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The Relationship between Coping and Spiritual Well-Being in a Group of South African Adolescents
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Abstract
Using Scheffé tests, this study investigated any statistically meaningful association between coping and spiritual well-being in a group of South African adolescents from schools in Cape Town. The ACOPE instrument was used to measure coping in 12 coping strategies. Spiritual well-being was measured by the SWBQ instrument, which gives a global score and a score for each spiritual well-being domain. The results indicated a significant positive association, suggesting an important link between seeking spiritual support and transcendental spiritual well-being. In addition, a significantly positive association with medium effect, suggesting moderate practical importance, was found for developing social support and communal spiritual well-being.
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S. Meehan, A. Peirson, and P. Fridjhon, “Suicide Ideation in Adolescent South Africans: The Role of Gender and Coping Strategies,” South African Journal of Psychology 37, no. 3 (2007): 552–75.
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3
L. H. Lippman and J. D. Keith, “The Demographics of Spirituality among Youth: International Perspectives,” in The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence (ed. E. C. Roehlkepartain et al.; Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2006): 109–23.
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4
B. J. Zinnbauer et al., “Religion and Spirituality: Unfuzzying the Fuzzy,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 36, no. 4 (1997): 549–64.
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K. I. Pargament, The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice (New York: Guilford Press, 1997): 4.
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J. Kaye and S. K. Raghavan, “Spirituality in Disability and Illness,” Journal of Religion and Health 41, no. 3 (2002): 231–42.
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A. Singleton, M. Mason, and R. Webber, “Spirituality in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Method for a Qualitative Study,” International Journal of Children’s Spirituality 9, no. 3 (2004): 247–62.
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9
D. N. Elkins et al., “Toward a Humanistic Phenomenological Spirituality: Definition, Description and Measurement,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 28, no. 4 (1988): 5–18.
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11
Singleton, Mason, and Webber, “Spirituality in Adolescence and Young Adulthood,” 250.
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12
Kaye and Raghavan, “Spirituality in Disability and Illness,” 232.
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13
Benson, Roehlkepartain, and Rude, “Spiritual Development,” 209.
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14
Fisher, Francis, and Johnson, “Assessing Spiritual Health,” 135.
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15
M. C. Richaud de Minzi, “Coping Assessment in Adolescents,” Adolescence 38, no. 150 (2003): 321–30.
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18
R. S. Lazarus and S. Folkman, Stress, Appraisal and Coping (New York: Springer, 1984): 141.
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19
E. Frydenberg, Adolescent Coping. Theoretical and Research Perspectives (London: Routledge, 1997), 29.
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20
Compas et al., “Coping with Stress,” 87–127; see also J. M. Patterson and H. I. McCubbin, “Adolescent Coping Style and Behaviors: Conceptualization and Measurement,” Journal of Adolescence 10 (1987): 163–86.
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21
Pargament, The Psychology of Religion and Coping, 132.
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22
K. I. Pargament and A. Mahoney, “Sacred Matters: Sanctification as a Vital Topic for the Psychology of Religion,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 15 (2005): 179–98.
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23
A. Mahoney, S. Pendleton, and H. Ihrke, “Religious Coping by Children and Adolescents: Unexplored Territory in the Realm of Spiritual Development,” in The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence (ed. E. C. Roehlkepartain et al.; Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2006), 341–54.
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24
C. A. Schaefer and R. L. Gorsuch, “Situational and Personal Variations in Coping,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 32, no. 2 (1993): 136–47.
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25
C. Smith, “Theorizing Religious Effects among American Adolescents,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42, no. 1 (2003): 17–30.
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26
See E. Frydenberg and R. Lewis, “Adolescent Coping: The Different Ways in Which Boys and Girls Cope,” Journal of Adolescence 14 (1991): 119–33; A. T. Ebata and R. H. Moos, “Personal, Situational, and Contextual Correlates of Coping in Adolescence,” Journal of Research on Adolescence 4, no. 1 (1994): 99–125; I. Seiffge-Krenke, “Coping with Relationship Stressors: The Impact of Different Working Models of Attachment and Links to Adaption,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 35, no. 1 (2006): 25–39.
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27
See P. L. Chapman and R. L. Mullis, “Racial Differences in Adolescent Coping and Self-Esteem,” The Journal of Genetic Psychology 161, no. 2 (2000): 152–60; E. P. Copeland and R. S. Hess, “Differences in Young Adolescents’ Coping Strategies Based on Gender and Ethnicity,” Journal of Early Adolescence 15, no. 2 (1995): 203–19; E. Frydenberg and R. Lewis, “Boys Play Sport and Girls Turn to Others: Age, Gender and Ethnicity as Determinants of Coping,” Journal of Adolescence 16 (1993): 253–66; E. Frydenberg, et al., “Coping with Concerns: An Exploratory Comparison of Australian, Colombian, German, and Palestinian Adolescents,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 32, no. 1 (2003): 59–66; M. Lee and R. Larson, “Effectiveness of Coping in Adolescence: The Case of Korean Examination Stress,” International Journal of Behavioural Development 19, no. 4 (1996): 851–69; I. Seiffge-Krenke and S. Shulman, “Coping Style in Adolescents. A Cross-Cultural Study,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 21 (1990): 351–77; and Patterson and McCubbin, “Adolescent Coping Style and Behaviors,” 165.
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28
P. Hampel and F. Petermann, “Perceived Stress, Coping, and Adjustment in Adolescents,” Journal of Adolescent Health 38 (2006): 409–15.
-
30
B. E. Compas, “An Agenda for Coping Research and Theory: Basic and Applied Developmental Issues,” International Journal of Behavioural Development 22, no. 2 (1998): 231–37.
-
31
E. Skinner and K. Edge, “Parenting, Motivation and the Development of Children’s Coping,” Nebraska Symposium 48 (2002): 77–143.
-
33
J. A. Hall-Lande et al., “Social Isolation, Psychological Health and Protective Factors in Adolescence,” Adolescence 42, no. 166 (2007): 265–86.
-
34
A. Bowker et al., “Coping with Daily Hassles in the Peer Group in Early Adolescence: Variations as a Function of Peer Experience,” Journal of Research on Adolescence 10 (2000): 211–43; see also I. Seiffge-Krenke, Stress, Coping and Relationships in Adolescence (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995): 228.
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35
J. W. Fisher and D. Brumley, “Nurses’ and Carers’ Spiritual Wellbeing in the Workplace,” Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing 25, no. 4 (2008): 49–57.
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36
C. W. Ellison, “Spiritual Well-Being: Conceptualization and Measurement,” Journal of Psychology and Theology 11, no. 4 (1983): 330–40.
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37
J. W. Fisher, “Being Human and Becoming Whole: Understanding Spiritual Health and Well-Being,” Journal of Christian Education 43, no. 3 (2000): 37–52.
-
38
See Ellison, “Spiritual Well-Being,” 332; Fisher, Francis, and Johnson, “Assessing Spiritual Health,” 134; R. Gomez and J. W. Fisher, “Domains of Spiritual Well-Being and Development and Validation of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire,” Personality and Individual Differences 35 (2003): 1975–91; R. Gomez and J. W. Fisher, “Item Response Theory Analysis of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire,” Personality and Individual Differences 38 (2005): 1107–21; R. Gomez and J. W. Fisher, “The Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire: Testing for Model Applicability, Measurement and Structural Equivalencies and Latent Mean Differences across Gender,” Personality and Individual Differences 39, no. 8 (2005): 1383–93.
-
39
See Fisher, Francis, and Johnson, “Assessing Spiritual Health,” 134–35; cf. Gomez and Fisher, “Domains of Spiritual Well-Being,” 1976; Gomez and Fisher, “Item Response Theory Analysis,” 1108.
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41
Fisher, “Being Human and Becoming Whole,” 46; cf. Fisher, Francis, and Johnson, “Assessing Spiritual Health,” 135; Gomez and Fisher, “Domains of Spiritual Well-Being,” 1976; Gomez and Fisher, “Item Response Theory Analysis,” 1108; Gomez and Fisher, “The Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire,” 1384.
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42
Fisher, Francis, and Johnson, “Assessing Spiritual Health,” 135.
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43
Gomez and Fisher, “Domains of Spiritual Well-Being,” 1976.
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44
D. Hay and R. Nye, The Spirit of the Child (London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006), 109.
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45
Gomez and Fisher, “Domains of Spiritual Well-Being,” 1976.
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46
See S. Elton-Chalcraft, “Empty Wells: How Well Are We Doing at Spiritual Well-Being?” International Journal of Children’s Spirituality 7, no. 3 (2002): 309–28; M. de Souza, P. Cartwright, and E. J. McGilp, “The Perceptions of Young People Who Live in a Regional City in Australia of Their Spiritual Well-Being: Implications for Education,” Journal of Youth Studies 7, no. 2 (2004): 155–72.
-
47
See L. J. Francis and M. Robbins, “The Relationship between Denominational Affiliation and Spiritual Health among Weekly-Churchgoing 13- to 15-Year-Old Adolescents in England and Wales,” Journal of Education and Christian Belief 12, no. 1 (2008): 21–39.
-
48
Francis and Robbins, “Relationship between Denominational Affiliation and Spiritual Health,” 27.
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49
P. L. Benson, “The Science of Child and Adolescent Spiritual Development: Definitional, Theoretical, and Field-Building Challenges,” in The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence (ed. E. C. Roehlkepartain et al.; Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2006), 484–97.
-
50
S. Hodges, “Mental Health, Depression, and Dimensions of Spirituality and Religion,” Journal of Adult Development 9, no. 2 (2002): 109–15.
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51
Benson, “Science of Child and Adolescent Spiritual Development,” 486.
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53
Francis and Robbins, “Relationship between Denominational Affiliation and Spiritual Health,” 24–25.
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55
P. E. King and P. L. Benson, “Spiritual Development and Adolescent Well-Being and Thriving,” in The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence (ed. E. C. Roehlkepartain et al.; Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2006), 384–98; see also C. A. Markstrom, “Religious Involvement and Adolescent Psychosocial Development,” Journal of Adolescence 22 (1999): 205–21.
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56
K. V. Cook, “‘You Have to Have Somebody Watching Your Back, and if That’s God, then That’s Mighty Big’: The Church’s Role in the Resilience of Inner-City Youth,” Adolescence 35, no. 140 (2000): 717–30; see also L. J. Francis, “The Relationship between Bible Reading and Purpose in Life among 13–15-Year-Olds,” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 3, no. 1 (2000): 27–36; L. J. Francis and T. E. Evans, “The Relationship between Personal Prayer and Purpose in Life among Churchgoing and Non-Churchgoing 12–15-Year-Olds in the UK,” Religious Education 91 (1996): 9–21; Markstrom, “Religious Involvement,” 207; D. Tzuriel, “Sex Role Typing and Ego Identity in Israeli, Oriental, and Western Adolescents,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984): 440–57.
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57
J. Ball, L. Armistead, and B. Austin, “The Relationship between Religiosity and Adjustment among African-American, Female, Urban Adolescents,” Journal of Adolescence 26 (2003): 431–46; see also Cook, “‘You Have to Have Somebody Watching,’” 728; S. D. McMahon et al., “Taking Advantage of Opportunities: Community Involvement, Well-Being, and Urban Youth,” Journal of Adolescent Health 34 (2004): 262–65; A. Milevsky and M. J. Levitt, “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religiosity in Preadolescence and Adolescence: Effect on Psychological Adjustment,” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 7, no. 4 (2004): 307–21; M. D. Regnerus, “Shaping Schooling Success: Religious Socialization and Educational Outcomes in Metropolitan Public Schools,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 39 (2000): 363–70; M. D. Regnerus, “Religion and Positive Adolescent Outcomes: A Review of Research and Theory,” Review of Religious Research 44, no. 4 (2003): 394–413.
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58
G. R. Koch, “Spiritual Empowerment: A Metaphor for Counseling,” Journal of Counseling and Values 43 (1998): 19–28.
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62
M. Good and T. Willoughby, “The Role of Spirituality versus Religiosity in Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 35, no. 1 (2006): 41–55.
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63
C. Muller and C. G. Ellison, “Religious Involvement, Social Capital, and Adolescents’ Academic Progress: Evidence from The National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,” Sociological Focus 34, no. 2 (2001): 155–83.
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64
G. H. Brody, Z. Stoneman, and D. Flor, “Parental Religiosity, Family Processes, and Youth Competence in Rural, Two-Parent African American Families,” Developmental Psychology 32, no. 4 (1996): 696–706.
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65
W. Bao et al., “Perceived Parental Acceptance as a Moderator of Religious Transmission among Adolescent Boys and Girls,” Journal of Marriage and the Family 61 (1999): 362–74.
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68
Cook, “‘You Have to Have Somebody Watching,’” 726; see also D. R. Hodge, P. Cardenas, and H. Montoya, “Substance Use: Spirituality and Religious Participation as Protective Factors among Rural Youths,” Social Work Research 25, no. 3 (2001): 153–61.
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69
A. E. Bergin et al., “Religious Life-Styles and Mental Health: An Exploratory Study,” Journal of Counseling Psychology 35 (1988): 91–98; cf. Cook, “‘You Have to Have Somebody Watching,’” 728.
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72
Patterson and McCubbin, “Adolescent Coping Style and Behaviors,” 163.
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73
See Gomez and Fisher, “Domains of Spiritual Well-Being,” 1979; Gomez and Fisher, “Item Response Theory Analysis,” 1108.
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76
H. S. Steyn, Praktiese beduidendheid: die gebruik van effekgroottes (Potchefstroom: Publikasiebeheerkomitee, PU vir CHO, 1999), 11.
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80
Fisher, “Being Human and Becoming Whole,” 43; cf. Fisher, Francis, and Johnson, “Assessing Spiritual Health,” 135; Gomez and Fisher, “Domains of Spiritual Well-Being,” 1976; Gomez and Fisher, “Item Response Theory Analysis,” 1108; Gomez and Fisher, “The Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire,” 1384.
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81
Benson, “Science of Child and Adolescent Spiritual Development,” 486.
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83
J. W. Fowler, Weaving the New Creation: Stages of Faith and the Public Church (San Francisco: Harper, 1991), 108; see also J. W. Fowler and M. L. Dell, “Stages of Faith from Infancy through Adolescence: Reflections on Three Decades of Faith Developmental Theory,” in The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence (ed. E. C. Roehlkepartain et al.; Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2006), 34–45.
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85
See M. Demir and K. A. Urberg, “Church Attendance and Well-Being among Adolescents,” Journal of Beliefs and Values 25, no. 1 (2004): 63–68; Francis and Evans, “The Relationship between Personal Prayer and Purpose in Life,” 17; H. D. Maharajh, A. Ali, and M. Konings, “Adolescent Depression in Trinidad and Tobago,” European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 5, no. 1 (2006): 30–37; Schaefer and Gorsuch, “Situational and Personal Variations in Coping,” 136.
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87
Francis and Robbins, “Relationship between Denominational Affiliation and Spiritual Health,” 27.
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89
Fisher, “Being Human and Becoming Whole,” 43; Fisher, Francis, and Johnson, “Assessing Spiritual Health,” 135; Gomez and Fisher, “Domains of Spiritual Well-Being,” 1976; Gomez and Fisher, “Item Response Theory Analysis,” 1108; Gomez and Fisher, “The Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire,” 1384.
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90
Francis and Robbins, “Relationship between Denominational Affiliation and Spiritual Health,” 25.
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91
A. Bryant, “Gender Differences in Spiritual Development during the College Years,” Sex Roles 56 (2007): 835–46; see also Seiffge-Krenke, Stress, Coping and Relationships in Adolescence, 32.
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92
Carbonell, Reinherz, and Beardslee, “Adaptation and Coping in Childhood and Adolescence,” 405–6.
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93
Seiffge-Krenke, “Coping with Relationship Stressors,” 26.
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94
Pearce, Little, and Perez, “Religiousness and Depressive Symptoms,” 273.
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95
G. M. Brelsford and A. Mahoney, “Spiritual Disclosure between Older Adolescents and Their Mothers,” Journal of Family Psychology 22, no. 1 (2008): 62–70.
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98
Regnerus, “Religion and Positive Adolescent Outcomes,” 398.
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99
Fowler, Weaving the New Creation, 107–8; Fowler and Dell, “Stages of Faith from Infancy through Adolescence,” 39.
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100
J. W. Fowler, Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), 77.
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102
See Fisher, “Being Human and Becoming Whole,” 43; Fisher, Francis, and Johnson, “Assessing Spiritual Health,” 135; Francis and Robbins, “Relationship between Denominational Affiliation and Spiritual Health,” 27; Gomez and Fisher, “Domains of Spiritual Well-Being,” 1976; Gomez and Fisher, “Item Response Theory Analysis,” 1108; Gomez and Fisher, “The Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire,” 1384.
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103
Moodley, Beukes, and Esterhuyse, “The Ways in Which Adolescents Cope,” 53.
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104
Fisher, “Being Human and Becoming Whole,” 43; Fisher, Francis, and Johnson, “Assessing Spiritual Health,” 135; Francis and Robbins, “Relationship between Denominational Affiliation and Spiritual Health,” 25; Gomez and Fisher, “Domains of Spiritual Well-Being,” 1976; Gomez and Fisher, “Item Response Theory Analysis,” 1108; Gomez and Fisher, “The Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire,” 1384.
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105
Good and Willoughby, “The Role of Spirituality versus Religiosity,” 53.
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106
T. Martin, B. Kirkcaldy, and G. Siefen, “Antecedents of Adult Wellbeing: Adolescent Religiosity and Health,” Journal of Managerial Psychology 18, no. 5 (2003): 453–70.
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107
Chapman and Mullis, “Racial Differences in Adolescent Coping and Self-esteem,” 156; cf. Frydenberg et al., “Coping with Concerns,” 59, 66.
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108
W. K. Mohr, “Spiritual Issues in Psychiatric Care,” Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 42, no. 3 (2006): 174–83.
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The Relationship between Coping and Spiritual Well-Being in a Group of South African Adolescents
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Abstract
Using Scheffé tests, this study investigated any statistically meaningful association between coping and spiritual well-being in a group of South African adolescents from schools in Cape Town. The ACOPE instrument was used to measure coping in 12 coping strategies. Spiritual well-being was measured by the SWBQ instrument, which gives a global score and a score for each spiritual well-being domain. The results indicated a significant positive association, suggesting an important link between seeking spiritual support and transcendental spiritual well-being. In addition, a significantly positive association with medium effect, suggesting moderate practical importance, was found for developing social support and communal spiritual well-being.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 505 | 92 | 9 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 108 | 0 | 0 |
| PDF-Downloads | 34 | 0 | 0 |
