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Margins of Empire: the 1781 Salar Uprising and the Politics of Cumulative Marginalization

帝国边缘: 1781 年撒拉族起义与累积性边缘化的政治

in Review of Religion and Chinese Society
Autor:innen:
Selcen Ozyurt Ulutas Associate Professor, Department of History, Usak University Uşak Turkey

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7235-3548
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Ali Yilmaz Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Sinology. Ankara University Ankara Turkey

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3061-6944
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Abstract

This article reinterprets the 1781 Salar uprising by moving beyond explanations centered solely on sectarian rivalry between the Khufiyya and Jahriyya menhuan. Drawing on Qing archival records, local historical accounts, and later Muslim narratives, it argues that the uprising emerged through the cumulative interaction of institutional rivalry, uneven legal intervention, concentrated local authority, economic burdens, and social exclusion in the Salar region of Northwest China. Particular attention is given to the 1748 lawsuit involving Ma Yinghuan and Ma Laichi as an early moment in the reconfiguration of religious legitimacy under Qing law. The article further shows how later conflicts were intensified by the overlapping structures of tusi, khazui, and menhuan authority, as well as by administrative suspicion and unequal adjudication. Rather than a sudden eruption of doctrinal conflict, the uprising is interpreted as the outcome of a long-term process in which law, power, resources, and religious authority became increasingly intertwined.

摘要

本文重新诠释 1781 年撒拉族起义,突破了仅以虎夫耶(Khufiyya)与哲赫林耶 (Jahriyya)门宦之间教派竞争为中心的解释框架。文章利用清代档案、地方 史料以及后出的穆斯林叙事,论证此次起义是在中国西北撒拉地区制度性竞争、法律干预的不均衡、地方权力的集中、经济负担与社会排斥相互累积作用下形成的。文章特别关注 1748 年马应焕与马来迟之间的诉讼,将其视为清代法律秩序下宗教合法性重新配置的早期时刻。文章进一步指出,后来的冲突之所以不断加剧,与土司、哈尔户长及门宦权威彼此交叠的权力结构,以及行政猜忌与不平等裁断密切相关。与其将这场起义理解为教义冲突的突然爆发,不如将其视为一个长期历史过程的结果;在这一过程中,法律、权力、资源与宗教权威日益彼此纠缠并相互嵌合。

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