgical Institute Conference Proceedings. Paper 5 (2003),” n.p. [cited 10 July 2012]. Online: http://scholar.valpo.edu/ils_papers/5; “Mission and Inculturation: East Asia and the Pacific,” in The Oxford History of Christian Worship (ed. G. Wainwright and K. Westerfield-Tucker; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 661–677; Nwaka Egbulum, “Mission and Inculturation: Africa,” in The Oxford History of Christian Worship (ed. G. Wainwright and K. Westerfield-Tucker; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 678–695; Lutheran World Federation, Chicago Statement on Worship and Culture: Baptism and Rites of Life Passage (Geneva: Lutheran World Federation, 1998); Ben de Klerk, “Wisselwerking tussen Liturgie en Kultuur in die Suid-Afrikaanse Konteks – Enkele Vertrekpunte,” Practical Theology in South Africa 16, no. 2 (2001): 57–75; Aylward Shorter, Towards a Theology of Inculturation (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1998).
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20
See Louis Van Tongeren, “De inculturatie van de liturgie tot (stil)stand gebracht?” Jaarboek voor liturgie-onderzoek 12 (1996): 164–186.
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21
Anscar Chupungco, Cultural Adaptation of the Liturgy (New York: Paulist Press, 1982).
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28
See in this regard Marcel Barnard, “African worship in the Amsterdam business district: Liturgy in immigrant churches,” in A Moving God. Immigrant Churches in the Netherlands (ed. M. Jansen and H. Stoffels; Berlin: LIT, 2008), 115–137.
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30
Jean-Louis Ska, Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2006), 109–110.
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31
See Ska, Introduction, 110. See also Joseph Blenkinsopp, The Pentateuch: An Introduction to the First Five Books of the Bible (London: Yale University Press, 1992), 9–12.
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32
John J. Collins, Introduction to the Hebrew Bible (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2004), 173.
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33
See Ska, Introduction, 111. He argues that Wellhausen was “translating the Lutheran ‘creed’ regarding the Law and the Gospel into historical categories”.
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34
Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge, 1966). This book did generate new interest in the book of Leviticus. Other more recent contributions include: Mary Douglas, In the Wilderness: The Doctrine of Defilement in the Book of Numbers (Sheffield: JSOT, 1993) and Mary Douglas, Leviticus as Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
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36
E.g. Jeffrey R Stackert, Rewriting the Torah: Literary Revision in Deuteronomy and the Holiness Legislation (FAT 52; Tübingen: Mohr, 2006).
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38
E.g. Reinhard Achenbach, Die Vollendung der Tora: Studien zur Redaktionsgeschichte des Numuribuches im Kontext von Hexateuch und Pentateuch (BZAR 3; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003).
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40
Erich Zenger, Einleitung in das Alte Testament. (7th ed.; Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008), 175.
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41
Thomas B. Dozeman, “The Book of Numbers: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections,” in The New Interpreter’s Bible (ed. L. E. Keck: Nashville: Abingdon, 1998), 2:9.
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46
Baruch E. Levine, Numbers 1–20: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (AB 4; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993).
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49
Levine, Numbers 1–20, 460. See also Jacob Milgrom, The JPS Torah Commentary: Numbers במדבר (New York: Jewish Publication Society, 1990), 158 and Ludwig Schmidt, Das 4. Buch Mose Numeri: Kapitel 10,11–36,13 (ATD 7/2; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004), 86.
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52
Lauren A. S. Monroe, Josiah’s Reform and the Dynamics of Defilement: Israelite Rites of Violence and the Making of a Biblical Text (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 9. She is actually discussing an earlier work of Levine here.
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58
See Levine, Numbers 1–20, 461. These offerings are “brought in order to expiate major offenses on the part of the entire Israelite community or its chief priest” . . .
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64
See Esias E. Meyer, “Respect for Animal Life in the Book of Leviticus: How Green Were the Priestly Authors?” OTE 24, no. 1 (2011): 142–158. Or see Nihan, Priestly Torah, 339.
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Ritual Burning and Slaughtering in an AIC: Perspectives from Liturgical Studies and Old Testament Criticism
In: Religion and TheologySearch for other papers by Cas Wepener in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Esias E. Meyer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
This article offers the results of research in which two theological fields cooperated in order to investigate one specific repertoire of liturgical rituals. From the perspective of both Liturgical Studies, and its focus on the functioning of ritual within its cultural context, and Old Testament Studies, and a focus on how biblical critics understand certain rituals described in the Priestly texts in the Pentateuch, ritual burning and slaughtering in an AIC was studied. Ritual Studies is beginning to play a much more prominent role in the engagement with books such as Leviticus and Numbers and also in Liturgical Studies, and this article is an example of how these two disciplines can fruitfully cooperate in the study of liturgical rituals in an AIC in South Africa.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 362 | 105 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 42 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 28 | 0 | 0 |
